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MNEMONIKA: 



OR, 



Ctjronological CafiletiJ ; 

iExhibiting, 
Jh a methodical manner, 

The most Remarkable Occurrences^ 



Creation of the world to the present period. 



Comprehending 

Brief accounts of iuventions and discoveries in every department 

of science; biographical ami historical skcicUcs-, pusi-offices 

of the United States ; discoveries of countries ; 

foundations of empires, &c. &c. 



To which are added, 

Several valuable Tables, 



BALTIMO^ 



I. 



PUBLISHED BY EDWARD J. COALE, NO. 176 



MARKET-STREET. 



B. W. Sower, & co. Printers. 

1812. 



DISTRICT 9F MARYLAND, To wit : 

BE IT REMEMBERED, that on this twelfth day of Decem- 
m**m****** ber, in the thirty-sixth year of the Independence oi 
• ST7 A T * ^^^ United States of America, EDWARD J. CO ALE, 
5 J of the said District, hath deposited in this Office, 

********** the Title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as 
Proprietor, in the words and figures following, to wit :.... 

" Mnemonika : or Chronological Tablets ; exhibiting in a 
" methodical manner, the most remarkable occurrences fi-om the 
" creation of the world to the present period. Comprehending 
*' brief accounts of inventions and discoveries in every depart- 
" ment of science, Biographical and Historical Sketches, Post 
'* Offices of the United States, Discovery of Countries, Founda- 
" tions of Empires, &c. &c. To which are added several valua- 
" ble Tables." 

In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, 
entitled, " An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing 
tlie copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Pro- 
prietors of such PQpJH« Hiirinfy the timpii therein mentioned ;" and 
also to the Act, entitled, " An act supplementary to an Act, enti- 
tled, ' An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the 
copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors 
of such copies during the times therein mentioned,' and extending 
the benefits thereof to the arts of Designing, Engra^TDg, and Etch- 
ing Ustorical and other prints." 

PHILIP MOORE, 

Clerk of the District of Maryknif. 






1 



PREFACE. 



MEMORY, or the power of recalling 
images once impressed upon the mind, is a 
faculty of great usefulness, but it is hy no 
means equally dispensed. Some are so fortu- 
nate by nature, that their minds may be com- 
pared to a miser's chest, from which nothing 
is ever lost. Others must rely upon art for 
that which nature has denied. Quintilian 
was of opinion, that the real and greatest art of 
improving the memory consisted in labour and 
exercise, and he strongly recommended the 
practice of committing to memory, and think- 
ing frequently. Inst. Orat, lib. xi. c. 2. His 
rules have been adopted by Beattie and Knox, 
and inculcated with emphasis, by these accom- 
plished doctors of the Scottish school. 

But even this labour is not always sufficient. 
To forget or remember at pleasure, it has just- 
ly been observed, are equally beyond the 
power of man. The impression of an important 
event, or the qualities of a conspicuous indi- 
vidual, may be vivid upon the mind, but the 
period when the former occurred or the latter 



IV PREFACE. 

flourished, are often forgotten. On these evan^ 
escent, and yet sometimes important circum- 
stances, difficulties arise which produce much 
trouble and research. Multifarious, and yet 
brief repositories of the kind now oifered to 
the public attention, have at all times been re- 
ceived with favour by the idle, who were too 
indolent to seek ; and the industrious who eco- 
nomized their time. 

By the Loci of the ancients, known by the 
name of Mnemonics, it was intended to make 
external impressions subservient to the me- 
mory, by selecting places and images, as reposi- 
tories and symbols of ideas. The invention 
of this art is ascribed to Simonides, the Greek 
poet, who escaped from a carousal, which was 
interrupted by the fall of the roof of the house 
in which it was held, and was enabled to point 
out the mangled remains of those who were 
crushed, by remembering the places which each 
individual had occupied in the chamber. But 
we have not room to enlarge upon this system 
of symbols which was a favourite pursuit among 
the Greeks, and pursued with ardour by the Ro- 
mans, as we learn from Cicero. 

The work which we now oifer, aspires not 
to this dignity in the rank of letters. It aims 
simply at performing the service of a faithful 
and comprehensive index to a vast variety of 
subjects, such as Memorable Events— Chrono- 
logical history of the French Revolution — ■ 
Battles, Sea-Fights, Sieges, &c. Laws, Courts 
of Justice, Oaths, Taxes, &c. — Discoveries 



PREFACB. V 

and settling of Countries — Improvements, Dis- 
coveries in Arts, Revenues, &-c. &c. — Earth- 
quakes, Famines, Inundations, Storms, Tem- 
pests, Frosts, Accidental Fires, &c. — English 
Sovereigns — States, &c. founded — Universi- 
ties founded — Remarkable Buildings — Acade- 
mies instituted — Companies, Societies, Offices, 
&c. — Religious Institutions, Councils, Sacred 
Writings, &c. — Religious Orders, Sects, &.c. — 
Mihtary and Religious Knights, &c.— Titles of 
Honour — Scale of Merit, &c. of Painters of 
the Old School— Eminent Men, &c. of all 
Ranks — Presidents and Heads of Depart- 
ments in the United States — Banks, Insurance 
Companies, &c. of the United States — Post 
Offices in the United States— Calendar for the 
nineteenth Century — Cftnsus of the United 
States, &,c. &.C. &^. -Kings of Fi-ance — Popes 
of Rome — Kings of Spain — Emperors of Ger- 
many — Emperors and Empresses of Russia — 
Kings of Poland — Kings of Sweden — Kings 
of Denmark — Kings and Queens of Portugal — 
Kings of Prussia— ^and Statistical, Commer- 
cial, and Financial Tables, &c. 

The reader will find that we have been much 
indebted to the statistical tables of Mr. Blod- 
GET, whose valuable Manual, and ingenious 
suggestions, have been imparted to the pub- 
lisher with that kindness and urbanity, and 
that zeal for the diffusion of information, 
which so eminently distinguish his character. 

The merit of such a publication as the pre- 
sent depends upon the multiplicity and variety 



Vi PREFACE. 

of the information which it may contain ; its 
accuracy in statement, and perspicuity in ar- 
rangement. The Tablet of Memory, which 
forms the ground-work of this book, has been 
published and republished for many years suc- 
cessively in London and Edinburgh ; in the 
successive editions omissions have been suppli- 
ed and redundancies rejected. Recent events 
have been carefully noted, and those which 
were immaterial omitted. In the present edi- 
tion, every thing that inquiry could learn, or 
industry collect, has been brought together to 
enhance its value. If some sections of the 
original work be omitted, tJiey are supplied by 
other matter more interesting and important 
to the American reader. 

On the whole, no expense has bpen spared 
to render it worthy of the extensive patronage 
which it has received. If some omissions 
should be detected, the indulgent reader will 
reflect that perfection rarely falls to the lot of 
man. 



CONTENTS. 



Paid. 

jMEMORABLE Events, 19 

Longevity of the Learned, *- - 27 

Duration of life in certain Animals, 29 

Memorable events in Europe, from the beginning of May, 1789, 36 

Remarkable Occurrences, ike. &c. .... - 66 

Battles, Sea-fights, 8cc. &c. - - 69 

Post-offices in the United States, names of Post-masters, &c. &c. 101 
Accidents. Earthquakes, Famines, Fires, Frosts, Inundations, 

Storms, &c. 148 

Improvements, Discoveries in Arts, Revenues, &c. - - 166 

Kingdoms, States, Cities, Towns, &c. founded, - - 219 

Discoveries and settling of Countries, 241 

English Sovei-eigns, with historical sketches, - - - 244 

Popes of Rome, their succession, with historical sketches, - 255 

Kings of Scotland, 274 

Eminent and Remarkable Persons, 276 

Eminent Painters of the old school, with their scale of merit, 309 

Kings of France, (from Hugh Capet), - - - - - im 

Kings of Spain, (from Ferdinand the Great), - - - 311 

Emperors of Germany, (from Charlemagne), ... - 312 

Emperors and Empresses of Russia, 313 

Kings of Poland, - ib. 

Kings of Sweden, ib. 

Kings of Denmark, - - - - - - - - -314 

Kings of Portugal, ib. 

Kings of Prussia, -......-. ib. 

King of Westphalia, ib. 

King of Holland, ib. 

King of Wirtemburgh, 315 

King of Naples, - - - - ib. 

Presidents of the United States, -....- ib. 

Vice Presidents ditto, ib. 

Heads of Departments ditto, ib. 

Universities founded. Academies instituted, &c. ... 315 
Remarkable Buildings, Castles, Cathedrals, Colleges, Hospi- 
tals, &c. 317 

Laws, Courts of Justice, Oaths, Taxes, &c. .... 321 

Religious Institutions, Councils, Sacred Writings, &c. &c. 327 

Military and Religious Knights, and Titles of Honour, - 331 

Companies, Societes, Offices, &c. ...... 333 

Baron's Interest chart, 337 

A Table calculating the extinction of the United States' 6 per 

cent, stocks, 340 

Tables of Foreign Gold, 341 

Census of the United States, ....... 343 

Recapitulation, 344 

Census of the Principal Cities, &c. 345 

Amount of Sales ofLandsofthe United States, ... 346 



MNEMONIKA. 



Memorable Events, 

ABBEYS and monasteries pillaged of their plate and jewels by Wil- 
liamtheConqueroi-, 1069 ; 100 suppressed by order of council, 1414; 
dissolved by Henry VIII. to the value of 2,853,0001. 1540 ; sup- 
pressed by the emperor of Germany, 1785 ; suppressed in France, 
1790. 

Abbots of Reading, Glastonbury, and St. .Tohns, (Colchester), hang- 
ed for dcnyuig the king's supremacy, 1539. 

Abdication of Chevaline, king of the W. Saxons, 593 ; James 11. 
Dec. 1688 ; Philip V. of Spain, Jan. 3, 1723-4 ; Victor Amadeus, 
of Sardinia, Sept, 3, 1730 ; Francis, of Germany, 1806 ; Charles 
IV. of Spain, March 20, 1808 ; Christiana, of Sweden, June 6, 
1654; emperor Charles V. m 1556. 

Admiral, the first lord high admiral was appointed in 1366. 

Ambassador from Portugal arrested for debt, Aug. 1653. 

— from Russia arrested by a lace-merchant ; when a law 

for their protection passed, July 27, 1709. 

Amboina, the English factory at, murdered by the Dutch, 1623. 

America declared an independent state by congress, July 4, 1776 ; 
allowed by France, Feb. 6, 1778 ; by Holland, 1782 ; by England, 
Jan. 20, 1783. See states founded. 

American congi-ess first met at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1775. 

Animal magnetism made its appearance in France, where it was 
soon exploded, in 1788 ; was introduced into England in 1789, with, 
little success. 

Anson's, admiral, expedition to the South seas, 1740. 

Antioeh, 100,000 of the people of, killed by the Jews in one day, 14S 
before Christ. 

Antwerp made a free port, 1784. 

Artois, count, brother to Louis XVI. of France, landed at Leith, 
in Scotland, Jan. 6, 1796 ; visited London, May 27, 1799. 

Assassination-plot, Feb. 6, 1699. 

Assignats first issued in France, 1790. 

Atkinson, ]Mr. Christopher, an expelled member of parliament, 
stood in the pillory for perjury, Oct. 25 , 1785. 

Aurora Borealis first observed in England, 1715. 

Austria granted toleration of religious faith, and abolished tortur* 



20 IMEMORABLE EVENTS. 

Ballast of the river Thames monopolized by Charles I. 1636. 

Bangor, monks of, killed by the Danes, 580. 

Bank of England paid their bills in silver, 1745 ; refused to pay 
them in specie, except the fractional parts, Feb. 25, 1797, in 
which they were supported by the monied men of the nation ; issu- 
ed 20s. notes and dollars in payments, March 6, 1797 ; called in 
the dollars in October following. 

Bantam, eight ambassadors of, arrived in England, 1682, 

Barbers, the first profession brought from Sicily to Rome, 299 be- 
fore Christ. Incorpoi-ated with the surgeons in London, 1^40 ; se- 
parated again, 1744. 

Bartholomew fair restrained, owing to the falling of a booth, which 
kilied and wounded several persons, 1750 ; toll abolished, 1755. 

Bastile at Paris destroyed, July 14, 1789. 

Bawdy-house, a famous one, erected at Rome by pope Sixtus IV. 
and the Roman prostitutes paid his holiness a weekly tax, which 
amounted sometimes to 20,000 ducats a year, 1471. 

Binningham rioters destroyed several houses and meetings, July 14, 
1791, on some persons commemorating the French revolution 
there. 

Bishops banished England, 1208 ; consented to be tributary to 
Rome, 1245 ; burnt, 1555 ; seven sent to the Tower, June 9, 1688; 
Bishop of Nova Scotia, first appointed, Aug. 11, 1787 ; in the Uni- 
ted States, Nov. 14, 1784. 

Blood, col. stole the crown from the Tower, May, 1671. 

Bohemia, queen of, visited England, May 17, 1761. 

Bonaparte attempted to be destroyed by an explosion of combusti- 
bles, Dec. 24, 1800 ; offers terms to Louis XVIIl. if he will relin- 
quish the crown of France in his favour, Feb. 26, 1803 ; crown- 
ed emperoi- of the French, Dee. 2, 1804 ; repudiates his wife Jose- 
phine, and marries Maria Louisa, 1810 ; son bom, 1811. 

Books, to the number of 200,000, bunit at Constantinople, by the 
order of Leo I. 476; above 4,194,412 volumes were in the sup- 
pressed monasteries of France, in 1790 ; 2,000,000 were on theo- 
logy, the manuscripts were 26,000 ; in the city of Paris alone were 
808,120 volumes ; Alexandi'ian libraiy of the Ptolemies, contain- 
ing 400,000 valuable books, in manuscript, were burnt by Julius 
Csesar in 47 ; by order of Omar about 550. 

Boston proscribed, and the port removed by the English parliament, 
April 4, 1774, as a punishment for a riot. 

Bottle conjuror imposed on the ci'edulous at the Haymarket theatre, 
Jan. 16, 1748-9. 

Bottle, that held two hogsheads, blown at Leith .in Scotland,' Jan. 
7, 1747-8. 

Bourbon family compact took place, 1761. Bourbons expelled 

France, 1791. 
Brasils, insurrection, which threatened its loss to the Portuguese, 

1772. 
Bread— In the year 1754, the quartern loaf was sold for 4 pence : 
three years aftemvards, in the year 1757, it rose to 10 pence, and 
in March 1800, to the enoi-mous price of 17 pence, when new 
bread was forbid, under the penalty of 5s. per loaf, if the baker 
sold it until 24 hours old. 
Buckingham-house settled on the queen in lieu of Somerset-house, 
May 10, 1775. 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 3.1 

Burning alive on account of religious principles, the first was sir 
William Sawtree, Feb. 19, 1401. 

Burr's conspiracy, 1806 ; arrested, Jan. 1867. 

Canada had its first bishop appointed by England, Rev. Jacob INIoun- 
tain, with a salary of 20001. per annum. 

Calcutta, 123 peiished in tlie black hole, June 20, 1756. 

Carthage and Corinth destroyed, 700,000 inhabitants in the former 
146 before Clirist. 

Castles in England taken from the barons, 1153. 

Cautionary towns of the Dutch pawned to queen Elizabeth, 1585; 
restored, 1616. 

Cavendish's first voyage to circumnavigate the globe, 1586. 

Ceylon nearly destroyed to revenge the Dutch cruelties, 1761; cap- 
tured by the Englisli, Jan. 1782 and 1795. 

Charity schools, first began in England, March 25, 1688. 

Cherokee chiefs, seven of them arrive m England, 1730 ; three more 
in 1762 ; and three more in 1766. 

Clarke's murder by Eugene Aram, discovered Aug. 1759. 

Clergy of France renounced their privileges. May 20, 1789. 

had all their property seized upon by the national 

assembly, 1790. 

Clergy of England resigned the power of taxing themselves in their 
convocation, 1664. 

Cock-lane ghost, affair of, detected, March 1762, by Dr. Johnson. 

Coin in circulation in 1799, was 44,000,0001. 

Coldingham nunnery ravaged by the Danes, 869. 

Colossus of Rhodes thrown down, 234 before Christ. It weighed 
713,000 lbs. 

Comet, remarkable in New England, 1680. 

Common council of London first appointed, 1208. 

Congress abolished the authority of Great Britain over her American 
colonies. May 5, 1776. 

Conjunction of the sun and moon and all the planets took place, 
1186. 

Conspiracies and insurrections, the most remarkable in ancient or 
modern history. — A conspiracy was formed against the infant re- 
public of Rome, to restore the banished Sextus Tarquin and the 
regal government, in which the two sons of Junius Brutus, the 
first consul, being concerned, were publicly condemned and 
put to death by their father, 507.— Another by the Tarquin faction^ 
against the Roman senators ; Publius and Mai-cus discover it ; the 
other conspirators put to death, 496.— Of Catiline and his associates, 
to murder the consuls and senate, and to burn the city of Rome, 
discovered hj Cicero, consul for the year 62.— An insurrection in 
Spain cost the lives of 30,000 Spaniards, and double that number 
of Moors, 1560. — At Malta to desti'oy the whole order, for which 
125 slaves suffered death, June 26, 1749.— At Lisbon, by several of 
the nobility, who shot the king, 1758.— At Madrid when they obli- 
ged the king to banish the marquis Squillaci, 1769.— At Palermo, 
Oct. 26, 1773.— At St. Domingo, and the other French West-India 
islands, where near 16,000 negroes were slain, and 400 whites, and 
550 plantations destroj^ed, 1791. 

Conspiracies and insurrections in England. Against William II. 
1088 and 1093.— Against Heni-y II. by his queen and children, 1173. 
—Insurrection ot Foulk de Brent against Henry III. 1224.— A conk 



22 ^MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

spiracy against the same king for cancelling Magna Charta, 1227. 
—Of the barons against Henry III. 1258.— Of the duke of Exeter, 
and others, against the life of Henry IV. discovered by dropping a 
paper accidentally, 1400.— Against Henry V. by the earl of Cam- 
bridge, and others, 1415.— Of Richard, duke of Gloucester, against 
his nephews Edwai*d V. and his brother, whom he caused to be 
murdered, 1483.— Of the earl of Suffolk, and others, against Henry 
VII. 1506.— Insurrection of the London apprentices, 7 Henr^' VIII. 
1517.— Against queen Elizabeth by Dr. Story, 1571 ; by Anthony 
Babington, and others, 1586 ; by Lopez, a Jew, and others, 1593 ; 
by Patrick York, an Irish fencing-master, employed by the Spani- 
ards to kill the queen, 1594 ; of Walpole, a Jesuit, who engaged 
one Squire to poison the queen's saddle, 1598 ; all these conspira- 
tors were executed.— Against James I. by the marchioness de Ver- 
neuil, his mistress, and others, 1604.— The gunpowder plot disco- 
vered, Nor. 5, 1605.— Of Sindercomb, and others, to assassinate Oli- 
ver Cromwell ; discovered by his associates. Sindercomb was con- 
demned, and poisoned himself the day before he was to have been 
executed, 1656.— An insurrection of the Puritans, 1657.— An in- 
•urrection of the fifth monarchy men against Charles II. 1660.— 
A conspiracy of Blood and his associates, who seized the duke of 
Ormond, wounded him, and would have hanged him, if he had 
not escaped; they afterwards stole the crown, 1670 and 71.— Of 
the French, Spanish, and English Jesuits, countenanced by the 
pope to assassinate Charles II. discovered by Dr. Tongue and Ti- 
tus Oates, 1668 ; another to assassinate him at the Rye-house farm, 
near Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, in his way from New-market, call- 
ed the Rye-house plot, 1683.— Of lord Preston, the bishop of Ely, 
and others, to restore king James, 1591. — Of Gran\il, a French 
chevalier, and his associates, to assassinate king William in Flan- 
dei-s, 1692. — A conspiracy by the earl of Aylesbury, and others, 
to kill the king near Richmond, as he came from hunting, disco- 
vered by Pendergrass, called the assassmation })lot, 1695.— Of Si- 
mon Frazer, lord Lovat, in favour of the pretender, against queen 
Anne, 1703.— Of the marquis Giscard, 1710, to assassinate George 
I. by James Shephard, an enthusiastic youth, who had been edu- 
cated to consider the king as an usurper, 1718.- Of counsellor 
Layer, and others, to bring in the pretender, 1722.— Of Shays in 
New-England, 1786.— Of Bradford, and others, in Pennsj^lvania in 
August 1794.— Of Fiiese, and others, in Pennsylvania, 1799. See 
Riots. 

Constantinople had 50,000 subjects massacred by the Arabs, 1758. 

Contributions, voluntary, for the support of the British govern- 
ment to oppose the French innovation, amounted to upwards of 
2 millions and a half, 1798, 10,0001. of which was given by Robert 
Peele, esq. of Bury, Lancashire. 

Contributions to relieve the widows and oi-phans of those that fell at 
the victory of the Nile, amounted to 35,2601. 8s. 6d. 

Cook first circtmmavigated the globe, 1776. 

Corn first exported from Britaui, 1347 ; 800 large ship-loads were 
exported in 1359. The exportation of com in 1765 yielded 
681,0001. In 1800, was imported 2,611,667 qrs. corn, and 1,039,079 
cwt. oat meal. 

Coronation chair and stone brought from Scotland, 1296, 

Corsica put itself under the protection of England, June, 1794 ; 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 23 

again Nov, 1798 ; i-elinquislied it, 1799 ; assig ed to his creditors 
by Theodore, the last king. 

Covent-garden theatre burnt, Sept. 1808. 

Crimp houses in London destroyed by mobs, September 1794, and 
1795. 

Cross, the sign of, first used by Christians as a mark of distinction. 
That of our Saviour found in mount Calvary, 326. Crosses first 
set on steeples, 568. 

Damien attempted to assassinate the French king, January 5, 1757. 

Dauphine of France murdered the duke of Bui-gundy, and was dis- 
inherited the crown, 1439. 

Dey of Algiers assassinated by a soldier, Dec. 11, 1754. 

St. Domingo had 300 white inhabitants killed by the insurrection of 
the negroes, in July, 1791. 

Dragoons first raised in England, 1681 ; sent to Oxford to awe the 
people, Oct. 7, 1715. 

Druids destroyed by command of Nero, 60. 

Druiy-lane theatre burnt, Feb. 1809. 

Drury-lane and St, Giles' first paved by act of parliament, 1605. 

Duke D'Enghien, relation of the late king of France killed by or- 
der of Bonaparte, Mai-ch, 1804. 

Dumourier, the French general, seized the commissioners from 
the national convention, and quitted the army, April 2, 1793, 

Dunkirk sold to France, 1662, for 200,0001. 

Echpses, (the most remarkable), of the sun, observed at Sardis, and 
predicted by Thales, 585 B. C— At Athens, 424 B. C— At Rome, 
caused a total darkness at noon-day, A. D. 291,— At Constantino- 
ple, 968.— In France, 1033, June 29, dark at noon-day.— In Eng- 
land, 5 Stephen, March 21, 1140, occasioned a total darkness.— 
Another on the 22d of June, 2 Richard I. 1191, entire darkness 
and the stars very visible at ten in the morning.— In- the same 
year, the true sun, and the appearance of another, so that astro- 
nomers alone could distinguish the difference by their glasses. — 
Another 1331.— A total eclipse of the sun in England, when the 
darkness was so great that the stars faintly appeared, and the birds 
went to roost in the morning about ten, April 22, 8 Geo. I. 1715. 

Egalite, Philip, duke of Orleans guillotined, without pity, 1793. 

Ellin Ellis, at Beaumaris, in Anglesey, aged 72, was brought to bed, 
May 10, 1776 ; she had been married 46 years, and her eldest was 
45 5'ears old. She had not had a chUd for 25 years before. 

Formosa, in the Chinese seas, shook off tlie Chinese yoke, and mas- 
sacred 10,000 Chinese, driving the remainder into the woods and 
rocks of the island, 1788. 

Franking letters by members of parliament began 1661, abridged in 
1764 and 1775. 

French protestants expelled their country, 1685. 

Friars and' nuns, 10,000 turned out of the monasteries in England, 
1535 ; in Germany in 1785 ; in France, 1790. 

Genoa bank failed, 1750. 

Gin-shops in London amounted to 7000, in 1735. 

Gipsies, or Egyptians, quitted Egypt when attacked by the Tui-^iS 
in 1515, and wandered over almost all Em-ope ; in England an 
act was made against their itinerancy, in 1530 ; they were expell* 
ed France 1560, and most countries of Europe soon after. 

Government's annual expense was 62,0001. in 1652 ; 1,300,0001, in 
B2 



24 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

1658 ; 2,200,5001, in 1659. ; 1,200,0001. in 1660 ; 6,000,0001. in 1694 ; 
7,000,0001, in 1776, 

Great seal stolen from the lord chancellor, and destroyed, March 
24, 1784. 

Grosvenor-square centre house raifled for, by guinea tickets, valu- 
ed at 10,0001. June 10, 1739, 

GunpoM der plot discovered, Nov. 5, 1605. 

Gustavus III. king of Sweden, sliot at his levee by count Anker- 
stroem, March 16, 1792 ; Gustavus IV. deposed 1809. 

Hammet, sir Benj. fined lOOOl. by the court of common council, for 
refusing to sei-ve the office of lord mayor of London, Oct. 13, 1797. 

Handel's first commemoration at Westminster-abbey, in 1784 ; 600 
performers, yielded 12,7461. 

Harlots, a statute passed to make them wear a livery, 1355. 

Hastings, Warren, govex-nor general of India, tried by the peers of 
Great Britain for high crimes and misdemeanors, which trial last- 
ed 7 years and three months. Acquitted April 23, 1795, with on- 
ly six dissenting voices. The East India company in June follow- 
ing proposed an annuity of 50001. per annum on him. 

Hengist murdered 300 English noblemen. May 1, 475. 

Henry William, duke of Clarence, third son of Idng George HI. 
was the first prince of the blood-royal that ever landed in North 
America, 1781 ; or Ireland, 1788. 

Henry II. held the stirrup for pope Alexander to mount his horse, 
1161, and the same to Becket, 1170, 

Heptarchy of England began 454, ended 824. 

Hereford cathedral nearly destroyed by the fall of its tower. Sept, 
10, 1786, 

Hei-itable jux-isdictions in Scotland abolished, 1747, valued at 
164,2321. 16s. 

Holland allowed the American independency, Oct. 8, 1782; and 
lost its own in 1795 ; annexed to the Fi-ench empire, 1810. 

Hollandex's made moixey of pasteboai-d, 1574 

Holstein ceded to Denmax-k by Russia, 1773. 

Houghtoix collection of paintuxgs sold to the empress of Russia, 1779. 

Hugonots murdei'ed at Pax'is, Aug. 24. 1572. 

Jex-icho, walls of, fell, 1454 before Christ. 

Jewels pawned by Charles I. to Holland, and redeexned by the sale 
of ix'oxx ox'dnance, 1629. Those of France wex-e seized by the na- 
tional conventioix ux 1792. 

Jews, the seventy yeax-s captivity of, began 606 before Christ ; they 
about Cjirene, headed by one Audx-ee, mux'dered near 100,000 
Gx-eeks and Roxnans ; they eat their entrails, and covered them- 
selves with the skins of those they assassinated, 115 after Chx'ist ; 
above 580,000 destroyed by the Romans, 135 ; first ax'rived in Eixg- 
land, 1079 ; every Jew, who lexxt xnoney on usury, was command- 
ed to wear a plate upoix his breast, signifying that he was an usurer, 
or quit the realm, 1274 ; two hundred aixd sixty-seven wex-e hang- 
ed axxd quartered for clipping, 1277 ; the same year the Jews cru- 
cified a child at Northampton, for whiclj fifty wex'e drawn on hor- 
ses tails, and hanged; all the sjTxagogues were ox-dered to be de- 
stx-oyed, 1282 ; all the Jews in England were appreheixded in one 
day, then* goods axxd chattels confiscated to tlxe king, and they, 
to tlxe nuixxber of 15,660, baixished the realm, haviixg only suste- 
nance-money allowed, 1287 ; they remained banished 364 years^ 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 25 

till Oliver Cromwell restored ,hem; a general massacre of them 
at Verdun by the peasants, who, from a pretended prophecy, con- 
ceived the lioly land was to be recovered from the iiitidels by them ; 
500 of these Jews took shelter in a castle, and defended themselves 
to the last extremity, when, for want of weapons, they threw 
their children at the enemy, and then killed each other, 1317 ; 
driven out of France, 1394 ; driven out of Spain, to the number 
of one hundred and fifty thousand, 1492 ; they retired to Africa, 
Portugal, and France. It was against them that the inquisition 
was there first established.— Tliere was not a Jew in this island 
from 1610 to 1624.— Act passed here to naturalize them, 1753 ; re- 
pealed on the petition of all the cities hi England, 1754.— Four 
executed ibr murdering Mrs. Hutchins and servant, December 9, 
1771. 

Illumination, the most general ever known in London, on the resto- 
ration of the health of George III. on ISIarch 10, 1789. 

Inquisition of Naples abolished, 1782. 

Insurrection of the negroes at St. Domingo, who amounted to 
35,000, against the whites, of whom above 300 were massacred, 
Sept. 1791 ; again 1794. 

Interest of money was 40 per cent, in 1260 ; established legally at 
10 percent. 1546 ; reduced to 91. 1604 ; to 81. 1622 ;,to 6L 1660 ; 
to 51. 1714 ; the interest of the national debt reduced to 3 per 
cent. 1749. 

Joan of Are most unjustly condemned for a witch, and burnt at Or- 
leans, May 30, 1431. 

King Charles I. erected his standard at Nottingham, August 26, 
1642, and it was blown down the same night by a violent tempest. 

Kings, four, entertained by a lord mayor of London, at one table, 
1364. 

King's evil, supposed to be cured by the touch of the kings of Eng- 
land. The first who touched for it was Edward the Confessor, 
1058. It was dropped by George I. 

Kingston, duchess of, tried for bigamy, convicted, and degraded, 
April 22, 1776 ; allowed to be countess of Bristol, May 18, 
1779. 

Letters of marque were issued by the Americans against Great Bri- 
tain, March 22, 1776. 

Library, Lansdown, purchased by parliament for the British muse- 
um, 1805 ; 49251. 

Liberty of the press granted in Denmark, 1770. 

Life-guards and horse-guards disbanded by government, May 26, 
1788. 

Locusts found in St. James' park, August 4, 1743 ; infested Ger- 
man}-, 1749 ; Poland, 1750. 

Logwood first cut by the English in the Bay of Campeachy, 1662. 

London streets new paved, and signs removed, 1764. 

London abandoned to the mercy of the mob, June 4, 1730. 

Longevity, extraordinaiy instances oi' it in England. Thomas Parr, 
of Shropshire, a labouring man, was brought to London by the 
earl of Arundel, and considered as the wonder of his time, being 
then in the 160th year of his age, and in perfect health ; but the 
change of air and diet soon killed him, for he died the same year 
he was moved to London, 1635. Also, Henry Jenkins, of York- 
shire, died in 1670, aged 169. Mr. Fairbrother died at Wigau, 
B 3 



2B MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

May, 1770, aged 133. James Shellie, an Irish yeoman, died in 1759, 

aged 136. 
Longevity remarkable in Portugal. The year prefixed to the names 

denotes either the time of death of the persons, or the period at 

•which they wei-e still living :— 
Year. Age. 

1790 Manoel Luiz de Margalhao, a soldier. (His exact age was 

101 5'ears, 11 months, and 6 days), .... loi 
1790 Maria dos Anjos, a Fx-anciscan nrni, .... loi 
1789 Margarita Josepha da Silveira, ..... i02 

1789 Father Antonio de Nossa Senhora da Conceicam Bahia 

(died in Brazil), 102 

1790 Manoel Antonio Pereira de Mello. The abbot of the pa- 

rish church of St. Nicholas, in the city of Oporto, 102 

1789 Luiza da Cruz, ---.-... i03 
1788 The widow of capt. Luiz Barreto, 105 

1788 Antonio Mendes de Vasconcellos, 105 

1790 Joam Alfonso, a soldier, 105 

1790 Catharina SoUeira, 105 

1791 (still living), ..... i05 

1790 Joanna Sunoens, (still living), ..... log 

1791 Thome de Brito, a negro, 107 

1789 Manoel Alvares, ........ m 

1742 A labourer of Alvominha, . - - - - - 112 

1743 Donna Marianna de Gusman, a noble lady, (died in a con- 

vent, where she had lived from the age of 12 years), 112 

1789 Father Jose de Santo Antonio, 112 

1719 Joam Salgado, .-.,.--- 112 

1791 , (still living), 115 

1791 A woman known by the name of " The mother of Joam 

Affonso," 115 

1791 Maiianna de Souza, (still living), 115 

1789 Maria Barreta, 116 

1789 Maria Francisca, widow of Manoel Ferreira, - . 117 

1790 Francisco Nunes, - 119 

1790 Joanna Francisca de Piedade,' (still living), ... 120 

1742 Joam Homem da Cunha Deca, 129 

P. S. To the above may be added an instance of longevity, translated 

from the Lisbon Gazette, of November 17, 1798. " Died lately at 
Pedeme, at the age of 106 years, Francisco Domingues de Estiva, 
dos. He had all his teeth remaining, and had black hair. He used 
to read and write without spectacles ; and his vigour was such, 
that, when necessary, he could walk four leagues (nearly sixteen 
English miles) a day, and without a walking stick." 
Dr. Huscland, in his Treatise on the Ai't of Prolonging Life, details 
numerous instances of longevity, by which it appears, that in 
Great Britain and Ireland longevity preponderated in an immense 
proportion. The list contains, 16 persons of 120 years ; 9 of 121 ; 
6 of 122 ; 3 of 123 ; 8 of 124 ; 3 of 125 ; 2 of 126 ; 7 of 127 ; 5 of 
128 ; 3 of 129 ; 8 of 130 ; 2 of 131 ; 2 of 133 ; 2 of 134 ; 1 of 135 ; 
4 of 136 ; 2 of 137 ; 3 of 138 ; 2 of 139 ; 2 of 140 ; 1 of 142 ; 1 of 
143 ; 1 of 144 ; 1 of 145 ; 2 of 146 ; 1 of 148 ; 1 of 150 ; 2 of 152 ; 
1 of 154 ; 1 of 160 ; 1 of 159, (Henry Jenkins) ; and 1, (Louisa 
Truxo) of 175. Of these, 41 were residents of England, 4 of 
^Vales, 16 Scotland, 24 Ireland, 2 Norway, 1 Holland, 4 France, I 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 



27 



Portugal, 1 Italy, 1 Turkey, 1 West Indies, 3 South America, and 
5 North America. More men than woman live to be old, but 
fewer to be extremely old. In this list, which contains 104 per- 
sons, there are but 32 females. 



Longevity of the learned. 



Greek. 


Age. 


Died before Christ 


Xenophilus, ... 


169 




__ 


Theophrastus, 


106 - 




288 


Xenophanes, ... 


100 




- 500 


Democritus, - 


100 - 






Isocrates, - . . . 


98 




- 338 


Thales, . - . 


92 - 




348 


Cameades, 


90 






Pyrrho, 


90 • 




284 


Sophocles, 


91 




. 406 


Simonides, - - . 


90 . 




468 


Zeno, .... 


97 




- 264 


Pythagoi-as, - 


90 - 




510 


Hypoerates, 


80 






Chrysippus, - 


83 - 




204 


Diogenes, 


88 






Pharycides, - 


85 - 







Solon, .... 


82 




- 558 


Periander, 


80 . 




579 


Plato, - . . - 


81 




- 348 


Thucydides, 


80 - 




391 


Xenocrates, - 


81 




- 314 


Xenophon, 


89 - 




359 


Polybius, 


81 




- 124 


Socrates, (poisoned). 


70 - 




400 


Anaxagoras, - 


72 




. 428 


Euripides, 


76 . 




407 


^schylus, 


70 




- 456 


Aristotle, 


63 - 




322 


Anaximander, 


64 




- 547 


Pindar, .... 


69 . 




452 


Greek Authors 30 






Died above 100—4; 90—8 ; 80- 


-11 ; 60-7. 






Roman. 








VaiTO, 


87 - 




28 


Lucian, .... 


80 






Epicurus, 


73 . 




168 


Cicero, .... 


63 




43 


Livy, (by a violent death), - 


67 - 




A. D. 17 


Pliny, the elder, 


56 




79 


Pliny, the younger, (by a ^'iolent 








death), 


52 - 




113 


Ovid, .... 


59 




17 


Horace, 


57 * 






Virgij, . . . . 


51 




"b.C. 19 



B4 



IVIEMORAELE EVENTS. 



Modem Authors on the Continent of Europe 




Voltaire, 


Year. 
1779 






Age 

> 85 


Swedenbourg, - 


1772 






- 8S 


Bcerhaave, - 


1738 






70 


GallUeo, 


1643 






76 


Scaliger, J. J. 


1609 






69 


Scaliger, J. C. - 


1558 






- •74 


Vossius, J. G. 


1649 






72 


Vossius, Isaac, - 


1683 






70 


Copernicus, 


1543 






71 


Grevius, 




1703 






71 


Gronovius, - 




1671 






58 


Grotius, - 




1645 






63 


Erasmus, 




1536 






69 


Thuanus, 




1617 






64 


Spinosa, 




1677 






55 


Haller, - 




1777 






69 


Kepler, 




1631 






60 


Pufendorf, 




1693 






- >62 

69 

- 54 
55 


Leibnitz, 




1715 






Des Cartes, 




1650 






Tycho Brahe, 


1601 






Above 80—2 ; above 70—' 


1 \ above 50— 


12. 


Total 21 




English Authors. 






Newton, 


Year, 
1727 






.*s- 


Whiston, 




1762 






95 


Hoadley, 




1761 






83 


Burnet, 




1725 






85 


Hobbes, 




1679 






92 


Hales, 




1761 






84 


Halley, 




1742 






85 


Spelman, 




1641 






80 


Sloane, Hans, 




1752 






92 


Sherlock, B. 




1762 






84 


Bacon, R. 




1694 






80 


Swift, 




1745 






78 


Selden, ' - 




1654 






70 


Locke, 




1704 






73 


Camden, 




1623 






72 


Johnson, S. • 




1784 






75 


Robertson, 




1793 






72 


Hale, M. • 




1676 






67 


Bacon, N. 




1578 






68 


FothergiU, - 




1780 






68 


Milton, 




1674 






5g 


Sherlock, W. 




1707 






66 


Sydenham, 




1689 






65 


Tillotson, 




1694 






64 


Boyle, - 




1691 






65 


Kennicotj 




1783 






65 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 29 

English Authors. Year. Age. 

Pope, .... 1744 - - - 56 

Steele, • - - 1729 - - - 53 

Addison, - - - 1719 - - - 47 

Spencer, . . - 1599 ... 45 

Total 31 

buration of life in certain animals. 

Years. 

Cricket, 10 

Spider, (sometimes more than) . . - . i 

Scorpion, (generally, and sometimes more than) - 1 

River Cray-tish, 20 

Cai-p, ...... 100 to 150 

Pike, (sometimes more than) ..... 40 

Crocodile, ....--- 100 

Tortoise, 100 

Hen, 10 

Peacock, ....... 24 

Nightingale and Lai-k, - - - - - 16 to 18 

Canary, (if it does not couple) - ... 24 

, (if it breeds annually) - - - - 10 

Sparrow Hawk, ...... 40 

Goose, -.,.--- 50 

Swan, ....... 100 

Eagle, ....... 100 

Parrot, ....... no 

Rabbit, 8 to 9 

Goat, 10 

Sheep, ....... 10 

Hog, 20 

Cat, - 18 

Squirrel, ....... 7 

Hare, 7 to 8 

Dog, - - - - - - - 23 to 28 

Wolf and Bear, 20 

Fox, 15 

Lion, ..---.. 60 

Cow, (sometimes more than) . - ... 20 

Bull, 30 

Ox, employed in agiiculture, - - - ^ 19 

Deer, ....... 20 

Horse, ^ 25 to 30 

Ass, 25 to 50 

Camel, - - - - - - - 50 to 60 

Elephant, ...... 150 to 200 

Lotteries, the first public one in England, 1569 ; that for the British 
museum was in 1753 ; for Cox's jewellery, 1774 ; for the Leverian 
museum, 1784 ; for the poet's gallery of pictures, 1798 ; for the 
pigot diamond, 1801; in Baltimore, to erect a monument to Wash- 
mgton, being the first public attempt of the kind in the United 
States, 1810. Projected by John Comegyes, esq. 
Louis XI. in scorn, woi-e a greasy hat, and the coarsest cloth; in the 
chamber of accounts an article is found of his expenses, which 



30 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

mentions two sols for a new pair of sleeves to an old doublet, and 
of half a denier for a box of grease for his boots, 1483. 

Louis XVI. beheaded Januai-y 21, 1793. 

Louis XVIII. retired to Petersburgh, and was allowed a procession 
by the emperor of Russia, April 3, 1798. Resided in England, 
1811. 

Magna Chax-ta was signed by king John, at Runna Mead, June 15, 
1215. 

Man, Isle of, purchased (the sovereignty of), for 70,0001. of the duke 
of Athol, to prevent smuggling, 1765. 

Maria Antoinette, beheaded October 16, 1793. 

Massacres, of all the Carthagenians in Sicilj', 397 before Christ.— 2000 
Tyrians crucified, and 8000 put to the sword, for not surrendering 
TjTe to Alexander, 331 before Christ.— The Jews of Antioch fall 
upon^the other inhabitants, "and massacre 100,000, for refusing to 
suiTender their arms to Demeti'ius Nicanor, tyrant of Syria, 154.— 
A dreadful slaughter of the Teutones and Ambrones, near Aix, by 
Marius the Roman general, 200,000 being left dead on the spot, 
102.— The Romans throughout Asia, women and children not ex- 
cepted, cruelly massacred in one day, by order of Mithridates, 
king of Pontus, 89. — A great number of Roman senators massacred 
by Cinna, Marius, and Sertorius, and several of the Patricians des- 
patched themselves to avoid their horrid butcheries, 86.— Again, 
under Sylla, and Catiline his minister of vengeance, 79, and 82. — 
At Prseneste, Octavianus Csesar ordered 300 Roman senators, and 
other persons of distinction, to be sacrificed to the manes of Julius 
Csesar, 41.— At the destruction of Jerusalem, 1,000,000 Jews were 
put to the swoi-d, A. D. 70. — Cassius, a Roman general, under the 
emperor M. Aurelius, put to death 37,000 of the inhabitants of 
Seleucia, 197. — At Alexandria, of many thousand citizens, by order 
of Antoninus, 213. — The emperor Probus put to death 700,000 of 
the inhabitants upon his reduction of Gaul, 277. — Of 80 Christian 
fathers, by order of the emperor Gratian, at Nicomedia ; they 
wei'e put into a ship which was set on fire and driven out to sea, 
370.— Of Thessalonica, when upwards of 7000 persons, invited into 
the circus, were put to the swoi-d bj' or'der of Theodosius, 390. — 
Belisarius put to death above 30,000 citizens of Constantinople for 
a revolt, on account of two rapacious ministers set over them by- 
Justinian, 532. — Of the Latins, by Andronicus, 1184, (at Constanti- 
nople). — The Sicilians massacre the French throughout the whole 
island, without distinction of sex or age, on Easter day, the first 
bell for Vespers being the signal ; tms horrid aflTair is known in 
history by the name of the Sicilian Vespers, 1282.~At Paris, 1418.— 
Of the Swedish nobility, at a feast, by order of Christian II. 1520. — 
Of 70,000 Hugonots, or French protestants, throughout the king- 
dom of France, attended with circumstances of the most horrid 
treachery and cruelty ; it began at Paris, in the night of the festi- 
val of St. Bartholomew, August 25, 1572, by secret orders from 
Charles IX. king of France, at the instigation of the queen dowa- 
ger, Catherine de Medieis, his mother ; it is styled in history, the 
massacre of St. Bartholomew. — Of the Christians, in Croatia, by the 
Turks, when 65,000 were slain, 1592. — Of a great number of pro- 
testants at Thorn, who were put to death under a pretended legal 
sentence of the chancellor of Poland, for being concerned in a tu- 
mult occasioned by a popish procession, 1724. — At Batavia, where 



IVIEMORABLE EVENTS. 31 

12,000 Chinese were killed by the natives, October, 1740.— In Eng- 
land 300 English nobles, by Hengist, A. D. 475.— Of the monks of 
Bangor, 1200 ; by Ethelfrid, king of Northumberland, 580.— Of the 
Danes, in the southern eountits of England, in the night of No- 
vember 13, 1002 ; and the 23d Ethelred II. ; at London it was the 
most bloody, the churches being no suuctuai-y ; amongst tin- rest, 
Gunilda, sister of bwein, king oi" Denmark, left in hostage for the 
performance of a treaty but newly concluded.— Of the Jews, some 
few pressing into Westminster Hall, at Richard Ist's coronation, 
were put to death by the peoplf , and a false alarm being given, 
that the king had ordered a general massacre ol' them, the people 
in many parts of England, from an aversion to them, slew all they 
met ; in York 500, who had taken shelter in the castle, killed them- 
selves, rather than fall into the hands of the people, 1189.— Of the 
English, by the Dutch at Aniboyna, 1624.— Of the protestants in 
Ireland, when 40,000 were killed, 1641.— Of the Macdonalds at 
Glencoe, in Scotland, for not surrendering in time according to 
king William's proclamation, though without the king's know- 
ledge, 1692. Se> eral dreadful massacres in France during the re- 
volution, from 1789 to 1794 

Meal tub plot, a forged conspiracy against James II. w'as so called 

from the place the pretended correspondence lay concealed, 1679. f'j,,,^^^! 

Militia, one established in Ireland by king Cormac O'Con, about '-^trt*'^ 
254 ; in England, Alfred the Great first enrolled a militia, whick ^^^,,|^ 
continued till the reign of James I. ; revived under Charles II. : r 
the present militia act passed 1757; altered 1764, 1781, and for 
Scotland 1797 ; supplementary militia embodied 1797; the whole 
number was 104,000 in 1800. 

Mlnisti-y ui the minority in the house of commons on the land-tax 
bill for 1767 ; this is the first instance of the kind on a money bill 
since the revolution. 

Mississippi bubble. In France, ceased June 27, 1720, when its amount 
was 100,000,0001. sterling. 

Mithridates ordered all the Romans that were in Asia to be put to 
death, 88 years before Christ. 

Modern history professorship, founded in the two English universi- 
ties, by George I. 1724. 

Mohocks, a set of disorderly people, who went about London sti-eets 
at night, and took pleasure in wounding and disfiguring the men, 
and Indecently exposing the women, 1711 ; one hundred pounds 
reward was offered, by royal proclamation, for ai)prehending any 
one of them. 

Museum, British, purchased by parliament, and vested In the pub- 
lic, 1753. Visited in 1805, by 11,939 persons ; in 1806, by 11,824. 

Museum of sir Ashton Lever, disposed of by lotteiy, 1785, to Mr. 
Parkinson, who held a single ticket. 

National confederation of Paris commemorated, July 14, 1790, In the 
field of Mai-s. 

Neutrality armed, of the Northern Powers against England, began 
1780 ; renewed 1800; dissolved by a British fleet, 1801. Neutrality 
proclaimed by Washington, April 29, 1793. 

Nobility of France renounce their pecuniary privileges, May 23, 
1739. 

North-west passage attempted by captain Phipps, now lord Mul- 
gi-ave. 1773i 



32 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

Orkney and Shetland isles conveyed by Denmark to Scotland, 1426. 

Paisley, Scotland, five persons burnt there fojf witches, 1697. 

Paper currency established in America, May 15, 1775. 

A peer, the earl ol Abingdon, was committed to the king's bench 
prison for having uttered and published a libel on Mr. Serman, an 
attorney, February 9, 1795. 

Peers eldest sons first permitted to sit in the house of commons, 
1550. 

Persian army, fearing they should be cut off by the P^omans, threw 
themselves into the Euphrates, where upwards of 10,000 of them 
perished, 424. 

Peter, czar of Muscovy, visited England, 1698. 

Pharaoh ordered all the male children of the Hebrews to be destroy- 
ed, 1573 ; drowned, with his host, in the Red Sea, Monday, May 
11, 1491 before Chi-ist. 

Poland dismantled of several of its pi-ovinces by Russia, Prussia, and 
the emperor of Germany, 1772. The crown was made heredi- 
tai-y, and it admitted citizens to ci%il, military, and ecclesiastical 
employments. May 3, 1791. Totally abolished as a kingdom in 
1795. 

Pope's legate caught in bed with a prostitute, 1125. 

Powdering the hair took its rise from some of the ballad singers at 
the fair of St. Germain, whitening their heads to make them ridi- 
culous, 1614. 

Powell, a lawyer, Avalked from London to York and back again, in 
six days, November 27, 1773 ; above 402 miles ; again, Jime 20, 
1788, when aged 57. 

Printing first practised in Constantinople, 1730 ; abolished, 1740 ; re- 
established in Constantinople, 1784. 

Prisoners of war, all the persons who happened to be in France at 
the breaking out of war detained, contrary to the usage of nations. 
May, 1803. ^ 

Privileged places in London, the following suppressed— Minories, Sa- 
lisbury-court, White-friars, Ram-alley, Miti-e-court, Fulwood's- 
rents, Baldwin's-gardens, the Savoy, Montague-close, Deadman's- 
place, the Clink, and the Mint, 1696. This last was not wholly 
suppressed till the reign of George I. 

Protestants permitted to have churches in Hungary, 1784, and were 
protected in Germany. In France, 1791. 

%ieens of England, France, and Scotland, in England at one time, 
1517. 

Rats and mice, so many constantly infested Hatton, a Gennan 
baron, that he built a tower close to the Rhine for his defence, in 
which he was at length killed by these animals. A. D. 969. Southey 
has wi-itten a curious ballad on this legend. 

Reay, Miss, shot in Covent-garden, April 7, 1779. 

Records of Scotland, by being sent by sea from England to Scotland, 
lost, 1295. ^ 

Religious houses suppressed in England by Henry VIIL 1540, 
araounted to 1041,— By the national assembly in France, in 1790, 
amounted to 4500.— By the emperor of Gennany, in 1785, near 
2000. 

Revolutions, remarkable, in ancient history.— The Assyrian empire 
destroyed, and that of the Medes and Persians founded by Cyrus 
the Great, 546 B. C— The Macedonian empire founded on the 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 3^ 

destruction of the Persian, on the defeat of Darius Codomannus, 
by Alexander the Great, 331 B. C— The Roman empire establish- 
ed on the ruins of the Macedonian, or Greek monarchy, by Julius 
Csesar, 47 B. C— The eastern empire founded by Constantine the 
Great, on the final overthrow of the Romans. A. D. 306.— The 
empire of the Western Franks began under Charlejuagiie, A. D. 
802.— This empire underwent a new revolution, and became the 
German empire, under Rodolph of Aupsbourg, the head of the 
house of Austria, A. D. 1273, from which it is also called The Mo- 
narchy of the Austrians.— The eastern empire passed into the hands 
oftheTurks, A. D. 1300. 
Revolution in England, in 1688- Poland, in 1704, 1709, and 1795— 
Turkey, in 1730— Persia, in 1748, and 1753— Russia, in 1682, 1740, 
and 1762— Sweden, in 1772— North America, in 1776— France, in 
1789— Venice, took place. May 17, 1797— Rome, February 26, 
1798. 
Rhetoric, regius professor, established at Edinburgh, April 20, 

1762. First professor, Dr. Blair. 
Riots in British history.— Some riotous citizens of London demolish- 
ed the convent helo;iging to Westminster Abbey ; the ring-leader 
■was hanged, and the rest had their hands and feet cut off, 6 Henry, 
III. A. D. 1221. The goldsmiths' and taylors' company fought 
In the streets of London ; several were killed on each side : the 
sheriffs quelled it, and thirteen were hanged, 1262,— A x-iot at Nor- 
wich ; the rioters burnt the cathedral and monastery ; the king 
went thither, and saw the ring-leaders executed, 1271. — A riot at 
London in June, 1628, and Dr. Lamb killed by the mob.— Another, 
tmder pretence of pulling down bawdy-houses ; four of the ring- 
leaders hanged, 1688.— Another at Guildhall, at the election of 
sheriffs, 1682 ; several considerable persons were concei-ned ; they 
seized the lord-major, but the city-lieutenancy raised the militia 
and released him ; the rioters were fined.— At Edinburgh and 
Dumfries, on account of the union, 1707.— In London, on account 
of Dr. Sacheverel's ti-ial ; several dissenting meeting-houses broke 
open ; the pulpit of one pulled down, and, with the pews, burnt 
in Lincoln's-inn-fields, 1709. — Riots of the whig and tory mobs, 
called Ormond and New-castle mobs, 2 George I. 1715. The riot 
act passed the same year, great mischief having been done by both 
parties in London. — The Mughouse riot in Salisbury-court, be- 
tween the whigs and tones, one person shot dead by the master 
of the house ; quelled by the guards, 1716.- Rioters in Hereford- 
shire demolished the turnpikes ; quelled after a smart engage- 
ment with the posse comitatus, 1735.— Of the Spitalfield weavers, 
on account of emplojing workmen come over from Ireland ; the 
military and civil power joined to quell them, and some lives were 
lost, George II. 1736.— Betw^een Irish, Welch, and English hay- 
makers, 1736.— At Edinburgh the mob rose, set fire to the prison- 
door, took out capt. Porteus, (who had been pardoned for letting 
his soldiers fire and kill one of the mob at a former riot), and hang- 
ed him upon a sign-post, and then dispersed, 1736. — Riot of the 
Con)ish tin-miners, on account of the dearness of corn, 1737.— Of 
the nailors in Worcestershire ; they marched to Birmingham, and 
obliged all the ironmongers to sign a paper allowing them an ad- 
vanced price on nails, 1737.— Of some sailors, av ho were robbed and 
ill used at a bawdy-house in the Strand, and being assisted by a 



24 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

large body, they pulled down the house, and destroyed the furni- 
ture of several others, turning the bad women naked into the 
streets, 1740 ; again in Southampton-street, in the Strand, on the 
like occasion, 1757.— Of the Spitalfield weavers; the duke of Bed- 
ford narrowly escaped being killed, 1765.— Of the people in all 
parts of England, on account of the dearness of pi-ovisions, 1766, 
and 1767.— A mob in St. George's-fields, to see Mr. Wilkes in the 
king's-bench prison; the military aid mdiscreetly called for by 
the justices of the peace, and several innocent persons, particular- 
ly young Allen, fired upon and killed by the soldiers, 1768.— 
20,0001. damage done to the public prisons and private buildings 
in London, June 6, 1780, &c. for which many were hanged.— At 
Glasgow, amongst the cotton manufacturers, when several were 
killed by the soldiers, September 4, 1787.— Riots in Paris, Api-il, 
1789, when 600 were killed by the soldiery before it was suppres- 
sed, — At Birmingham, on account of commemorating the French 
revolution, July 14, 1791, when several houses were destroyed.— In 
various parts of Scotland, on account of the militia act, August 
and September, 1797, when sevei'al were killed. — A riot at Maid- 
stone, at the ti-ial of A. O'Connor, and others, IMay 22, 1793, at 
which eai'l of Thanet, Mr- Ferguson, and others, were active in 
endeavouring to rescue O'Connor, and for which they were tried 
and convicted, April 25, 1799. 

Roman ladies poisoned their husbands, 170 suffered death for it. 
This was the first example of such a crime, 331. 

Rome declai-ed itself independent as a republic, Februai'y 26, 1798, 
when the pope's authoi-ity was annulled". 

Rumbold, sir George, the English minister at Hamburgh, seized by 
the French and carried to Pai-is, October 25, 1804. 

Rye-house plot prevented by a fire that happened at New-market, 
March 22, discovered June 12, 1683. 

Samson pulled down the temple of Dagon, and destroyed 3000 Phi- 
listines, 1117 before Christ. 

Sardinian king relinquished Tui-in and all Piedmont to the French, 
December 6, 1798, when he retired to Sardinia. 

Saxons first arrived in Britain, 449, from Bremen, in three ships 
commanded by Hen gist and Horsa. 

Seizures at the custom-house amounted to 26,0001. in 1742. 

Sheriffs of London, fifty appointed in one day, thirty-five of whom 
paid their fines, July 2, 1734. 

Shrewsbury, the church of St. Chad, was desti'oyed by its tower fall- 
ing, July 11, 1788. 

Slave-trade abolished in Pennsylvania, 1784. In 1768, there were 
104,000 bought in the West-Indies, at 151. each, amounting to 
1,582,0001. sterling, chiefly by barter. By the French convention, 
February 4, 1794. See post title Improvements. 

South-sea scheme in England vanished, 1720, which ruined several 
hundred families. 

South wark fair restrained in 1743 ; abolished, 1762. 

Spot or Macula of the sun, more than thrice the bigness of our earth, 
passed the sun's centre, April 21, 1766. 

Stadtholder and family, obliged to cuit Holland on the Fi-ench tak- 
ing possession of the LTnited States, January 21, 1795, and retired 
to England. 

Stone bullets in use in England, so late as 1514. 



MEMORABLE EVENTS, 35 

Strangford, lord, of Ireland, suspended from voting in the Irish 
house of lords, for soliciting a bribe in the cause of Rochfort and 
Ely, 1784. 

Stratford Jubilee, September 6, 1769. 

Straw used for the king's bed, 1234. 

Style altered, by Aug. Caesar's ordering Leap-year to be but once 
in four years, and the month Sextilis to be called August, 8 years 
before Christ ; again it was altered by pope Gregory, who took 
twelve days off the calendar in 1582 ; the Gregorian style received 
at Paris by taking off ten days, December 15, 1582 ; received at 
London, by taking eleven days off the cilendar, September 2, 
1752. 

Sweden resigned their prerogatives to the crown, 1772. 

Subscription loan to government for eighteen millions, to carry on 
the war against France, was filled in 15 hours 20 minutes, Decem- 
ber 5, 1796. 

Subsidies raised upon the subjects of England, for the last time, by 
James I. 1624. 

Sword of state carried at an English king's coronation, by a king of 
Scotland, 1194. 

Tea destroyed at Boston by the inhabitants, 1773, in abhorrence of 
English taxes ; for wiiicli they were severely punished by the Eng- 
lish parliament, in April, 1774. 

Thief-takers condemned and pilloried in Smithfield, March, 1755. 

Thornhill, Mr. of Stilton, rode 215 miles in 12 hours 17 minutes, 
April 29, 1745. 

Titles of honour abolished in France by the national assembly, 
1790 ; revived by Napoleon. 

Tombs of the kings of France, in the Abbey of St. Dennis, were or- 
dered to be destroyed by authority, October 14, 1793. 

Torture abolished in Sweden by order of the king, 1786 ; in Poland, 
1776. 

abolished in France by edict, August 25, 1780. 

Toui-lone, cardinal, high inquisitor at Rome, dragged out of his car- 
riage by a mob, and hung on a gibbet 50 feet high, 1786. 

Troy, destruction of, 1184 before Christ. 

Turkish ships navigated by Greek sailors, the first arrived at Lon- 
don, April 5, 1797. 

Voluntary contributions for the support of govei'nment against 
French measures, amounted to two millions and a half, 1798, and 
200,0001. were transmitted to England from India, in 1799. 

Wales, prince of, committed to prison for assaulting a judge on the 
bench, 1412. 

Ward, John, of Hackney, expelled the house of commons for for- 
gery. May 16, 1726. 

Water sold in the West Indies for Is. a pail-full, 1731. 

"Wliales, six, were driven ashore in a storm, on the coast of England, 
February 2, 1762 ; one killed above London-bi-idge, in September, 
1781 ; one nineteen feet long, was killed at Execution dock, Au- 
gust 22, 1796 ; one killed at Hull, November, 1797 ; another in 
the Thames, September, 1799 ; and another at Leith the same 
month ; eighteen driven ashore at St. Fergus, in Scotland, Octo- 
ber, 1800 ; one taken in the Downs, and another came on shore 
near Arklow, in Ireland, in October, 1802 ; the latter was eighty 
fe^t long. 



36 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

Whig and tory factions took their rise in 1649 ; were at their 
height about 1704. 

White roses, several knocked down for wearing them, June 10, 1716. 

Willmgham boy lived, 1744. 

Witchcraft was pi-etty much believed in the sixteenth century ; 600 
were executed for it in France, 1609 ; Grandiere, a priest of Lou- 
dun, burnt for bewitching a whole convent of nuns, 1634 ; twenty 
women were executed in Bretagne, 1654 ; and nine more were 
burnt in Poland, 1775. 

Wood's halfpence sent to Ireland, 1722. 

Woollen goods first exported from Ireland to a foreign market, Ja- 
nuary 15, 1780. 

Late memorable events in Europe^ from 
the beginning of May , 1789. 

May 5, 1789. The states genera! opened at Versailles.— June 16. 
The states constituted themselves into a national assemblij.—Snlj 
13, 14, and 15. The people being irritated at the king's posting 
foreign troops round Paris, the general assembly of that capital 
found it expedient to establish the militia. Till tranquillity was 
restored it was to consist of 48,000 citizens. In two days, 270,000 
citizens enrolled themselves in their respective districts. A state 
mayor was appointed by the town assembly ; and a permanent 
committee was formed to correspond with the different districts. 
The couriers of the court were an-ested by the armed people, who 
intercepted their despatches. An immense multitude at this time 
went to the hospital of Invalids, demanded of the governor to de- 
liver up to them all the arms ; they took by force 30,000 muskets, 
and 20 pieces of cannon were found here, which were carried to 
the city. All the arms in the shops of the armotu*ers, and those of 
the Garde Meuble were also seized. During this scene of tumult 
and agitation the national assembly sent a deputation to the 
king, informing him of the dreadful situation of Paris, caused by 
the surrounding troops. The king replied, " I have already made 
known to you my mtentions respecting the measures which the 
disorders of Paris forced me to adopt ; I alone have the right to 
judge of the necessity, and in that respect I can make no change." 
The troops, however, posted in the Champ de Mars, moved off du- 
ring the night. On the succeeding day, (14th), some were still in 
want of arms and ammunition : It was generally believed that the 
Bastile contained lai-ge quantities of both. Thither the ijeople re- 
paired, and the gates of the castle being opened to about forty citi- 
zens, the bridges was then drawn, and a firing was heard within : 
this marks the epoch of French liberty. The fury of the people 
was excited beyond description, they hastened in crowds to the 
Bastile, with two pieces of camion ; several cannons loaded with 
grape shot were fired on them, by order of tlie governor. The 
attack commenced, the governor displayed the white flag, the fire 
ceased on both sides, a second deputation was sent to the gover- 
nor, who ordered to fire again. The final desperate attack on 
this monument of slavery, was the consequence of the citi- 
zens who fell at this time. ' The assailants were triumphant, the 
massacre of the governor ensued; JI. Delosme Saleratj, his major, 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 37 

Uie marquis de Pellevort, the gaoler, the principal cannoniers, and 
some others immediately shared the same fate, being conducted to 
the Place de Grave, and having their hands cut off, they were 
then beheaded. The furious citizens having fixed their heads on 
pikes, carried them in triumph tlu'ough the sti-eets. The keys of 
the Bastile being carried to the town-hall, the demolition of that 
fortress was decreed by the council general ; seven prisoners only 
were said to be found in it, three of whom had lost their reason, 
having been confined since the reign of Louis XV. This termina- 
ted an exploit, to which popular fury and vengeance had first gi- 
ven birth, and which eventually changed the political system of 
France. The king, highly alarmed at the preceding events, went 
the next day to the assembly, and made to them a speech. The 
princes of the blood, and many others of the nobles emigrated.— 
22. M. Porelon, counsellor of the state, aged 74, and M. Eertier, 
intendant of Paris, were massacred, and their heads were carried 
through the streets.— August 4. The national assembly passed a 
decree for the abolition of privileges. — 15. The national assem- 
bly acknowledged, by acclamation, and afterwards unanimously 
declared, as a fundamental law of the French monarchy, "That 
the king's person is sacred and inviolable.— 23. The national 
assembly decreed the liberty of religious opinions.— 24. The li- 
berty of the press deci-eed.- 26. The rights of man decreed.— 
September 22. The king sent his plate to the mint.— 28. The 
assembly deci-eed the removal of the church plate to the mint.— 
October 6. The king and his family were conducted ft-om Ver- 
sailles to the Thuilleries, accompanied by a hundred deputies and 
about 60,000 people, principally composed of the common people 
of Paris. At ten o'clock at night, the declaration of the rights of 
man was presented to the king, which he accepted.— 16. The 
assembly decreed that the title of the king shall be changed to 
" Tlie king of the frencA. "—November 1. The national assem- 
bly decreed the abolition of lettres de cachet, and all arbitrary im- 
prisonment.— 5. All distinctions of orders were abolished.— 6, 
The assembly passed a decree relative to the confiscation of the 
property of the clergy.— 8. Eighty noblemen, and many members 
of parliament ot Thoulouse, met and invited the clergy and the 
commons to unite with them, for the purpose of restoring religion 
to its influence ; to tlie laws their force and activity ; to the king 
his legitimate authority and liberty ; and expressly to oppose the 
geometrical divisions of the kingdom.— 24. Decreed that pro- 
testants and dissenters shall have the same privileges as Roman 
catholics. Assignats issued. 

Jan. 28, 1790. The national assembly decreed that the Jews of 
Spain, Portugal, and Avignon, be admitted citizens of France.— 
Feb. 4. The king appeared in the national assembly, and swore, 
to love, maintain, and defend the constitution to the last moment 
of his existence. The deputies pronounced the civic oath : the 
example was followed by the whole city of Paris.— 13. The na- 
tional assembly decreed the suppression of all monastic establish- 
ments forever, and the confiscation of all their lands.— June 11 . 
The death of Dr. Franklin was announced in the national assem- 
bly by M. de Mirabeau. The assembly went into mourning.— 
July 20. Afl CKtraerdinary taxes levied upon tke Jews wei-e abo- 
C 



38 3^IEM01lABLE EVENTS. 

lished by a deci-ee of the convention.— Sept. 4, M. Neckar an» 
Bounced to the national assembly his resignation as minister.— 
Dec. 21. The national assembly decreed the erecting of a statue 
to the memory of J. J. Rousseau, and also that his widow be sup- 
ported at the expense of the state. 

April 18, 1791. The French king and his family were stopped by 
the populace, in their way to St. Cloud, where they had intended 
to pass the Easter holidays. The national guards of Lorartoire 
aided, instead of quelling, the tumult. Notwithstanding the re- 
monstrances of IM. de la Fayette to the refractory guards, the king 
was obliged to return to his palace. — 19. The king complained in 
the national assembly of the resistance of the people to his 
departure to St. Cloud.— 28. The war minister annoimced to 
the national assembly, that the noblesse assembled on the borders 
of Alsace, for the purpose of recovering their titles ; that the 
emigrant army had been reviewed by the prince of Conde ; their 
imiform was black, faced with yellow, v.'ith a death's head, sur- 
rounded with a laurel wreath on one cuff, and a swoi-d on the other, 
with the motto, " Conquer or die."— May 4. An immense multi- 
tude assembled in tlie Palais Royal in Paris, and burned the pope 
in effigy ! ! — 30, The national assembly deci*eed the ashes of 
Voltaire worthy of the pantheon.— June 21. The king, with all his 
family, effected their escape from Paris. His intention was to go 
to IMontmedy, a strong fortified town in the province of Luxem- 
bourg. The national assembly, in consequence of the king's es- 
cape, became permanent. — 22. The arrestation of the king and 
bis family at Varennes, was known at Paris in the evening. M. 
Drouet, post-master of St. Menehoud, whilst they changed hoi-ses, 
discovered the king. He immediately inlbrmed the niunicipality, 
who despatched messengers to Varennes. Drouet went first, and 
seeing a waggon laden with furniture upon the bridge, overset it ; 
this obstructed the passage of the king and his suite ; the alarm 
was then beat ; the national guards assembled ; M. de Bouille or- 
dered the hussars to fire ; the soldiers disobeyed, and laid down 
their arms, and the king, &c. were arrested.— 26. The following 
bill was posted up in the morning at Paris : " Whoever shall ap- 
plaud the king, shall be soundly cudgelled ; ivhoever shall insult him, 
shall be hanged.''^ In the evening, the king and the royal family 
arri^'ed in the capital, escorted by 30,000 of the national guards ; they 
were received in silence, and conducted to the palace of the Thuil- 
leries.— 29. Commissioners were deputed to wait on the king 
and queen, to receive their declaration respecting their departure 
from Paris on the 21st instant. The king, in justification, said, 
'•'■ That he had no intention of leaving the kingdom ; that he only 
intended to reside at Montmedy until the vigour of government 
should, in some degree, be restored, and the constitution settled." 
He farther declared, that his principal reason for quitting Paris, 
was his being subject to so many insults there, and the inflamma- 
tci-y publications in circulation, particularly against the queen, 
%vhieh rendered him apprehensive for her safety much more than 
for his own, in the metropolis ; but, that he, at the same time, en- 
tertained the sincerest intentions of returning to the capital. 
The plea of the queen was, " That as the king had determined 
io remove himself and family, it was impossible that she could ad- 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. S» 

mit the thought of voluntarily parting from lnm."~July 11. The 
ashes of Voltaire were removed, coiitorraably to the decree of the 
convention, to St. Genevieve.— 17. A meeting of the people took 
place in the Champ de Mars, for the petitioning for the dethrone- 
ment of the king. Robeis/jierre was at the head of the party. — 
20. The famous convention of Pilnitz took place between the em- 
peror Leopold, and the present king of Prussia.— Aug. 1. The war 
minister announced to the assembly, that the prince of Conde was 
at the head of 8,000 men, against the department of the Meuseand 
Moselle, and would be supported by another body of 10,000 men, 
levied by the emigrants, and the two brothers of the king.— 17. A 
report of great disturbances in St. Domingo, in consequence of 
the decree for the admission of mulattoes in the colonial assem- 
blies, — Sept. 3. The new constitution of Fi-ance being completed, 
was jiresented, by a deputation of sixty members, to the king. — 
14. The assembly decreed that the solemn acceptation of the 
constitution be proclaimed throughout all Fi-ance. The king, on 
this day, went to the assembly to sign the constitution. In his 
Speech, on this occasion, were these memorable words : " I come 
solemiily to consecrate my acceptation of the constitutional code, 
and I swear to be faithful to the nation and to the laws ; to employ all 
the power with which I am enti-usted, in maintaining the consti- 
tution decreed by the national assembly, and to cause the laws to 
be executed. May this great and memorable epoch be that of the 
re-establishnient of peace and union, and become the basis of the 
welfare of the people, and the prosperity of the empire." In cele- 
bration of this day, a grand festival took place at the Champs 
Elisees. One hundred thousand citizens danced on the occasion : 
at the distance of every one hundred yards was constructed a high- 
ly illuminated orchestra, where the musicians plaj^ed, and the air 
resounded every half hour with the discharge of 130 pieces of can- 
non placed on the banks of the river. On a tree, planted in the 
old scite of the Bastile, was the following inscription :— Transla- 
tion,. 

Here is the epoch of liberty ; 

^ fFe dance on the ruins of despotism, 

*, The constitution is finished, 

'^' Long live patriotism. 

*-30. The constituent assembly of {"ranee sat for the last timco 
— Oct. 1. The new French legislative assembly, being elected ac- 
cording to the foi-ms presci-ibed by the new constitution, assumed 
its power.— 16. The king of the French despatched letters to all 
the emigrant princes, earnestly entreating them to retui-n. — 
30. Monsieur and count d'Artols promulged that their views 
were the re-establishment and respect of the Roman catholic reli- 
gion, and its ministers, and to restore to the king his liberty and 
legislative authority, &c. Sec— Nov. 7. The national assembly de- 
creed thanks to the king of Great Britain, to the English nation, 
and to lord Effingham, governor of Jamaica, for his generous con- 
duct in relieving the planters of St. Domingo from the horrors of 
famine, and for furnishing them with arms and military stores 
against their rebel negi-oes.- 17. The king refused his sanction to 
the decree of the I4th ult. against the emigrants. A decree pass- 
ed the assembly, requiring Monsieur to return to the kingdon^ 



40 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

within the spaee'of two months.— 22. The mulattoes set fire to 
and burnt 300 houses in St. Domingo.— 29. The new society of 
Moderates assembled in the vacant convent of the Feuillans. It 
afterwards, as the jacobin club, received its name from the place 
of its meeting. The jacobin club originated from a small and se- 
cret association of about forty gentlemen and men of letters, who 
had united themselves long before the meeting of the states' gene- 
ral, for the purpose of disseminating political knowledge among 
the mass of the people. The society becoming numerous on the 
removal of the king and the assembly to Paris, obtained posses- 
sion of the convent of the jacobins, on the dissolution of the mo- 
nastic order. The populaiity which it acquired, soon rendered it 
exceedingly numerous, and this circumstance pointed it out as a 
proper engine to work upon the passions of the multitude. From 
the early period of its institution, one pinncipal object was, to dis- 
cuss such political questions as seemed likely to be agitated in the 
national assembly, in order that the members might act in concert 
according to the decisions of the majority. This plan was reduced 
to a system, when the club became numerous, and a regular presi- 
dent and secretaries were chosen, and it became a national assem- 
bly in miniature. Besides the members, an immense number of 
auditors were admitted into the galleries, who applauded or con- 
demned the speakers as passion or caprice dictated.— Dec. 25. 
The club of the Feuillans was completely invested by emissaries 
sent by the jacobins. The members were obliged to separate and 
depart.— 29.' On this day was published Condorcet's manifesto, ad- 
dressed to all states and nations. It was previously decreed by 
the national convention, and presented to the king. The follow- 
ing extract from it, will, it is presumed, be found fully explana- 
tory of the reasons and motives of the then existing government : 
" Peace, which imposture, intrigue, and treason, have banished, 
will never cease to be the first of our wishes. France will take up 
ai-ms, compelled to do so, for her safety and internal peace ; and 
she will be seen to lay them down with joy, the moment she is as- 
sured that there is nothing to fear for that liberty, for that equali- 
ty, which is now the only element in which Frenchmen can live." 

Jan. 1, 1792. The national assembly passed a decree of accusation 
against the emigrant princes. — 6. The king of Prussia made a 
public declaration, " That Louis XVI. having accepted the new 
constitution, prevented his acting in his defence.— 21. The na- 
tional assembly ordered a manifesto to be delivered by their am- 
bassadors, to all the courts in Europe, in which the French nation 
renounced the undertaking of the war with the view of making 
conquests ; and will never employ her forces against the liberty of 
any state.— Feb. 7, The king of Bohemia and Prussia agreed on a 
convention which solely related to the affairs of France.— 20. The 
emperor died of an illness of only thirty-six hours, and was suc- 
ceeded by his eldest son, Francis I.— March 11. The king of the 
French transmitted the following letter to the king of Bohemia : 
" I demand an entire renunciation on the part of the king of Hun- 
gary of all coalition, of all armament against France ; and I declare 
to him, that if he does not agree to this, the king will regard him, 
from the present, as in a state of Avar."- 17. The king informed 
the national assembly that he had appointed M. Dumourier to the 



MEMORABLE EVENTS, 41 

department of foreign affairs, and M. Lacost to that of the ma- 
rine. Both of those ministers were at this time active members 
of the jacobin club.— 18. Prince Kaunitz pubhshed a memorial ui 
the name of his master, the king of Hungaiy, stating that the 
king had fully adopted the political system of the late emperor his 
father.-24. Three French ministers resigned, viz. messrs. Uu- 
port, Cahier, and Farbe ; messrs. Gamier, Roland, and Llayiere, 
were appointed in their room.-27. A great number of petitions 
were presented in the house of commons against the slave-trade. 
-One member alone presented fifteen from difterent parts ot 
Scotland, severally praying the abolition of that commerce.— 
16. Gustavus III. of Holstein-Gottorp, king of Sweden, assassi- 
nated by Ankerstrom. He vested the whole of his authority in 
his brother, the duke of Sudermania, during the non-age ot his 
son.-l5. The jurisdiction of the revolutionary tribunal commen- 
ced at Paris ; seven persons were condemned to death under it.— 
18. Ankerstrom, the assassin of the king of Sweden, was put to 
the torture ; after being three times exposed and flogged, having 
had his right hand cut off, and being about to receive the tatal 
blow he addressed himself to the surrounding multitude. His 
head was then severed from his body .-20. War declared against 
the king of Bohemia and Hungary.-29. Pelletier, convicted ot 
robbery and murder, was the first that suffered by the fatal guillo- 
tine.— June 20. A multitude in Paris, to the amount ot 100,000 
persons, armed with pikes, swords, musquets and aitiUeiy, embo- 
died and marched towards the Thuilleries, in order to force the 
king to sanction the two decrees ; one in regard to the retraetory 
priests, and the other, the camp near Paris. The gates ot the 
Thuilleries were thrown open at 4 o'clock in the afternoon ; the 
multitude entered the palace ; they presented the red bonnet ot 
liberty to the king, which he cheerfully put on ; and the queen, 
with gi-eat condescension, distributed ribbands and May branches, 
the new test of patriotism, among the multitude. Not less than 
40,000 armed men, &c. passed through the royal apartments.— 
22. The king of the French issued a proclamation concerning 
the tumults of the 20th of June ; he complained that a misguided 
muhitude resorted under arms to the residence of his majesty ; 
brought artillery into the guard-room of the palace ; broke open 
with axes, the doors of his apartments, and endeavoured to exi;ort 
his majesty's sanction to their decrees, which he had constitution- 
ally refused to give.— 29. Berthier, major-general and chief of the 
Etat-niajor of the army of the north, addressed a letter to the 
king, from the camp at Menin, June 27, in which he said that his 
indignation burned against those guilty men, who violated the 
constitution on the 20th June —July 5. The directory of Frank- 
fort met for the purpose of electing a head of the German empire. 
The iiing of Hungary, now emperor Francis II. was chosen.— 
6. The king addi-essed a letter to the president of the national 
assembly, announcing that another enemy had declared agamst 
France ; that a Prussian army amounting to 52,000 men had actu- 
ally begun to march.- 9, The minister for foreign affairs report- 
ed, that it appeared that the empires of Germany and Russia, the 
courts of Turin, Naples, Rome, Spain, and Portugal had conspired 
sgainst France ; but that Switzerland, Holland, and England had 
ovejer^'td a neuu-alitv.— 11. The assembly decrees, "Met the 
' C2 



42 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

country is in rfan^er."— 14. Federation at the Champ de Mars.— 
18. The national assembly decreed, that fifty-seven people of 
eminence and distinction were guilty of high treason.— 25. The 
Dutch were much pressed by the confederate powers to accede to 
the alUance against France, but reply in the negative.. ..Duke of 
Brunswick's manifesto. — 26. The king of Prussia made a concise 
and explicit exposition of the reasons which induced him to take 
up arms against France.— The national assembly decreed the re- 
moval of the Swiss guards from the capital. — Aug. 3. The king 
of the French addressed a letter to the president of the national 
assembly, in consequence of the declaration of the duke of Bruns- 
wick. The publication of it, he said, seemed to him to require a 
new declaration of his sentiments and principles. Never, he as- 
serted, should he be seen compounding the glory or the interests 
of the nation, or receiving the law from foreigners, or from a par- 
ty ; it was to the nation that he owed himself, and he was one and 
the same with hei*. In the same sitting, the envoys of the com- 
monalty of Paris, with M. Petion at their head, appeared at the 
bar, and Petion demanded in the name of the forty-eight sections 
of Paris, that the king should be excluded from the throne, and that 
the management of affairs during the interregnum should be en- 
trusted to responsible ministers, until the election of a new king in 
a national convention.— 6. The king, in the habit of a peasant, 
attempted to escape from the Thuilleries, but was recognized by a 
centinel. — 7. Several citizens were admitted to the bar of the as- 
sembly, bearing a petition signed by many thousand persons in the 
Champ de Mars. They were preceded by a pike surmounted by a 
woollen bonnet. Upon the middle of the pike was a label with 
the words — " Deposition of the king.'''' — 10. About nine o'clock in 
the morning, the king, attended by the Swiss regiment of guards, 
proceeded to the national assembly, accompanied by the queen, 
his sister, and the royal children. When his majesty seated him- 
self by the side of the president, he said, " I am come among you to 
prevent the commission of a horrid crime, convinced that whilst here 
lam safe." The conflict between the mob and the Swiss guards 
now became dreadful ; the latter obliged to jdeld to superior force, 
were almost butchered to a man ; the killed amounted to about 
25,000. The mob, having gained possession of the palace, bui-st 
in an immense crowd into the different apartments, and carried 
off the queen's jewels, monej', and important papers. The statues 
of Louis XIV. and XV. were destroyed. Many members being 
observed to be absent from the assembly, either through fear or 
some other motive ; it was therefore considered of importance to 
make a call of the house, to determine who were present. This be- 
ing decreed, each member took the following oath, '•'■ I sTveur,in 
" the name of the nation, to maintain liberty and equality, or to die 
" at my post," A decree was then proposed by M. Vergniaud, in 
the name of the extraordinary commission, and adojited by the 
assembly. That the French people were invited to forma national 
convention. The executive power was provisionally suspended. 
The civil list was suspended. The six ministers nov/ in office 
shall exercise the executive poAver. The extraordinary commis- 
sion shall present a plan for appointing a governor to the prince 
royal. The king and royal family shall remain under the pro- 
tection of the assembly. Tfce king and royal {kmily are under 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 43 

the safe-guard ot the law, and their defence entrusted to the na- 
tional guard of Paris. All magistrates, officers, and soldiers, who 
shall quit their posts, shall be declared infamous, and traitors to 
their country. The departnient of Paris shall this day cause the 
present decree to be proclaimed. The same shall be transmitted 
to the eighty-three departments.— 12. A great number of ad- 
dresses, felicitating the national assembly on their firm conduct in 
suspending the king, were presented.— 14. I'he new ministry ap- 
pomted by the assembly, were M. Danton, minister of justice; M. 
Le Brun, minister for foreign affairs ; M. Roland, minister of the 
interior ; M. Servan, minister at war ; M. Monge, minister of ma- 
rine; and M. Clavierre, minister of contributions. The royal fa- 
mily of France were conducted from the convent of the Feuillans 
to the temple, the place fixed on for their confinement. When 
the procession arrived at the Place Vendome, where the equestrian 
statue of Louis XIV. was overthrown on the 10th, they stopped, 
that the Idng migiit contemplate the fate of bis ancestor. M. de 
la Fayette and his army advanced towai-ds Paris. At Sedan he 
imprisoned the commissioner sent to ari-est him.— 17. A letter 
was transmitted to tiie earl of Gower, ambassador at Paris, and 
delivered the minister of foreign affairs. It contained declara- 
tions of the king's personal attachment to their most Christian 
majesties, and the interest he always took in their vvelfare ; and, 
as the executive power had been withdrawn from his most Christi- 
an majesty, and his excellency's credentials could no longer be va- 
lid, his majesty was of opinion that he ought not to remain longer 
in Paris, but return home as soon as the necessarj^ passports shall 
have been obtained ; and concluded by expressing his wishes that 
no violence be offered to the royal family; the commission of 
which, he said, would not fail to excite sentiments of universal in- 
dignation throughout Europe.— 19. M. la Fayette being informed 
of the decree of the assembly, ordering the officers, civil and mili- 
tary, to send him alive or dead to its bar, in consequence of his 
arresting the commissioners sent to the armies, meditated his es- 
cape, and attempted to seduce a considerable number of his army 
to accompany him ; but attended only by his staff-officers, and a 
few servants, he left his camp in the niglit ; and was apprehended 
by the Austrian general Harancourt, stationed at Rochfort with an 
advanced party of his troops. M. la Fayette and his companions 
were sent prisoners to Namur. — 23. The mmister of war gave an 
account that Russia had declared war against France ; and that 
M. Genet, the chargee des affaires at Petersburg, had been ordered 
to depart that city in eight days, and the states of Russia as soon 
as possible.— Sept. 2. A dreadful massacre broke out in Paris. An 
ex-bishop, and nearly an hundred non-juring pi'iests were killed. 
All the debtors were released. From seven o'clock on Sunday even- 
ing to day-break on Monday, slaughter pervaded in the prisons of 
Paris. The most moderate accounts stated the number of suspect- 
ed persons slain, to be about twelve hundred : others said four 
thousand. Perhaps the medium of the two accounts may be near- 
est to the truth. The agents in this dreadful slaughter of inno- 
cent persons were branded with the title ot Septembei-ir^rs.— 
3. An immense multitude hurried to the temple; carrying the 
mutilated body of madame Lamballe.— 4. The national assembly 
took an oath, that thev held royalty in detestation, and swore that 

c z 



I MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

no king or monarch should ever be a stain upon the liberty of the 
people. — 8. Fifty-four national pi-isoners at Orleans, ordered to be 
transmitted to Saumur, were bi-ought to Versailles, where, upon 
their passing through the gate de TOrangerie, they were attacked 
by the populace, and the greater part of them inhumanly butch- 
ered. The duke of Brisac and the bishop of Maudes, w^ere among 
the sufferers. On this day, also seventy-nine priests Avere massa- 
cred at St. Fermin.— 15. The assembly came to the following re- 
solutions : 1st. That a divorce, that is to say a dissolution of the 
jnaniage, by the mutual consent of the husband and wife, be al- 
lowed. 2d. That a divorce be allowed at the desire of either the 
husband or wife, on the simple allegation of difference of tempers, 
or other ground. — 16. The French minister for foreign affairs in- 
formed the assemblj^ that he had received, officially, tlie account 
of the German empire declaring war against France. The 
national assembly declared war against the king of Sardinia.— 
21. Twelve commissioners informed the national assembly, that 
the national conve7itio7i was constituted in the hall of the Thuille- 
ries. INI. Gregoire, bishop of Blois, said, " Citizens, the national 
convention is constituted. W^e are deputed by it to inform you. 
that it is about to repair hither, in order to commence its sittings." 
The president then said, " The legislative assembly declares, that 
its sittings are terminated." The whole assembly upon this with- 
drew, in order to repair to the national convention. They resolve 
that their first act, as simple citizens, shall be that of serving as a 
guard to the national convention, and of offering them the ho- 
mage of their respect. About this time Dumourier's negociations 
with the duke of Brunswick were carried on. For a full account ©f 
which, the reader is referred to the Annual Register, or the Political 
State of Europe.— Oct. 9. Decree of death against all emigrants. — 
11. One of the secretaries of the national convention proclaimed 
the names of the members who were to compose the committee of 
constitution. These were Seyes, T. Paine, Petion, Brissot, Verg'ai- 
aud, Gensonne, Barrere, Danton, Condorcet. The deputies v^ere 
Barbaroiix, Herault, Lanthenas,Jean Debry, Fouchet.Lavicontrie.— 
19. M. Barrere, in the name of the committee of constitution, pro- 
posed a decree, invitmg all the friends of liberty and equality to 
pi-esent to the said committee, in any language whatever, the 
plans, methods, and means, which they thought the best calcula- 
ted to fonn a good constitution for the French republic— Dec. 4. 
Buzot's motion was decreed in the following form : " Whoever shall 
attempt to establish royalty, or any other power derogatory of 
the sovereignty of the people, shall be punished with death."— 
11. The unfortunate monarch, Louis XVI. was admitted to the 
bar -.The president...." Louis, the French nation accuses you : the 
national convention resolved on the third of December, that you 
should be judged by itself; on the sixth it v/as decreed, that you 
should be brought to the bar ; they ai-e about to read the act which 
announces the crimes imputed to you. You may sit down." The 
king seated himself. Maithe, one of the secretaries, read the act 
of accusation, charge by charge ; and at each, the president asked 
the king what he had to say in his own defence. Like Charles I. 
of England, he did not disavow the authority of the convention, 
but gave a brief and sensible reply to each question. The exami- 
nation being ended, the president desired to kno\y whether he 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 45 

had any thing farther to add? The Idng replied, "I desire to 
have copies ot" the act of accusation, as well as of all papei-s in- 
tended to serve as proofs, and that I may be allowed counsel fot 
my defence." The unfortunate king then retired ; and, after a de- 
bate on the latter part of his request, it was decreed that he should 
be allowed counsel. Messrs. Trotichet and Lemoignon de Male- 
sherbes^ the latter 78 years of age, became counsel for him. — 
18. Came on before lord Kenyon, the trial of Thomas Pabie, for 
writing and publishing " T/ie Second PaH of the Rights of Man." 
The i)ublications, &;c. being proved, Mr. Krskine entered into a 
very long defence of the author, on the general grounds of the 
freedom of the press : contending, that his client had not gone 
beyond the bounds of fair and allowable discussion. When he 
had finished, the attorney general rose immediately to reply ; but 
the foreman of the jury said, " My lord, I am authorized by the 
jury to infbnn the attorney general, that a reply is not necessaiy 
ibr them unless the attorney general wishes to make it, or your 
lordship." The attoniey general then sat down, and the jury 
gave in their verdict— Guifcy. 

Jan. 17, 1793. The appel nominal for declaring the punishment to 
be inflicted on Louis XVI. being concluded in the national conven- 
tion, a profound silence ensued; and the president made the fol- 
lowing retiu-n : " That, out of 721 votes, 366 were for death ; 319 
for imprisonment during the war ; 2 for perpetual imprisonment ; 
8 for a suspension of the execution of the sentence of death till 
after the expulsion of the family of the Bourbons ; 23 were for 
not putting him to death, unless the French territory was invaded 
by any foreign power ; and 1 was for death, but with commutati- 
on of punisliment. After this enumeration, the president took 
off his hat, and lowering his voice, said, " In consequence of this, 
I declare, that the punishment pi-onounced by the national con- 
vention against Louis Capet, h....Death. Thus there was only a 
majority of five voices. The monster Egalite ci-devant Orleans, 
the near relative to the king, voted for his death, whilst the Eng- 
lish out-law, Thomas Paine, voted only for his banishment.— 
20, and 21. During the night of the 20th, Paris was illuminated, 
and no person permitted to go abroad in the streets. Large bo- 
dies of ai-med men patroled every part of that immense metropo- 
lis ; the rattling of coaches ceased, the streets were deserted, and 
the city was buried in an awful silence. About two o'clock in the 
morning of the fatal Monday, the 21st, voices were heard at inter- 
vals, through the gloom, of lamentation and distress. — The un- 
happy monarch passed all Sunday in preparation for his approach- 
ing change. His calm resignation, and much patience, displayed 
great eminence of soul ; but the meeting and parting of his fami- 
ly was a scene too painful, too distressing to the feelings of huma- 
nity ! The queen hung around the neck of her departing husband 
in delirious anguish ; the princess royal grasped his hand ; the 
liauphin embraced his knees ; and madame Elizabeth bathed his 
feet with the torrent of her tears. The queen was at last removed 
iVom him in a state of insensibility, from which she did not revive 
before two o'clock on Monday afternoon. The king exhibited, on 
this sad spectacle, all the tenderness of a husband, a father, a bro- 
ther ; and appearing more affected by the affliction of persons so 
C 4 



3 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

dear and so beloved, than by his own misfortunes, consoled them 
with the most soothing words. Having passed through the trying 
scene, he now applied to his religious duties, and prepared to meet 
his GOD. The conversation which he held with his confessor, it 
is said,. was pious, sensible and animated ; and his hope was full of 
immortality. The clocks of Paris, at length, sounded eight on 
Monday morning, and the royal martyr was summoned to his fate. 
He issued out of his prison, and was conducted to a coach belong- 
ing to the mayor of Paris, in which were two soldiers of the Gen- 
darmei-ie. He was attended by his confessor, and assisted to step 
into the carriage by one or two of the centinels who stood at the 
gates of the temple.— The Place de Louis ^uinze, now called the 
place of the revolution, was the spot appomted for the execution. 
The place was filled with multitudes of people, and large bodies 
of horse and foot were drawn up to protect the execution. The 
most awful silence prevailed, while the coach was advancing slow- 
ly towards the seaflibld. The dying monarch ascended it with he- 
roic fortitude, with a firm step and undismayed countenance. He 
was accompanied on the scaffold by his confessor, and two or three 
municipal officers. For a moment he looked around upon the peo- 
ple, with a complacent countenance, and he was preparing him- 
self to address the spectators, when one of the officers cried out, 
" No speeches ! come, no speecJws .'" and suddenly the drums beat, 
and trumpets sounded. He spoke ; but all the expressions that 
could be distinctly heard, were these: '•'■ I forgive my enemies; 
vmy GOD forgive them, and not lay my innocent blood to the charge 
of the nation ! GOD bless my people .'" — The confessor fell upon 
his knees, and implored the king's blessing, who gave it him with 
an affectionate embrace. The unfortunate monarch then laid his 
head upon the block with admirable serenity, and ceased to live 
in this world ! The execution was performed between 11 and 12 
o'clock on Monday morning. Previous to his execution, he wrote 
to the national convention, requesting to be buried near to his fa- 
ther, in the cathedral of Sens. The convention, with cruel apa- 
thy, passed to the order of the day. — The 21st of the month was 
singularly ominous to the fate of Louis XVI.— On the 21st April, 
1770, he was married — 21st June, 1770, the fete took place on ac- 
count of his marriage, where about 15,000 lost their lives, being 
trampled to death— 21st January, 1782, the grand f&te on account 
of the birth of the dauphin took place~21st June, 1791, his flight 
to Varennes— 21st September, 1792, abolition of royalty— 21st Ja- 
nuary, 1793, his execution. Le Pelletier, one of the deputies of 
the national convention, was assassinated by Paris, ex-king's 
guard, for having voted for the death of the king, and the con- 
vention attended the funeral on the 2 1th.— 24. The French am- 
bassador was ordered to leave England.— February 1. The national 
convention decreed war against England and Holland.— 9. Spain 
engaged to assist England in the prosecution of the war.- 18. Mr. 
Fox, in the house of commons, proposed a resolution, to the fol- 
lowing effect : That it was not for the honour or interest of Great 
Britain to make war upon France, on account of the internal cir- 
cumstances of that country. Majority against it, 226. — April 2. 
General Dumourler published a manifesto addressed to the French 
nation, declaratory of the motives of his defection from the cause 
of republi«anism, and invitsd the nation at large, to unite with 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 47 

him in i-e-establishing the constitution of 1789.— 3. General Du- 
mouriev .in-ested commissioners sent to arrest and conduct him to Pa- 
ris : He sent them all prisoners to the prince of Cobourg, at Moiis, 
as hostages for the safety of the royal family imprisoned at Paris. 
When the commissioners were brought before Cobourg, Camus said, 
I hope, sir, you will treat us with the respect due to the represen- 
tatives of a great nation. The prince replied, " Assure your- 
selves that I xvUl treat you tvith all the respect due to the assassins of 
your king.''''— 5. Dumourier, with 1000 horse, went over to the 
Austrians. General Vallence, and young Egalit6 also accompa- 
nied Dumourier.— ISIay 18. General Miranda accused of treachery, 
and after a trial of five days, acquitted by the revolutionary tribu- 
nal in Paris.— 26. The virulent and personal attacks made on se- 
veral of his fellow legislators, by Marat, caused the convention to 
enact the following decree...." Should any member hereafter pre- 
sume to hold towards any of his colleagues, derogatory and inju- 
rious language, applying to him or them the epithets of incendia- 
ry, assassin, villain, scoundrel, &c, such member shall be in- 
stantly, and without any forms, expelled the convention.— Marat 
protested solemnly, that all those who framed the decree were con- 
spirators.— July 8. The dauphin, agreeably to notice given to the 
queen, was taken from her, and put under a republican governor. 
—13. The national convention declared Condoreet a traitor to his 
country. 'I'he deputy JNIarat was assassinated by Charlotte Corde, 
—16. The funeral of Marat was celebrated with great pomp and 
solemnity by the convention.— 17. The revolutionary tribunal 
passed sentence of death on Charlotte Corde. She was executed 
m the evening, and met her fate in the most heroic manner. Her 
last words to the surroundhig multitude were, " 'Tw guilt makes 
shame, and not the scaj^old."— August 1. Irritated at the fall of 
Valenciennes, the convention decreed that the queen be tried by 
the revolutionai-y tribunal, and immediately removed to the Con- 
ciergerie. A little before midnight, two municipal officers re- 
paired to the temple, to announce to her the decree of the con- 
vention, respecting her removal to the prison of the Conciergerie. 
Being then in bed, " must I rise ?" said she ; the officers replied 
in the affirmative. She then entreated them to withdraw, that 
she might dress herself, and they complied. When the queen was 
dressed, the officers searched her, and found 25 Louis d'ors, and 
a pocket book, v/hich they took from ber. She used many entrea- 
ties to keep the latter, or for the officers to seal it, and take a pro- 
tocol of its contents. She, after some words, then recognized 
one of the officers, who had last year signified to her her separa- 
ting from the princess de Lambelle, when the latter was removed 
from the temple to the hotel de la Force. " Sir, (said the unhap- 
py queen), the separation which you announced to me a twelve 
month ago was very painful : but I find the present not less me- 
lancholy." She then begged to have an interview with her daugh- 
ter and madarae Elizabeth, which after some hesitation was per- 
mitted. Upon madame Elizabeth's entry into the apartment, 
they locked each other fast in their arms. When her daughter 
entered, '• My dear daughter, (said she), thou knowest thy religion ; 
thou oughtes-t to have recourse to its solace in every situation of 
life." She then desired to see her son, but this could not be grant- 
ed. The officers told her '• Your son is innocent, and he v/ill 



it MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

not be hurt." She was then conducted to the pi-ison, whefe, 
through terror, she fell into convulsions, and her life was threat- 
ened with instant dissolution during the course of the night. The 
cell, it is said, into which she was put, was half under ground, 
only eight feet long, and eight feet wide. Her couch consisted of 
a hard straw bed, with veiy thin coverings. All the pei'sonal 
graces had, by this time, deserted her countenance, and she exhi- 
bited the picture of distress and declining life.—?. Upon the mo- 
tion of the deputy Couthon in the convention, Pitt, pi-ime mini- 
ster of Great Britain, was solemnly decreed the enemy of the hu- 
man race.— Much fighting, in September and October, between 
the French and combined powers.— Oct. 15, and 16. Marie Antoi- 
nette, queen of France, was put upon her trial before the revo- 
lutionary ti-ibunal. After the act of accusation had been read, 
the interrogatoiy of the queen, and the examination of witnesses 
then followed. After the interrogation and deposition of the wit- 
nesses, and summing.up of the evidence by Herman, president of 
the tribunal, the jury having deliberated about an hour, returned 
into the hall, and gave a verdict, affirming all the charges sub- 
mitted to them. Fouquier, the public accuser, haraig then de- 
manded that the accused should be condemned to die, the presi- 
dent called upon the queen to declare, w hether she had any objec- 
tion to make to the sentence of the laws demanded by the public 
accuser ? The queen bowed her head in token of negative. Up- 
on the same demand being made to her defenders, Frouson spoke, 
" Citizen president, the declaration of the jury being precise, and 
the law formal in this respect.. I annoimce, that ray professional 
duty with regard to the widow Capet is determined." The presi- 
dent then collected the suffrages of his colleagues, and pronoun- 
ced the following sentence : " The tribunal, after the unanimous 
declaration of the jury, in conformity to the laws cited, condemn 
the said Mai-ie Antoinette called of Lorraine and Austria, widow 
of Louis Capet, to the penalty of death ; her goods confiscated 
for the benefit of the republic ; and this sentence shall be executed 
in the place of the revolution." Tlie queen, during the whole of 
her trial, preserved a calm and steady countenance. During the 
first hour of her trial, she played with her fingers upon the bar of 
the chair with an appearance of unconcei-n, and it seemed as if 
she was playing on the piano-forte. When she heard her sentence 
read, she did not shew the smallest alteration in her countenance, 
and left the hall without speaking a single word to the judges or 
to the people. It was then half past four o'clock in the morning. 
October 16. The queen was then conducted to the condemned 
hold in the prison of the Conciergerie. At five o'clock the gene- 
rale was beat ; at seven the whole armed force was on foot ; can- 
non were planted upon the squares, and at the extremities of the 
bridges, from the palace to the square de la revolution. At ten 
o'clock numerous patroles passed through the streets ; at half 
past eleven o'clock in the morning, the queen was brought out of 
the prison, dressed in a white dishabille ; she was conducted to 
the place of execution in an open cart ;— her hair from behind 
was entirely cut off; and her hands were tied behind her back; 
besides her dishabille,, she wore a very small white cap. Her back 
was turned to the horse. During her trial, she wore a dress of a 
black and white mixture. Ou her right was seated the eseetL» 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 49 

tianer ; upon the left a constitutional priest. She was escorted by 
numerous detachments of horse and foot. Hennot, Ronsin, and 
Boulanger, generals of the revolutionary army, preceded by the 
rest of their staft-officers, rode before. An imnnense numbtr of 
persons erouded the streets, and cried " Vive le Republique, ii has 
la Tyrannie .'" she seldom cast her eyes upon the populace, and 
beheld with indifference the great armed force of 30,000 men, 
which luied the streets in double ranks. The sufferings which 
^he sustained during her captivity had mucl) altered her appear- 
ance, and her hair on her forehead appeared as white as snow. 
The queen kept speaking to the priest seated by her side. Her 
spirits were neither elevated nor depi-essed : she seemed quite in- 
sensible to the shouts of the populace. When she passed through, 
the street called Ei^e St. Honore, she sometimes attentively looked 
at the inscriptions of the words Liberty and Equality affixed to the 
outside of the houses. She ascended the scaffold with seeming 
haste and impatience ; and then turned her eyes with great emo- 
tion towards the garden of the Thuilleries, the former abode of 
her greatness. At a quarter past twelve o'clock, the guillotine 
severed her head from her body. She died in the 38th year of 
her age. The executioner lifted and shewed her head from the 
four corners of the scaffold. The spectators instantly ci-ied Vive 
la Repuhliqiie .' The corpse was immediately after buried in a 
grave filled with quick-lime, in the chui-ch-yard called la Made- 
laine, where her husband Louis XVI. was buried in the same man- 
ner.— 31. Brissot and twenty other national deputies of his party, 
were condemned by the revolutionary tribunal, for conspiring 
against the unity and indivisibility of the republic. Valase, one of 
tiie condemned, stabbed himself previous to execution.— Nov. G. 
Seventy persons were guillotined at Lyons ; and on the following 
day 68 were shot and 8 guillotined.—?. Gobet, bishop of Paris, 
and his grand vicars, divested themselves at the bar of the con- 
vention of their ecclesiastical functions, and deposited on the ta- 
ble their letters of pi'iesthood. Lindet, another bishop, and Gre- 
goire, bishop of Biois, also resigned their functions. — 8. Madame 
Roland was condemned to death by the revolutionary tribunal. 
All religious assemblies being now abolished, that of philosophy 
succeeded, and the municipality of Paris resolved on the ei'ection 
of public tribunes where republican principles were to be preach- 
ed.— Dec. 25. The national convention decreed, that the remains of 
Mirabeau, should be removed from the French Pantheon, and 
Ihat those of Marat should be transferred to it. N. B. During 
the last, and some of the preceding months, the sanguinary condem- 
nation of tlie revolutionary tribunal were felt throughout the rvhole 
of the republic ; and the most soxtereign contempt ivas exhibited to 
all forms of religious worship. To enumerate all the horrid excesses 
of the revolutionary tribunal, ivoidd exceed the bounds allotted to 
this concise publication,— lA. Five hundred royalists, prisoners of La 
Vendee, were, by the oi'der of the commissioner Lequinio, all shot. 
26. A letter from Tureau, (late minister to the United States of 
America), and Prieur commissioners with the army of the west, da- 
ted Savenay, December 23, announced to the convention a signal 
victory obtained over the royalists at Blair and Savenay, after an 
immense slaughter. Upwards of 6000 were said to have been slain, 
and 300 driven into the Loire. The numerous victims oftlie rcvoiu- 



50 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

tionary tribunal this month, and those too of the first eminence, xviU 
ervei' rise in judgment against the bloody reign of Roberspierre. 

Jan. 1, 1794. Thomas Paine, author of the Rights of Man, and 
deputy of the national convention, and Anacharsis Cloots, were 
arrested at Paris, in consequence of a decree of the convention.— 
26. A deputation of Americans, appeared at the bar of the con- 
vention, and solicited the pardon of the national deputy, Thomas 
Paine, as nothing criminal had been found in his papers, and as 
he had at all times proved himself a true apostle of libei-ty.— 
Feb. 4. One of the new deputies from St. Domingo, having given 
to the convention a detail of the troubles there, and made a pane- 
gyric on the people of colour, La Croix then rose and said, " We 
cannot dissemble, but in our constitution we have been egotists, 
and that we have forgotten the people of colour. We must rescue 
©ui'selves from the censure of posterity. We must at length 
frankly boai-d the great question ; and, in truth, our principles 
force us to it. Let us then declare, that slavery is abolished in all 
the French colonies .' Let us decree that all men of colour are 
French citizens, and that they shall enjoy the blessings of the con- 
stitution we have decreed!" The convention rose spontaneously 
to decree the proposition of La Croix, and the marine minister 
was ordered to despatch vessels to the colonies, to announce the 
joyful news.— 8. The people of colour in Paris, congratulated the 
national convention on their having declared the abolition of sla- 
very in the French West India isles.— 22. Carrier made a general 
report on the war of La Vendue. The number of the banditti 
bad, he said, been long unkno%vn. A space of more than 400 
square leagues appeared jn arms. In August, 1793, the rebels 
amounted to 150,000, but the victories of Mortagne and Cholet 
were very fatal to them. At the former place their general ac- 
knowledged that the battle of Mortagne cost them 20,000 men. — 
25. In a Paris paper was inserted the foUowhig paragraph : " A 
letter from Nautz states, that the military commission are employ- 
ed day and night, in trying the rebels of La Vendee ; and that be- 
tween four and 500 of them fall every day, being either shot or 
drowned : A single pit contains 4050 dead bodies ! ! !"— April 5. 
Danton, Lacroix, and Chabot, Camille Desmouiins, and Herault 
de Seehelles, Philippeaux, Fabre d' Eglantine, Bazire and Julien 
de Toulouse, leading members of the national convention, were 
executed at Paris. They fell victims to the sanguinai-y jealousy of 
Hoberspierre.— 20, Guadaloupe was surrendered to the British 
forces. In a report presented to the convention are these words 
respecting England : Englishmen, in spite of all your treacheries, 
you will find us ready for you, we have fleets, we have settled the 
plan for the campaign, and here we swear, in the name of liberty, 
we will subdue you.— 22. Malesherbes, defender of Louis XVI. 
was convicted of corresponding with the enemies of the republic- 
May 9. Madame Elizabeth of France was put upon her trial, con- 
lieriined by the revolutionary tribunal, and executed on the 12th.— 
S3. Cecilia Regnault, aged 20, attempted to assassinate Rober* 
spierre, and CoUot D^ Hei-bois, deputies of the national conven- 
tion. She was guillotined on the day following.— July 27, and 28. 
The fkll of RobcrspieiTC was determined in the convention. The 
gjff'Bg wa? declared permanent, Jind the arrest of Roberspierre^ 



# 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. SI 

the elder, Roberspierre, the younger, St. Just, Couthon, and Lr 
Bas, all deputies, was immediately decreed. A decree ot arrest 
was also passed against Henriot, commandant of the armed lovce 
at Paris, and others of the creatures of Roberspierre. Rober- 
spierre being sent prisoner to the Luxembourg, was, by the ad- 
ministrator ot police there, conducted to the commune, where 
the municipal officers received him, and said they would protect 
him. A decree of outlawry was then passed against them. Leo- 
nard Bourdon having shortly after ascended tl»e tribune, info™- 
ed the convention ot Roberspierre's being seized m the hall ot 
the commune, by a gens d'arme, then at his side ; Roberspiei-re 
had been armed with a knife, which the gens d'arme mimediately 
wrested from him. So great was the abhorrence of the conven- 
tion to the tyrant, that they would not suffer hnn or his accom- 
plices to appear at the bar, but, agreeable to their decree ot out- 
lawry, immediately ordered him to the place of execution, where, 
in conjunction with twenty others, he fell a victim to his own 
cruelty and ambition. The young Roberspierre, Couthon, St. Just, 
and Le Bas, were among the number of the executed.— August 1. 
Fouquier Tinville, public accuser to the revolutionary tribunal, 
was arrested in Paris, by a decree of the convention.— Sept. 8. Ge- 
raud, in a long harangue in the convention, insisted on the glory 
of educating a whole nation, so as to render them worthy of liber- 
ty. France, he observed, was elevated to the very pinnacle ot 
earthly splendour ; the eyes of mankind were fixed upon her doc- 
trines, and fourteen centuries of ignorance, degradation, and sla- 
veiy, were now effaced. The slaves of despotism had been struck 
with a mortal terror ; a protecting divinity had elevated her em- 
pire on the smoaking ruins of a throne, and on the bloody rem- 
nants of expiring factions. "Mandatories of a great nation, 
said he, " let us consecrate a durable monument to the rising ge- 
neration ; the Areopagus of Europe ought now to consolidate the 
majestic edifice of our unmortal revolution, on the immoveable 
basis of public instruction. Before we abandon the helm of pub- 
lic affairs, let us announce to our constituents, with a true repub- 
lican boldness, to France, and to all Europe, that we contemplate, 
with enthusiasm, one inviolable maxim...without public education 
the empire of morals must be destroyed."— Oct. 13. The French 
adjutant general Lefevre was, upon the accusation of having or- 
dered 40 persons to be drowned in the sea, in cold blood, ordered 
to be apprehended and brought to the revolutionary tribunal.— 
14. The citizens of Amsterdam, of the anti-stadtholderian party, 
presented a petition to the magistrates of that city, against the 
attempt made to quarter English soldiers in it.— 26. In the sitting 
of the convention of the above date, a letter from general Dani- 
camp, on the conduct of the war in La Vendue, was referred to 
the committee of public safety. The following extract of a letter 
will shew the horrid barbarity practised in that war. " I will prove 
that old men were massacred in their beds, that infants were mur- 
dered at their mother's breast, and that pregnant women were 
guillotined. I will tell in what place, and at what time, and by 
whose orders, I have seen magazines of all kinds burned. The 
practice of drowning was not confined to Nantz, it extended thirty 
leagues up the Loire. I will demonstrate that the men who now 
assume the mask of philanthropy, were then the murderers."— 



5^ MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

Nov. 22. His majesty granted a commission for concluding a mar- 
r'iage between the prince of Wales and the princess Caroline Ame- 
lia Elizabeth of Brunswick. A treaty between his majesty and 
the United States of America was signed by lord Grenville and 
John Jay. — 28. Carrier, national commissioner in La Vendee, was 
convicted and sentenced to death for the most horrid cruelties 
practised by him during that office. 

Jan. 21, 1795. The stadtholder of the United Provinces, aceompa. 
nied by the princess Frederica Louisa Wilhelmina, his daughter, 
and prince George Frederica, his son, arrived at Harwich from 
Helvoetsluys.— 29, The Turkish ambassador made his public entry 
from Chelsea hospital. The order of procession was magnificent, 
and the concourse of spectators veiy numerous.— 30. The conven- 
tion agreed to carry into full effect the treaty of commerce with 
America.— Feb. 3. The first public instrument of the new order 
of things was solemnly published at the Hague.— 4. A deputation 
of blacks and people of colour being admitted to the bar of the 
convention, the speaker of the deputation, after having congi-atu- 
lated his countrymen on the decree that declared them free, then 
declared, that the deputation came " in the name of the people 
of the colonies, to swear in this sanetuai'y of liberty, to live free 
©r die." The address was i-eceived with bursts of applause. — 
12. The earl of Abingdon, who had been the preceding term 
found guilty of publishing a libel against Mr. Sermon, an attor- 
ney of Gray's inn, was committed to the king's bench for the 
same.— 19. An armistice was concluded between the republican 
generals and the chiefs of the rebels of La Vendee.— March 8. Car- 
not presented to the convention a table of the principal victories 
which distinguished this campaign. The following is the general 
result:— 27 victories, of which 8 were pitched battles ; 121 actions 
of less importance ; 80,000 enemies slain; 91,000 made prisoners; 
116 strong places, or important towns taken, 36 of them by siege 
or blockade ; 230 forts or redoubts ; 3,800 pieces of cannon ; 
70,000 muskets ; 1,000,000 pounds of powder, and 90 pair of co- 
lours. It is to be observed that 17 months are included within the 
above period.— May 5. Horrid massacres were committed at Ly- 
ons.— 12. Foquier Tenville, (who not long since prosecuted the 
queen), and his accomplices were executed at Paris.— 20. A dread- 
ful insurrection broke out at Paris, in which the jacobins made 
the most violent efforts to regain their former power and ascen- 
dancy in the government of the republic The deputy Fei-rand 
being assassinated in the convention, his head was carried through 
the hall stuck on a pike.— 25. Nineteen persons were beheaded in 
Paris for propaoting the insurrection of the 20th.— June 5. A 
dreadful fire broke out at Copenhagen, which destroyed 1,363 
houses, several churches, and many public buildings.— 8. Louis, 
son of the late king of France, died during his imprisonment in 
Paris, aged 11 years.— July 13. Miss Broderick was acquitted of 
the murder of Mr. Errington, on the supposition of her being in- 
sane when she committed the fact.— 22. The royalist chiefs of La- 
Vendee addressed a letter to his Britannic majesty, expressive of 
gratitude for that succour which he had so generously contributed 
to them, fighting for their king and religion, and also of their 
hopes in the continuance of that succour.— Sept- 11. An attempt 



IvCEMORABLE EVENTS, 5S 

wias made to assassinate the duke regent of Sweden.~26. A nume- 
rous meeting of the London corresponding society took place at 
Copenhagen house, in the vicinity of the metropolis, for the pur- 
pose of adopting a remonstrance to his majesty against the coiv 
tinuatiou of the war.— 28. The new legislature of France, agree- 
able to the new constitution, organized, and composed of a coun- 
cil of elders, and a council of five hundred. — Nov. 1. The executive . 
directoi-y of France was installed at the little Luxembourg, in 
Paris. — Dec. 26. A Paris paper of this date contained the follow- 
ing : Charlotte Antoinette, the daughter of Louis X\T. arrived at 
Basle. The minister of the interior went to the temple to take 
Charlotte Antoinette from tlience, he conducted her to his own 
hotel, where a voiture was in readiness, she was supplied with 
every thing necessaiy to her wants, and even with every luxury of 
her taste ; the amount of the clothes which she has taken with 
her are said to amount to several millions in value. When she ar- 
rived at the place of exchange she refused to retain the things she 
had carried along with her, saying she wished to have nothing 
from the bounty of that nation ; that she foi-gave the French the 
evils they had occasioned her, but that she was very well pleased 
to have got out of their hands. 

Jan. 5, 1796. His royal highness Monsieur Compte d'Artois, &c. 
landed at Leith from on board his majesty's frigate Jason.— 8. The 
executive directory issued an order commanding the fine hymn des 
Marseilles, Ca Ira, and other republican airs, to be played every 
night at the places of ijublie amusement. — 14. Intelligence receiv- 
ed at tlys time announced that the chief of brigade, Dubois, com- 
manding at Chalons, had arrested, in the commune of Bau, Les- 
couet, second in command of the army of Charette; Gadian 
and Lepinai, members of his council : Dubois and Thoreau, gene- 
rals of division in his army, and thirty Vendean cavaliers.- 
21. The anniversary of the last king of the French was celebrated. 
The procession was to the Champ de Mars, where the directory 
and all the public functionaries took the oath of fidelity to the 
republic, and of hatred to royalty.— 23. At a meeting of the gene- 
ral committee of the whig club, held at the Shakespeare tavern, 
the i-ight hon. C. J. Fox in the chair, a spirited declaration re- 
specting the two obnoxious bills, one for the suppression o£ jSediti- 
ous meetings, and the other for the better preservation of his ma- 
jesty's person and government, was, adopted and ordei*ed to be 
published.— 31. The French princess, Maria Theresa, daughter 
of Louis XVI. arrived at Vienna. She was conducted by the 
pi-ince de Gavres to the apartments prepared for her in the palace, 
and there received by the imperial family. Her French attendants 
were the same who left Paris with her ; but these, instead of be- 
ing appointed about her person, and lodged in the palace, were 
conducted to the inn called Thi-ee Hatchets, in the Scotch square. 
Madame de Souci, one of her attendants, entered the presence 
chamber with the princess ; but, at the moment that she was 
about to present herself to the emperor, she was prevented by the 
premier grand master of the court, the piince de Stahremberg, 
who seized her by the arm, said, " Madam, retire, this is not your 
placed Madame de Souci was not afterwards permitted to see 
the princess, nor any of the emigrants at Vienna, The Frexick 



4 MEMORABLE EVENTS, 

princess remained equally inaccessible to all of them.— Feb. 1. 
Their majesties were grossly insulted, on their way from Drury- 
lane theatre to Buckingham house, by a banditti of ruffians. 
One of these misguided men in Covent garden, opposite South- 
ampton-street, threw a stone, which struck, with great violence, 
one of his majesty's servants standing behind the carriage ; and 
as the carriage was passing along Pall-mall, a second stone was 
thrown by one of the ruffians, which broke one of the glasses, 
and fell into the lap of lady Harrington, on that night lady in 
waiting.— H. The French newspaper, entitled L'Eclair, was forg- 
ed in London for a stock-jobbing purpose. It announced that a 
preliminary convention for peace between France and the empe- 
ror had been signed at Basle. An action was afterwards brought 
by the proprietors of the Telegraph against the proprietors of 
the Morning Post, for imposing the above paper on them for pub- 
lication, knowing it to be foi-ged. The cause was tried in the 
king's bench, and a verdict was given in favour of the plaintiffs.— 
March 1. The national convention of the Batavian republic was 
organized. Citizen C. Paulus was elected president. The public 
oeremony, on this occasion, appears to have called forth the em- 
blematic genius of Batavia, of which the following may serve as 
a specimen : A long waggon covered with cloth, so as to conceal 
the wheels, and having three benches. On the hindermost was 
seated a man bowed down with age, and canning a flag with these 
words, " / lived in slavery, but 1 rejoice in dying free. My poste- 
rity, who are before me will feel all the benefits.''"' On the bench 
before the old man were seated two aged women, who represented 
his daughters, and before them were two men with their chil- 
dren on their knees. The horses were led by four young men. 
The waggon was surrounded by six serjeants of the Burgeoise, 
with drawn swords, preceded by an herald, carrying a banner, 
with the following inscription : " IVe will protect those who cannot 
defend themselves."— 9. A general fast was observed throughout 
England.— 10. The archduke Charles set out from Vienna to take 
the command of the army on the Rhine.— 18. General Charette, 
the famous chief of the royalists in La Vendue, was taken prisoner 
by a party of the republican troops, and shot.— Apxil 1. General 
Moreau was appointed by the French directory successor to ge- 
neral Pichegru, as commander in chief of the French army of 
the Rhine and Moselle. — 2. The dramatic piece, entitled Voi-ti- 
gern, and said to be the production of Shakespeare, (but since 
acknowledged by Mr. Ireland, jun. to be a forgery), was repre- 
sented at Drury-lane theatre, and met the just condemnation of 
the audience. The German papers at this time announced the 
presentation of the princess royal of France at the court of Vien- 
na. I'he princess surpassed the general expectation upon this 
occasion. Her beauty, her sensibility, her affability, the grace 
and facility of her address, excited at once admii-ation and surprize. 
A slight embarrassment at her entrance rendered her only an ob- 
ject of deeper intei-est.— 18. ]\Ir. Pitt brought forward his supple- 
mentary budget for the current year. According to the statement 
of the chancellor of the exchequer, the loan was 7,500,0001. and 
the sum to be added to the interest of the national debt would 
amount to 575,0001. per annum.— 19. Sir Sidney Smith was captu- 
red in the harbour of Havre de Grace.— 25. Thomas Paine, for- 
raerly member of t^e national convention presented to the coun- 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 55 

fU of five hundred of France, a pamphlet of his writings, on thft 
decay and fall of the English system of Finance. It was ordered 
to be printed, and distributed among all the members of the coun- 
cil.— 27. Intelligence was received, that the campaign had been 
opened in Italy, where the French, under Buonaparte, in tlie 
course of a few days obtained two signal victories ; the first, at 
Montenotte, over the Austrian army of I.ombardy, on the 14th, 
commanded by general Beaulieu in person. The second victory, 
which was at Millesimo, over the united Austrians and Pied- 
montese. A third engagement ensued at Mondovi, in which the 
French were again successful. General Buonaparte, in his des- 
patches, signified that he had taken 21 stand of colours.— May 24. 
Gen. Buonaparte, to shew his intention was not to arrest the pro- 
gress of the arts and sciences in the parts of Italy which he had 
lately conquered, addressed the following letter to the astronomer 
Oriani, and the municipalities of Milan and Pavia : " The scien- 
ces, which do honor to the human mind ; the arts, which embellisli 
human life, and transmit illustrious actions to posterity, should bo 
peculiarly respected in all free govei-nments. All men of genius, 
all those who have obtained a distinguished rank in the republic 
of letters, are Frenchmen, whatever may be the counti-y in which 
they were born. The states of Milan did not enjoy the conside- 
ration to which they were entitled. Inclosed in the recesses of 
their laboi-atories, they esteemed themselves happy, if the kings 
and priests were kind enough to do them no hann ; at this day it is 
not so. Opinions are free in Italy. Inquisitions, intolerance, anil 
despots, are no more ! I invite the learned to assemble, and to 
propose to me their views, their names, or the assistance they may 
want, to give new life and existence to the sciences and fine arts. 
All those vifho may be desirous of going to France, shall be receiv- 
ed with distinction by the government. The people of France set 
a greater value on the acquisitioti of a learned mathematician, a 
painter of reputation, or any distinguished man, whatever may be 
his profession, than in the possession of the richest and most abun- 
dant city. Be you then, citizens, the organ of those sentiments, 
to all persons in the Milanese, distinguished for their learning."— 
31. The entry of the French army into INIilan took place, and 
exhibited a very brilliant spectacle. The keys had been previous- 
ly sent to Buonaparte, commander in chief of the French forces, 
and a deputation of the council general, with the archbishop at 
their head, went to meet him. Arrived at the Roman gate, the 
national guard lowered their arms before him. The magistrates 
and the noblesse in rich carriages went to meet him. He was pre- 
ceded by a large detachment of infantry, accompanied by his 
guard of hussars, and followed by carriages, and the Milanese na- 
tional guard. He marched in this order to the archducal palace, 
which was prepared to receive him. Musicians of the national 
guard, and of the French troops, played alternately mai-ches and 
symphonies. A dinner of 200 covers was served in the palace. 
The tree of liberty was planted in the square, in the midst of loud 
cries of V'n)e la LUierte ! Vive la Republiqve ! The day was termi- 
nated with a brilliant ball, which was attended by a great number 
of ladies, dressed in the national colours of France.—June 1. The 
French re-entered Buigen and Creutznach.—S. General Buona- 
parte, with a division of the French army, entered the city of 



56 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

Verona.~4. Loretto and Ancona, both belonging to the pope, 
were taken by the French army in Italy, under general Buona- 
parte. — 19. The French army under general Jourdan were again 
defeated. — ^22. The Chouans in La Vendee suiTendered their arms, 
and acknowledged the republic, — 23. The French army under 
general Moreau, crossed the Rhine at Strasbourg, and took the 
fort of Kehl. — 26, General Buonaparte, in a letter of this date, 
addressed to the executive directory, announced that an armistice 
had been agreed upon between the French troops and those of the 
kiug of Naples,— 28. The battle of Renchen was gained by the 
French army under gen, Moreau, who took 1200 prisoners, and ten 
pieces of cannon, from the Austrians. — July 6. A letter of this 
date from Buonaparte, commander in chief of the French army in 
Italy, to tlie executive directory, announced a most brilliant vie- 
toi-y obtained at Castiglione by his troops The battle lasted five 
days successively, and he stated the loss of the Austrians, under 
general Wurmser, to amount, dui-ing the intei-val, to seventy field 
pieces, all his caissons, between 12 and 15,000 men made pri- 
soners, and 6,000 killed and wounded. In the detail of this victory 
by Buonaparte, he mentioned a circumstance which demonstrated 
wonderful presence of mind on his part, and dastardly conduct on 
that ot his enemy. Four thousand men, he asserted, had invested 
the town of Lonado, in which there were only 1,200 French troops. 
Immediately on his arrival at that place, the Austrian commander 
sent a messenger to demand the sun-ender of the town. Buona- 
parte's answer to the smnmons was, that if the Austrian general 
had the effrontery to take the commander in chief of the army of 
Italy, he had only to advance ; that he ought to know, that the 
republican army was at that place, and that all the general offi- 
cers belonging to the division should be responsible for the perso- 
nal insult he had been guilty of towards him, and that if his divi- 
sion did not, in the space of eight minutes, lay down their arms, 
he would not shew mercy to one of them. This answer produced 
the desired effect, and the whole column surrendered.— 1 5. The 
pope published an edict, prohibiting his subjects to speak ill of the 
French.— 16. Captain TroUope, in the Glatton, of 54 guns, sig- 
nalized himself by beating off six French frigates, a brig, and a , 
cutter, near Helvoet.— 17. Another engagement took place be- 
tween general Moreau and the archduke Charles, near Ettingen, 
<on the 9th instant, in which the latter was defeated. The French 
gained possession of Ettingen, Dourlach, and Carlsruhe.— 18. A 
letter of this date from general Moreau, commander in chief of 
the army of the Rhine and Moselle, to the executive directory, 
announced that a suspension of arms had been agreed upon be- 
tween his troops and those of the duke of Wirtemberg, on the 
17th. General Moreau, in his letter, also gave an ample detail of 
the gigantic strides of his army into the heart of Germany, and 
their successes in every quarter. General Berthier, in the 'name 
of the commander in chief Buonaparte, summoned the governor 
of Mantua to surrender that fortress. The Austrian governor, ia 
consequence of the summons, returned the following answer:— 
" The laws of honour and of duty compel me to defend to the last 
extremity, the place entrusted to me. I have the honor to be, 
with perfect esteem and consideration, sir, Le Comte Canto 
(Tlrses," All the property belonging to the ex-stadtholder of the 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 57 

United Provinces, was sold by public auction at the Hague.— 
19. General Jourdan, commander in chief of the army of the 
Sambre and INIeuse, laid a contribution of 6,000,000 livres in mo- 
ney, and of two in kind, on the city of Fi-ankfort. — 22. The 
French army of the Rhine and the Moselle, under the command 
of ^neral Moreau, crossed the river Neckar in pursuit of the im- 
perial troops. — 25. An armistice was concluded betweeit the 
French republic and the margrave of Baden. — 27. A grand fete 
was celebrated at Paris in memoiy of the do\vnfal of Roberspien-e. 
The circle of Suabia, in Germany, made peace with the French 
republic. — 28. A division of the French army of Italy entered 
the port of Leghorn. General Buonaparte stated, that property 
to the amount of 8,000,000 livres was seized by his ti-oops.— - 
Aug. 2. The important fort of Koeniglioffen surrendered by capi- 
tulation to the army of the Sambre and Meuse, under the com- 
mand of general Lefebre. — 3. Buonaparte routed the Austrian 
forces under marshal Wurmser.— 4. The French troops took pos= 
session of the city of Bamberg, in Germany. — 5. The Fi-ench 
army under the command of genei-al Moreau was repulsed with 
considerable loss, by prince John, of Lichtenstein, near Kircheim. 
— 8, The French army of the Rhine and Moselle, under general 
Moreau, attacked the imperialists at Neresheim, and having forced 
that post, took 450 prisoners. — 11. His imperial majesty publish- 
ed a proclamation, inviting his faithful subjects to take up arms 
voluntarily in defence of their countiy, its constitution, and laws. 
He concluded the proclamation by the following pathetic appeal 
to their patriotism. " Behold the still smoking ruins of Italy, 
and the excesses and most inhuman cruelties committed there ! 
Behold the devastation which the once ttourishing territories of 
Germany have suffered, inundated by the armies of the enemy ! 
And you cannot remain dubious about the ten-ible fate wliicli 
threatened every country, and every nation, on being invaded by 
such enemies." A di-eadful battle was fought between the armies 
of the archduke Charles and general Jourdan, which lasted seven- 
teen hours, at the end of which, through excessive fatigue, both 
annies became inactive in the field. — 12. General Moreau took 
possession of Nordlingen. — 13. The Austrian army under the 
command of the archduke Charles, was defeated with considerable 
loss near Donawert. which place was taken by the French. This 
event forced his royal highness to cross the Danube, — 14. A let- 
ter of this date from Buonaparte, general in chief of the army of 
Italy, to the executive directory, amiounced that he had again 
defeated the Austrians at Coronna, Montebaldo, and Proabolo. 
This victory enabled the French to pursue the Austrians as far as 
Roveredo — 15. Neumark was taken, after a shoi-t engagement, 
by the army of the Sambre and Meuse, under the command of 
general Jourdan.— 17. Castel was taken by the French aniiy un- 
der general Jourdan. The Austrians were driven beyond Am- 
berb, and beliind the river Nab. — 19. The Austrians in Italy eva- 
cuated Riva, and retreated with precipitation to the city of Trent. 
The garrison of Mentz made a desperate and successful sortie, by 
which '.he French were driven as far as Hockheim. General Der- 
naud, and another officer of distinction were severely wounded.— 
21. The emperor of Germany issued a proclamation, purporting 
that a national militia for the particular defence of the kmgdoaj 



§8 JilEMORABLE EVENTS. 

of Bohemia, was, at that time, highly necessary. — 22. The miited 
armies of the archduke Charles and general Wartensleben attack- 
ed the army of general Jourdan, which they defeated, with the 
loss of near 7000 men, and obliged to retreat from the Nab. Col. 
Craufurd was wounded in this engagement. — 23. General Jour- 
dan's army was driven from Amberg to Forecheim, with consider- 
able loss, while the army of the Rhone and Moselle gained a com- 
plete victory near the Lech. — 24. The elector of Bavaria deputed 
a minister to general Moreau to negociate a peace with the 
French i-epublic. — 25. A letter from genex-al Moreau to the exe- 
cutive directory, announced a complete victory obtained by 
the French army over the imperialists. The capture of Augsburg 
and Munich, on the 24th, was the consequence of the victory.— 
29. A treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, was concluded 
between the republic of France and the court of Spain. General 
Jourdan retreated, at this time, with great precipitation, to Bam- 
bei-b and Schweinfurt.— 31. A treaty of peace was concluded be- 
tween the French republic and the elector of Baden.— Sept. 2. 
The army of the Sambre and Meuse, under general Jourdan, re- 
crossed the Mayn, pursued by the Austrian armj', commanded by 
the archduke Charles. Gen. Moreau, commander in chief of the 
French army of the Rhine and Moselle, gained a complete victory 
over the Austrians upon the Iser.— 3. The Austrian army under 
the archduke Charles defeated the French under general Jourdan, 
and obliged them to retreat to Hamelberg, with the loss of 400O 
men. — 6. General Buonaparte defeated the Austrian army at 
Cavela.— 16. The national assembly of the Batavian republic 
published a proclamation against the importation of British goods 
into any Dutch port. This was a counter-proclamation to that 
issued by his Britannic majesty on the 3d instant, by which " the 
fi-ee navigation of Great Britain to the United Provinces is grant- 
ed, as well as the exportation of all kinds of merchandise, except 
military and naval stores, provided they be exported under a neu- 
tral flag." — 25. The French minister of war pronounced a speech, 
descriptive of the victories of the republican army in Italy, on his 
presenting to the executive directory citizen Marraont, aid-de- 
camp to general Buonaparte, he said : " Posterity mil scarcely 
credit the evidence of history, that, in one campaign, all Italy was 
conquered ; that three armies were successively destroyed ; that 
upwards of 50 stands of colours remained in the hands of the con- 
querors ; that 40,000 Austrians laid down their arms ; in fine, that 
30,000 Frenchmen, under a warrior of twenty-five years old, per- 
formed all these prodigies.— Oct. 1. General Moreau in his re- 
treat through Swabia, finding himself closely pressed, and almost 
surrounded by the victorious Austi-ians, suddenly faced about, and 
fell upon the imperial army, commanded by La Tour, which he 
entirely defeated, with the loss, on the part of the Austrians, of 
5000 men, and 20 pieces of cannon.- 2. The intended marriage 
of the hereditary prince of Wurtemburg, with the princess royal 
of England, was formally announced at the court of Stuttgard.-^ 
11. The court of Spain declai-ed war against Great Britain.— 
16. The executive directory sent a message to the legislative bo- 
dy respecting the i-etreat of the army of the Rhine and Moselle, 
under general Moreau.— 22. Lord Malmsbury, minister plenipo- 
teKtiary from the coui-t of Loudon, for the purpose of negociating 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 59 

a peace, arrived in Paris.— 26. The fortress of Manlua being' 
closely blockaded by tlie French army of Italy, under general 
Buonaparte, general Wurmser attempted a sortie^ but was repul- 
sed with considerable loss.— Nov. 2. The king of Naples ratified 
the treaty of peace concluded between him and the French repul>- 
lic— 17. Catherine II. empress of Russia, died of an apoplexy, 
in the sixtj-seventh j'ear of her age, and thirty-sixth of her reign, 
upon which her son, the great duke Paul Petrowitz was proclaim- 
ed emperoi-.— Dec. 7. Mr. Pitt opened the budget for 1797, in the 
house of commons, stating the loan at 18,000,0001. sterling.— 
20. The executive directoi-y of France required lord Malmsbury 
to give in his ultimatum ; and immediately on receiving his lord- 
ship's answer, thej^ broke off the negociation, and ordeied his loi'd- 
ship to quit Paris in fortj^-eight hours. 

Jan. 12, 1797. Advice was received that the prince of Wirtemberg 
had deteiTnined to come to England to solicit in person the hand 
of the princess royal. — 21. The anniversary of the execution of 
Louis XVI. was celebrated at Paris, with great pomp and exulta- 
tion. This night, a cottage, at Newtown Ferrers, England, in 
which slept a widow and her tMO children, was overwhelmed by 
the bursting of a field and orchard, on a hill above the cottage. It 
totally destroyed the cottage and a barn, and sutfocated the widow 
and her two children, who were found dead under a heap of earth, 
&c. A lai'ge chasm in the field above the cottage was found, out 
of which issued a rivulet of water.— Feb. 1. The French invaded 
the papal dominions. The resistance of the papal troops was 
but leeble, and they were overpowered, but with little loss on the 
part of the French.— 2. Arthur O'Connor, esq. late a member of 
the Irish house of commons, was arrested in Dublin, on a charge 
of ha^^ng published a seditious libel against government. The 
surrender of Mantua, the inevitable consequence of the total de- 
feat of the Austrian armies on the 14th, 15th, and 16th ult. took 
place.— 3. Intelligence was received of the total defeat of the 
Austrian forces in Italy, by genei-al Buonaparte's ai-my, between 
the 19th and 27th of Jan. — 13. Advices were received from France, 
that Mantua and several other fortresses had surrendered to the 
French ; that the Austrians had possessed themselves of the post 
of Huninguen, on the Rhine ; and that Mi*. Pinckney, the Ameri- 
can minister at Paris, had received orders to quit the territories of 
the French republic. — 14. The Paris papers brought an account 
of Buonaparte having penetrated into the papal territories, cap- 
tured several important posts, killed a great number of his holi- 
ness's troops, and that he was proceeding on his march to Rome. — 
19. The pope, reduced to the lowest extremity, addressed a sub- 
missive epistle to general Buonaparte, then posted at Tolentino, 
earnestly soliciting an amicable termination of the contest in 
which they were then engaged. He, at the same time, despatched 
two ecclesiastics with full powers to conclude a treaty. — March 6. 
The Paris papers brought advice that Buonaparte had made some 
further conquests in the territories of the pope.— 15. The execu- 
tive directory presented to the council of five hundred a message. 
intimating that the goverment was then too weak to contend 
against the plots of anarchy and royalism. It concluded with re- 
c«mmendiug an oath of hatred to roValty.— Api-ii 7. Government 
D2 



MEMORABLE EVENTS- 

received advice of the defeat of the archduke Charles, by Buona- 
parte, and of the precipitate reti-eat of his royal highness into tlie 
heart of Austria. This event created the utmost alarm at Vienna. 
—16. The coronation of Paul I. emperor of Russia, took place at 
IMoscow.— 18. The preliminaries of peace between the court of 
Vienna and the French republic were signed by Buonaparte, in 
the name of the Fi-ench republic, and by the NeapoUtan minister 
on the part of the emperor.— 22. Official LntelUgence was receiv- 
ed, that the emperor, defeated in all points by the enemy, had at 
length been obliged to open a negociation with the French repub- 
lic— 23. Mr. Pitt agreed with messrs. Boyd & co. for another 
loan of 18,000,0001. for the services of the current year, 2,000,0001, 
of which were intended for the emperor. — 25. The Paris papers 
announced that Buonaparte had granted a truce of six days to the 
archduke Charles, in order to an-ange the preliminaries of peace. 
About this time, a general view of the successes of the war was 
printed, and distributed at Paris among the two councils. From 
this statement it appeared, that from the 8th of Sept. 1793, to the 
19th of Feb. 1797, the French republic had gained 261 victories, 
including 31 pitched battles ; killed 152,600 men of the enemy ; 
taken 197,784 prisoners ;' 238 strong places ; 319 forts, camps, or 
redoubts; 7965 pieces of camion ; 186,762 guns ; 4,318,150 pounds 
of powder ; 207 standards ; 5,486 hoi-ses, &c. &c.— May 1. Intel- 
ligence was received that general Hoche had completely defeated 
the Austrians on the right bank of the Rhine, on the 18th ult. 
with the loss of several thousand men.— 20. The mutiiiy among 
the British seamen broke out with moi-e alarming circumstances at 
this time. The spirit of insubordination appeared chiefly at 
Sheerness and the Nore. Many of the mutmeers, with their pre» 
sident, Richard Parker, were tried and executed. The newly 
elected third of the French legislature were introduced to the 
councils. When the name of general Pichegru was announced in 
the council of five hundred, the whole assembly rose with instan- 
taneous respect, and chose him for their president. — June 30. 
Loi-d Malmsbury set out for Lisle, to negociate a peace with the 
plenipotentiaries of the French republic. — Aug. 30. Advice Avas 
received from America, that Mr. William Blount, a senator, had 
been i-emoved from his seat, previous' to his trial, for having en- 
deavoured to induce the British and Indians to attack the Spa- 
niards. He, however, made his escape before the arrival of the 
time appointed for his trial.— Sept. 1. La Fayette and his fellow- 
sufferers wei'e liberated from the Austrian dungeon. — 20. Lord 
Malmsbury returned from Lisle, after a fruitless negociation for 
•peace —Oct. 17. The final adjustment of the definitive treaty 
with the emperor and the French republic, was concluded at 
Udina. Venice, and the whole of its territoiies, were found to be 
the sacrifice to peace, as that ancient state was to be ceded by the 
Fi'ench to the despotic yoke of Austria. The republic of Genoa 
felt about the same time" the predominant influence of the French, 
as its government was also chaxiged into a representative one, un- 
der the protection of France, and under the title of the Ligurian 
republic— Nov. 13. The circulation of foreign newspapers was 
prohibited in France.— 20. Buonaparte returns to Paris.— 24. Mr. 
Pitt submitted to the house of commons the outlines of his finan- 
cial plan, proposing an alarming increase of the assessed taxes, 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 61 

and a loan of 12,000,0001. for the service of the ensuing year.— 
Dec. IP. The national thanksgiving for the three great naval vic- 
tories of loi-ils Howe, St. Vincent, and Duncan, took place. News- 
papers first published at Constantinople this year. 

Jan. 3, 1798. The Paris papers announced that M. D'Arango, late 
ambassador from Portugal, had been arrested, and confined in the 
temple.— 6. The Frencii directory decreed the seizure of all Bri- 
tish manufactures in the warehouses of the merchants of France. 
—21. The anniversary of the murder of Louis XVI. was celebrated 
at Paris, with much savage triumph.— March 10. The Paris pa- 
pers announced, that a complete revolution bad been efl^ected at 
Home; and that five consuls, under a French dictator, had been 
appointed to govern the ecclesiastical states. — April 3, The didie 
of York appointed commander in chief of ail his majesty's land 
forces in the kingdom of Grer.t Britain : resigned in 1 810.— May 4. 
Buonaparte set out from Paris for Toulon, to take the command 
of a formidable armament, fitting out at that place for the inva- 
sion of Egypt.— 9. The name of Mr. Fox was erased, by the king, 
from the list of privy counsellors, in consequence of some lan- 
guage, thought obnoxious by government, made use of by that 
gentleman, at a meeting of the whig club.— 18. The earl of King- 
ston was tried, by the Irish house of peers, for the murder of colo- 
nel Fitzgerald, the seducer of his lordship's daughter, and honour- 
ably acquitted.— 19. A formidable armament, under the command 
of Buonaparte and admiral Bruejes, sailed from Toulon for 
Egj-pt. Lord Edward Fitzgerald was taken into custody at a' house 
in Thomas-street, Dublin.— 27. A duel was fought between Mr. 
Pitt and Mr. Tierney, on Putney-heath.— 31. Great disturbances 
in Ireland during this and tiie two following months.— June 2. 
Accounts from Philadelphia, of this date, announced that the vigo- 
rous measure adopted by the congress of the United States, in au- 
thorizing American vessels of war to capture French cruizers, had 
been followed up by another, not less important, which (lilie that), 
originated in the senate, and passed the house of representatives ; 
viz : a bill to prohibit all commercial intercourse between Ameri- 
ca and any part of the French dominions, during the present dif- 
ferences between her and France.— 4. Lord Edward Fitzgerald 
died in the new prison, Dublin, of the wounds he received in re- 
sisting the officers who took him into custody.— July 7. Buona- 
parte, and the whole of his army, landed at Alexandria, in Egypt, 
and shortly after proceeded to Rosetta and Grand Cairo.— Aug. 2. 
]\Ir. John Palmer, the celebi-ated comedian, dropped down dead 
while performing the part of the Stranger, on the Liverpool stage. 
His last words were, " O God ! O God ! there is another and a 
better world !"— Sept. 25. Gen. Pichegru, and some other expatri- 
ated Frenchmen, who had effected their escape from Guiana, and 
bad been detained on board a ship captured by one of his majesty's 
cruizers, arrived in London.— Oct. 13. Sir John Borlase Warren, 
■with three ships of the line, five frigates, and a sloop of war, fell in 
witili the Brest squadron, destined for Ireland, consisting of one 
ship of the line, eight frigates, a schooner, and a brig, off the 
north-west coast of that country, and, after a smart engagement, 
captured the ship of the line, named Le Hoche, and four frigates. 
The prizes were an full of troops, aiwj on board the Le Hoche was 
D3 



62 MEMORABLE EVENTS; 

Mr. Theobald Wolfe Tone.— Dec. 18. Treaty between England 
and Russia for caiiying on the war against France. Voluntaiy con- 
tributions for the support of the British government against the 
French invasion, amounted to 2,500,0001. ; besides 139,3321. remit- 
ted from Bengal. 

Jan. 1, 1799. The king of Naples driven from his capital.— Feb. 10. 
Buonaparte leaves Cairo on an expedition into Syria.— 12. El Arisch 
blockaded by the French.— 25. El Arisch surrenders.— 28. The 
French army reaches Gazah. — Mai'ch 1. Jourdan crosses the 
Rhine,— 2. Manheim taken by the French.— 3. The French ar- 
my in Egypt reaches Jaffa —6. Jaffa taken by assault, by the 
French army.— 13. French declaration of war against Austria 
and Tuscany.— 17. The French army in Syria arrives before 
Acre.— Jime 22. Convention between Great Britain and Russia 
respecting the invasion of Holland.— Aug. 24. Buonaparte em- 
barks in Egypt for Europe.— 27. The English troops land in 
Holland.— 28. The Dutch evacuate the Helder- The French pe- 
netrate into Germany.— 30. The Dutch fleet in the Nieuve Diep 
surrenders to admiral Mitchell,— Sept. 1. The English troops in 
Holland advance.— 10. They are attacked by the Dutch and 
French, who are repulsed.— 13. The duke of York ariives in 
Holland.— 20. Rome capitulates to the English.— Oct. 16. Buona- 
parte arrives at Paris from Egypt.— 18. Treaty for the evacuation 
of Holland, by the English and Russians.— 21. Insurrection at 
Cairo agauist the French.— Nov. 9 and 10. Buonaparte effects a 
revolution at Paris. The directory dissolved. A new constitu- 
tion of government, with an executive of thi-ee consuls. Buona- 
parte made first consul for ten years.— 13. Ancona surrenders to 
the Austrians.— Dec. 26. Letter of Bonaparte to the king of Great 
Britain, I'elative to a negociation for peace. 

Jan. 24, 1800. Treaty of E! Arisch, for the evacuation of Egypt, 
signed. Lord Keith refuses to acknowledge it ; in consequence of 
which the war begins anew between the French and the Turks.— 
April 30. General attack on Genoa by the Austrians.— May 30. 
Bonaparte enters Milan.— June 4. Bonaparte re-establishes the 
Cisalpine republic. Attack on Quiberon by the English.— June 10. 
Action at Montebello, in which the French are victorious.— 14. Ge- 
neral Kleber, French commander in Egypt, assassinated.— 16. Ar- 
mistice signed in Italy,— 19. Action at Blenheim, in which Moreau 
defeats the Austrians.— July 8. Action at Neubourg, in which 
Moreau gains the day.— 28. Peliminaries of peace between France 
and Austria, signed at Paris by the count de St. Juhen, on behalf 
of the emperor of Germany.— Aug. 16. Declaration of the empe- 
ror Paul, on the subject of an armed neutrality.— 25. The English 
land at Ferrol, and reimbark the next day without effecting their 
purpose.— 29. Convention between Great Britain and Denmark, 
relative to the seizure of a Danish frigate and convoy.— Oct. 6. 
English attempt on Cadiz.— 15. The French seize on Tuscany.— 
Nov. 17. The Austrians defeated by general Brune in Italy.— 
Dec. 16. Convention between the northern powers for an armed 
neutrality.— 24. The first consul's life attempted by an explosion 
of combustibles, called the infernal machine.— 25. The French 
advance to within seventeen leagues of Vienna. Armisfice of- 
Steyer signed. 



MEMORABLE EVENTS, 63 

Jan. 1, 1801. English squadron against Egypt assemble at St. Mar- 
morice. — 16. Armistice of Treviso, betwei n the French and Aus- 
trians signed.— 26. Convention of Luneville signed. — 28. English 
embargo on Russian, Danish, and Swedish ships.— Feb. 2. Assem- 
bly of the fii-st imperial parliament at London.— 9. Definitive 
treaty of Luneville, between Austria and France signed.— 23. Loi'd 
Keith sails lor Egjpt.— 27. Spain proclaims war against Portu- 
gal.— April 21. Counter-manifesto of Poitugal against Spain.— 
May 10. Capture of Rhamanieh by the British army in Egypt.— 
19. The Swedes secede from the northern alliance.— June 6. 
Treaty of Badajos, between Spain and Portugal signed.— 17. Con- 
vention between England and Russia.— Oct. 1. Preliminaries of 
peace signed at London. 

Feb. 2, 1802. A French army under Le Clerc, arrived at cape Fran- 
cois.— May 2. Buonaparte constituted, by the conservative senate, 
first consul for a second period of ten years, to commence from 
the expiration of the first period.— Aug. 2. But on a proposition 
of the tribunate, a decree for constituting him first consul for life 
was offered to the people for signatui-e, and being signed by 
3,568,835 citizens, Buonaparte solemnly declared first consul for 
life.- 5. New constitution of France, declaring all the consuls for 
life. 

Feb. 20, 1803. Egypt evacuated by the British.— May 16. Great 
Britain declared war against France. — June 7. Lubec taken by 
the French. Bonaparte notified the commencement of the war 
with Great Britain. 14. Great preparations for the invasion ot 
England.— Aug. 11. Battle in the East-Indies, between Schindiah 
and the English, the former defeated.— Sept. 23. Demerara sur- 
rendered to the English. 

Feb. 17, 1804. Pichegi-u, Moreau, &c. arrested in Paris.— May 5. 
France formed into an empire. — Dec. 2. Buonaparte crowned em- 
peror. — Aug. 11. The present emperor of Germany assumed the 
title of emperor of Austria.— Dec. 14. War between England and 
Spain.— Pooi'-rate in England estimated, including donations, at 
live millions. 

Jan. 11, 1805. Letters of marque and reprisal issued against Spain.— 
March 18. Buonaparte assumes the title of king of Italy.— May 1. . 
A change in the Dutch constitution, and Shimmelpenninck placed 
at the head of the government, under the title of pensionaiy.— 
25. The Genoese senate decree the union of the Ligurian repub- 
lic with France.— June 26. Lord Melville impeached.— Aug. 31, 
Sir Sidney Smith vainly attempted to burn the Boulogne flotilla, 
with the machines called carcussss. 

June 10, 1806. A resolution for abolishing the slave trade adopted, 
on the motion of lord Grenville, in the house of lords.— 17. A to- 
tal eclipse of the sun in the eastern states of the United States.— 
July 12. A ti'eaty signed at Paris, between Finance on the one 
hand, and Bavaria, Wirtemburg, Baden, and several smaller Ger- 
man states on the other; by which the latter renounced their con- 
nexion with the empire, and under the □ais.e of " the coufederatioH 
D4 



64 MEMORABLE EVENTS, 

of the Rhine," placed themselves under the pi-otection of France: 
—20. A treaty of peace between France and Russia, signed at 
Paris on the pai-t ot the latter power, by Mr. D'Oubril. — Aug. 13. 
Refused to be ratified by the empei-or of Russia.— 30. A manifesto 
against theFrencli government, published by the emperor of Rus- 
sia, at Petersburg.— Oct. 10. Hostilities commenced between the 
French and Prussians, by a skirmish near the bi-idge of Sanlfed, 
in which prince Ferdinand Louis of Prussia, who defended that 
bridge was killed.— Nov. 6. The electors of Saxony and Hesse ac- 
ceded to the confederation of the Rhine. — 9, The duke of Bruns- 
wick died at Ottenson, near Altona, of a wound received in the 
battle of Jena. 

Jan. 27, 1807. Notice of Burr's conspiracy communicated to con- 
gress by the president of the United States.— 28. Treaty of of- 
fence and defence between Great Britain and Prussia ratified at 
Berlin.— June 1. The British evacuate Alexandria and Egj'pt, by 
treaty with the Turks.— 21. Armistice between the French, Rus- 
sians, and Prussians, ratified at Tilsit —26. British orders, block- 
ading the Ems and other rivers in the Baltic, issued.— July 2. Pro- 
clamation of the president of the United States, forbidding inter- 
course with British ships of war issued.— 5. Buenos Ayres stonn- 
ed by the British forces. — A comet visible throughout the United 
States, Sept. and Oct.— Oct. 16. British proclamation, recalling 
their seamen from neutral vessels, issued. — 26. Declaration of war 
by Russia, against Great Britain.— 27. Treaty signed at Fontain- 
bieau, between France and Spain, for the conquest and partition 
of Portugal.— Nov. 1. French and Spanish armies invade Portu- 
gal. — 11. Three British orders in council, imposing restrictions 
upon neuti-al trade with France and her allies, issued.— 29. The 
Portuguese I'oyal family embark for Brazil. — Dec. 2. French ai-my 
enters Lisbon.— 10. Kingdom of Etruria dissolved, and united to 
France.— 17. French decree against neutral trade issued at Milan. 
—19. A stone fell from the air, near Greenfield, Connecticut.— 
22. LSw^ imposing a general and indefinite embargo, passed by 
the American congi-ess.— 25. Mr. Rose, minister plenipotentiary 
from Great Bi-itain to the United States, arrives in America. 

Feb. 2, 1808. The papal government of Rome subverted by the 
French.— 8. Subsidiaiy and defensive treaty, between Great Bri- 
tain and Sweden, signed at Stockholm.— 10. Russia declares war 
against Sweden. — 18. Declaration, by Austria, of non-intercourse 
with Great Britain.— 29. Denmark declares war against Sweden. 
—March 17. Negociation between the British pleni]jotentiary and 
the American government at Washington, terminated unsuccess- 
fully.— 20. Charles IV. king of Spain, resigns his crown to Ferdi- 
nand his son, since called Ferdinand VII. — 23. The French, under 
Murat, enter Madrid— 28. The British r.ct of parliament restrict- 
ing neutral trade, passed.— April 8. Charles IV. revokes his resig- 
nation of the crown.— 11. British orders, encouraging the bi-each 
of the American embargo, issued.— 14. British act of pai-liament, 
pi'ohibiting the exportation of cotton, wool, &c. passed. Act of 
parliament, making valid the orders of November.— 17. French 
decree against neutral trade, issued at Bayonne. — 20. Ferdinand 
VII. arrives at Bayonne.-— 30. Charles IV. and his gueen. amve at 



I^IEMORABLE EVENTS, 65 

Bayonne. — Maj' 2. DreadCul insurrection at Madiid, wherein up- 
xsards of 4000 Fi-encli soldiers are massacrctl, and 5000 Spaniards 
inui-doi-ed by the Frencli.— 4. Cliarles IV. ot Spain, appoints Murat, 
gi-and duke of Berg', lieutenant-general of liis kingdom. British 
orders, blockading Copenhagen and the island of Zealand, issued. 
— 5. Resignation of the crown ot Spain, by the reigning family, to 
the emperor Napoleon, at Bayonne.— 6. Ferdinand VII. at Bay- 
onne, surrenders the throne of Spain to his father, Cliarles IV.— 
21, A decree published at Rome, in the name of the French go- 
vernment, depriving the pope of all his territory, because he refu- 
sed to declare war against England, against which he protests. — 
June 4. New constitution formed for Spain, by the French empe- 
i-or, at Bayonne.— 6. The Spanish supreme junta declare war 
against Napoleon. — 7. Joseph Bonaparte made' king of Spain, by 
his brother, at Bayonne. — July 20, English anny land hi Portu- 
gal. Dupont, with 14,000 men, surrendered to the Spanish pa- 
triots. — 31. Joseph Buonaparte quits Madrid by night, with all 
the French troops, after plimdering the palace, churches, &c. — 
Aug. 21. Battle of Vimeria gained by the English, against the 
French, by sir Arthur Wellesley. — 22. Armistice proposed by the 
French, and accepted.~30. Convention for the evacuation of 
Portugal, by the French, ratified. — Oct. 1. Interview and confe- 
rence between the French and Russian emperors, at Erfurth. — 
12. Proposals made by them to Great Britain for peace. — 19, Bri- 
tish army formed in Spain, under the generals Moore and Baird. 
— Dec. 4. Madrid surrendered on terms to Napoleon and the 
French, without a siege. — 6. Armistice between the Russians and 
Swedes, ratified in Finland.— 9. French and Russian proposals for 
peace, rejected by the British minister.— 16, British army under 
sir John Moore collected at Salamanca, in Spain.— 22. Napoleon 
leaves Madrid, to march against the British foi-ces,— 24. The Bri- 
tish army commences its retreat, 

Jan. 5, 1809, Treaty of peace between Turkey and Great Britain 
ratified at Constantinople.— 9. Laws enforcing the embargo pass- 
ed by the congress of the United States. 16, Battle fought be- 
fore Corunna, in which the British general, sir John Moore, is 
killed.— 18. Embarkation and departure of the British army at 
Corunna.— 23. Napoleon arrives at Paris, from Spain ; an ap- 
proaching war between Austria and France is generally expected. 
—Feb. 20. Popular insurrection at Cadiz, in Spain.— 21. Sara- 
gossa besieged by the French,— March 4, Meeting of the congress 
of the United States, and inauguration of James Madison, as pre- 
sadent.— 11. The archduke Charles issues his first proclamation 
at Vienna.— 14. King of Sweden dethroned, and his uncle made 
regent.— 20. Insurrection of the populace, and pillage of the 
French, at the Havanna— April. 17. Negociation for adjusting 
existing disputes between America and Great Britain commence 
at Washington, between Mr. Erskine the British ambassador, and 
the American government.— 19. Concluded successfully, and com- 
merce conditionally restored by proclamation. Battles of Puffen- 
hoffen and Tam, gained by the French,— 20. Battle of Abensberg 
gamed by the French.— 21. Battle of Landshut gained by the 
French.— 22. Battle of Eckmuhl gained by the French,— 23. Bat- 
tle of E atisbfln and capture of that city bv the rrench.--29. The 



6 REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES, &c. 

British orders in council of November and December, 1807, and 
March, 1808, partially repealed and modified, by the Eritish-go- 
yemment.— May 14. The duke of Sudermania made king of Swe- 
den, under the title of Charles XIII. The emperor Napoleon en- 
tei-s Vienna. — 21 and 22. The bloody battles of Aspeni and Es- 
ling, which check the conqueror for several weeks. — 24. British 
order in council disowning the agreement entered into by Mi: Er- 
skine, and making provisions to prevent American vessels, that 
might have sailed under the faith of said agreement, from being 
captured by British cruizers as violating previous orders in coun- 
cil. — July 30. The island of Walcheren invaded by a formidable 
British army comprising above 40,000 men, under lord Chatham. — 
Aug. 9. The president of the United States, upon receiving offi- 
cial information that the British orders in council of January and 
November, 1807, had not been withdrawn, accoiding to the agree- 
ment entei-ed into with Mr. Erskine, issues a proclamation pur- 
porting, that the trade renewable on the event of the said orders 
being withdraAvn, is to be considered as under the operation of the 
several acts by which such trade was suspended. — Sep'. 4. Mr- 
Jackson, a new British minister, arrives in the United States, to 
supercede Mr. Erskine. — Oct. 14. Treaty of peace between 
France and Austria, by which the latter makes great sacrifices of 
territorv, signed at Vienna. — Nov. 8. Mr. Jackson, the British 
minister, having, in his correspondence with the American secre- 
tary of state, made use of expressions deemed by the president of 
the United States indecorous, is debarred from any further com- 
munication with the executive. 



Memarkahle Occurrences , &c. &c, 

ABSTINENCE^ remarkable instance of, in Ann I\Ioor, of Tutbury^ 
Staffordshire, who has lived 20 months without food, Nov. 1808. 

Ball of fire, fell during a thunder storm upon a public house in. Wap- 
puig, Avhich instantaneously set fire to it and the house adjoining, 
July 4, 1803. 

Bog of Castleguard or Poulenard, in the county of Louth, in Ireland, 
December 20, 1793, moved in a body, fi-om its original situation, to 
the distance of some miles, crossing the high road towards Doon, 
covering every thing in its way, at least twenty feet ia many 
parts, and throwing down several bridges, houses, &c. 

Boi-ge, a seat near Frederickstadt, in Norway, sunk into an abyss 100 
fathoms deep, which instantly became a lake, and drowned four- 
teen persons, with 240 head of cattle, 1702. 

Bosia, the village of, at Piedmont, near Turin, suddenly sunk, toge- 
ther with above 200 of its inhabitants, April 8, 1679. 

Brixton in Norfolk, the ground at, for a very considerable extent^ 
sunk near 30 feet, June, 1788. 

Bulkeley, a hill at, near Chester, which had trees on it of a consider- 
able height, sunk down, July 8, 1657, into a pit of water so rery 
deep, that the tops of the trees were not to be seen. 



REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES, &c. 67 

Comets, the principal have appeared in England, in 1680, 1682, 1758, 
and 1808. 

Conjunction of the sun and moon, and all the planets, took place, 
1186. 

Darkness, an uncountable, at noon-day, in England, so that no per- 
son could see to read, Januai-y 12, 1679. A similar darkness at 
Quebec, in North America, September 16, 1785. 

Fog, so remarkable in London, tliat several chairmen mistook their 
way in St. James' park, and fell, with their fares into the canal ; 
and considei-able damage was done on the Thames, Jan. 1, 1729. 

Globe of fire passed over the island of Funen, in Denmark, in open 
day, Septeuibei-, 1807. A similar phenomenon was obsei-ved at 
the same time in Jutland. 

Gulen river, ui Norway, buried itself under ground, 1344, but bm-st 
out soon aftei-, and destroyed 250 persons, with several churches, 
houses, &c. 

Hackney, Alice, who had been buried 175 years, was accidentally 
dug up in the church of St. Mary Hi;i, London ; the skin was 
whole, and the joints of the arms pliable, 1494. 

Halo, a remarkable, round the moon, observed August 16, 1807. 

Iris, or rainbow, a lunai% appeared near Wakefield, in Yorkshire, 
from half past nine till hah" past ten at night, Januaiy 17, 1806 : in 
Baltimore in 1807. 

Lake of Karantoreen, in the county of Kerry, Ireland, a mile id 
circuit, suufc into the ground, with all its fish, March 25, 1792. 

Land, a piece of, in Finland, 4000 square ells in extent, sunk fifteen 
fathoms, but most of the inhabitants escaped, February, 1793. 

Locusts, the country of Palestine infested with such swarms of, that 
they darkened the air, and after devouring the fruits of the earth 
ihi y died, and their intolei-able stench caused a pestilential fever, 
406. A similar circumstance occurred in France, 873. 

Lotea, a city of Murcia, in Spain, destroyed by the bursting of a re- 
servoir, which inundated more than 20 leagues, and killed 1000 
persons, besides cattle, April 30, 1802. 

Mammoth, a complete, discovei-ed on the borders of the Frozen 
Ocean, 1799. 

Mercury passed over the sim's disk, visible to the naked eye from 12 
to 2 o'clock, at London, November 25, 1769. 

Meteor, an astonisliing bright one, which lighted the atmosphere for 
almost a minute, so as to render legible the wiitings on the signs 
in London, at half past eight o'clock in the evening, Nov. 13, 1803. 

Oxenhall, near Darlington, the earth here suddenly rose to an emi- 
nence resembling a mountain ; remained so several hours ; then 
sunk in as suddenly with a horrible noise, leaving a deep chasm, 
A. D. 1179. 

Parrot, an extraoi-dinai*y one, belonging to colonel Kelly, died at the 
age of 30, at his house in Piccadilly, October 9, 1802. This bird 
appeared to possess in some degree the faculty of reason, for when 
it made a mistake in either words or tune of the numberless 
songs it was master of, it would cori-ect itself and begin the song 
agam. 

Partridge, a cream coloured, shot at Rufford, Lancashire, February 
1, 1808. 

Plantation, a large, with all the buildings, destroyed, bj^ the land 
removiijg'froin its former site to aeother, and' covering every 



68 REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES, &e> 

thing in its way, October 16, 1784, in St. Joseph's parish, Barba- 
does. 

Portland isle had 100 yards of its north end sunk into the sea, which 
did 40001. damage to the pier, December 20, 1735. 

Scarborough cliff sunk, and the Spa removed, December 18, 1737- 

Sea at Teignmouth, and other places on the coast of Devonshire, 
rose and fell to the height of two feet, several times in the space of 
ten minutes, August 10, 1802. 

Skeleton of a large animal, supposed to be of the mammoth kind, 
discovered, by the falling of Malton cliff, near Harwich, 1803.— 
One of the teeth is said to have weighed 12 pounds. 

Skeleton, a human, dug up in the Isle of Wight, after having been 
bui-ied, aecoi-duig to conjecture, 600 years, 1807. 

Snakes, a prodigious quantity of, formed themselves into two bands 
on a plain near Tournay, in Flanders, and fought with such fury, 
that one band was almost destroyed, and the peasants killed the 
other by sticks and fire, 1059. 

Tide ebbed and flowed three times in one hour, at Ljnne, in Dorset- 
shire, May 31, 1582 ; the tide was suddenly and violently agitated 
on the south coast of England, so as to rise and fall above two 
feet in a few minutes, several times, November 1, 1755, during the 
earthquake at Lisbon ; four times in an hour, at Whitby, July 17, 
1761 ; damages on the coast of Essex, and destroyed the sea walls 
on its eastern coast, February 2, 1791 ; at Plymouth, where the 
tide rose two feet perpendicular in nine minutes, and retired as 
rapidly ; and this it did thi-ee times in less than one hour, Octo- 
ber 30, 1795 ; the tide did great damage in several parts of Eng- 
land, 1808, 

Toad, a live, found in a block of stone at Newark, April 15, 1806. 

Vesuvius, mount, threw out such a quantity of flame and smoke, 
that the air was darkened, and the cities of Pompeia and Hercula- 
neum were overwhelmed by the burning lava, A. D. 79. [Hercu- 
laneum was discovered in 1737 ; and several curiosities have been 
dug out of it ever since ; but every thing combustible had the 
marks of being burnt by fire.] 

Another fatal eruption, when 4000 persons were destroyed, and great 
part of the neighbouring country, 1632. 

The most dreadful eruptions that had been known for a century 
past, happened in 1767 and 1795. 

Volcano, in the isle of Ferro, broke out, September 13, 1777, which 
threw out an immense quantity of red water, that discoloured the 
sea for several leagues. A new Volcano appeared in one of the 
Azore islands. May 1, 1808. 

Whitby had the tide rise and fall four times in a quarter of an hour, 
July 17, 1761, 

Woggis, near Lucerne, was swallowed up by an internal current, antl 
totally lost, August 4, 1795. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c. 



Battles f Sea-FightSf &c, &c, 

ABOUKIR, in E^pt, surrendered to the English forces, March 18, 
1801. 

Acapuico ship taken by admiral Anson, June 20, 1744. 

Acre, taken by Richard I. and other crusaders, July 12, 1191, after a 
siege of two years, with the loss of 6 archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 
earls, 500 barons, and 300,000 soldiers ; attacked by the French, 
under Buonaparte, July 1, 1798, and relieved by sir Sidney Smith, 
Mai'ch 6, 1799, when the French wei-e totally routed. 

Adrianople taken by the Ottomans, 1360. 

Africa conquered by Belisarius, 533. 

Agi-a, the fortress of, (termed the Key of Hindostan), surrendered to 
the English, October 17, 1803. 

Aix-la-Chapelle was taken by the French troops in 1793 ; and again, 
September 21, 1794. 

Alessandria, in Italy, seized by the French in 1798 ; surrendered to 
the Austrians and Russians, July 24, 1799. 

Alexandria, in Egypt, taken by Csesar, 46 before Christ ; taken by 
the French, 1798 ; by the English, August 22, 1801. 

Algiers reduced, by admiral Blake, 1655; bombarded by the French, 
1761. 

Altena burnt by the Swedes, 1712. 

Almeyda, in Portugal, taken by the Spaniards, August 25, 1762. 

Amstei-dam was taken possession of by the French, January 18, 1795. 

Amboyna seized by the Dutch, 1624 ; seized by the English, Novem- 
ber 28, 1796. 

Ancona was taken possession of by the French, July, 1796, and sur- 
rendered to the imperialists, November 13, 1799. 

Anglesea subdued by the Romans, 78 ; by the English, 1295. 

Anglo Saxons first landed in Britain, 449.' 

Angria and his family seized, 1750 ; forts destroyed, 1756. 

Antwerp sacked and ruined, 1585 ; taken by the French, 1792 and 
1794. 

Arcot, in the East-Indies, taken by the English, 1759. 

Argonautic expedition, 1250 before Christ. 

Armed neutrality of the northern powers, against England, by the 
empress of Russia, commenced 1780 ; renewed 1800 ; dissolved by 
a British fleet, 1801, 

Armada, the Spanish, arrived in tfte channel, July 19, 1588, but dis- 
per^sed by a storm ; Armada of the Spaniards defeated in the 
Downs, by the Dutch, 1639. 

Armenia was conquered by the Turks, 1522. 

Athens taken by Xerxes, 480 before Christ. 

Avignon taken from the pope, by the French, 1769 ; restored on the 
suppression of the Jesuits, 1773 ; declared to belong to France, by 
the national assembly, 1791. 

Austria taken from Hungary and annexed to Germany, when it re» 
ceived its name, 1040. 

Austrian Netherlands entered by the French troops, Apiil 23, 1792. 

Bajazet defeated by Tamerlane, 1402. 



70 BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &e. 

Bahama islands taken by the Spaniards, May 8, 1782 ; re-taken by the 

English, July 16, 1783. 
Bangalore, in the East- Indies, taken by earl Cornwallis, 1791. 
Barbary conquered from the Greek empu-e, 640 ; first conquest 

there by Spain was Melilla, 1497. 
Batavia takeji by the English, January, 1782 ; again, September 12, 

1800. ' 

Boeotian war commenced, 379 ; ended, 336 before Christ. 
Bartholomew, (St. in the West Indies), taken from the Danes by Eng- 
land, March 20, 1801. 
Battle of the Horatii and Curiatii, 669 before Christ. 
Marathon, 490 before Christ. 

Salamis, which delivered Greece from the Medes, 480 before Christ. 
Eurymydon, 470 before Christ. 
Leuctra, 373 before Christ. 
Mantinea, 363 before Christ. 
Chseronea, 338 before Christ. 
The river Granicus, when Alexander defeated the Persians, 334 

before Christ. 
Issus, when Darius lost 100,000 men, 333 before Christ. 
Cannae, Avhere 40,000 Romans were killed, 216 before Christ. 
Pharsalia, when Pompey was defeated, 47 before Christ. 
Philippi, which terminated the Roman republic, 41 before Christ. 
Actium, 31 before Christ. 

Shropshire, when Caractacus was taken prisoner, 51 after Christ. 
Stamford, in Lincolnshire, the first between the Britons and Sax- 
ony in 449. 
Aylesford, 455. 

Kydwelly, between the Britons and the Armoricans, 458. 
Ipswich, between the Britons and Saxons, 466. 
Bath, in 520. 

Camelford, in 542 and 908. 
Leeds, 665. 
Hellston, in Cornwall, and in isle of Shepey, between Egbert and 

the Danes, 834. 
Romney, 840 ; in Somersetshire, 843 ; in Devonshire, 915 ; at 
London and Canterbury, 852, between Ethelwolf and the Danes. 
The isle of Thanet, where the English were defeated, and the 

Danes settled, 854. 
Famham, in Hampshire, where the Danes were defeated, 894. 
Edward and the Danes, 910, 913, and 914. 
Maiden, in Essex, between Edward and the Danes, 918. 
Chester, in 922. 
Saxons and Danes, with different success, fought several, from. 

938 to 1016. 
Dunsinane, in Scotland, between Siward and Macbeth, 1054. 
Stanford-bridge, or Battle-bridge, between Harold I. and Harfin= 

ger, October 14, 1066. 
Hastings, where king Harold was slain, October 14, 1066. 
Gisors, 1198. 
Lincoln, May 19, 1217. 
Lewes, May 14, 1264. 
Chesterfield, 1296. 
Dunbar, April 27, 1296. 
Falkirk, July 22, 1298. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c. 71 

Sattle of Courtras, in Flanders, 1302. 

Bannockbui-n, June 25, 1314, when the English wei-e totally de- 
feated. 

Cansant, in Flanders, November, 1337. 
' Aubeixjche, in France, 1344. 

Cressy, August 26, 1346. 

Durham, where David, king of Scotland, was taken prisoner, Oct. 
17, 1346. 

Nevil's cross, in Durham, 1347. 

Poietiers, where the king of France and his son were taken pri- 
soners, September 19, 1356. 

Auray, in Brittany, in 1363. 

Brigiiai, in Provence, in 1363. 

Roehclle, 1371. 

Otterboi-n, between Hotspur and the earl of Douglas, July 31. 
1388. 

Nisbet, between English and Scots, when 10,000 of the latter were 
slain, May 7, 1402, 

Shrewsbm-y, July 22, 1403. 

Monmouth, when tlie Welsh were defeated, March 11, and Mav 
11, 1405. 

Agincourt, October 25, 1415. 

Beauge, where the duke of Clarence, and 1,500 English werekiUi* 
ed, April 3, 1421. 

Crevent, June, 1423. 

Vemeuii, August 16, 1424. ■* j, , 

Patay, under Joan of Arc, June 10, 1429. V 

Basil, in Swisserland, 1444. 

Castillon, in Guienna, in 1452. 

St. Albans, May 22, 1455. 

Northampton, July 19, 1460. 

Wakefield, December 31, 1460. 

St. Alban's, on Shrove Tuesday, 146 Ir 

Mortimer's cross, 1461. 

Hexham, May 15, 1463. 

Banbury, July 26, 1469. 

Stamford, March 13, 1470. 

Barnet, April 14, 1471. 

Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471. 

Bosworth, August 22, 1485. 

Stoke, June 6, 1487. 

St. Aubin, in France, 1488. 

Blackheath, June 22, 1497. 

Flodden, September 9, 1513, when James IV. king of Scotland, 
was killed. 

Marignon, in Italy, October 13, 1515. 

Pavia, in Italy, 1524. 

Jarma, in Poietiers, in 1569. 

Lutzen, September 7, 1633, king of Sweden killed. 

Avein, in Liege, May, 1635. 

Newcastle, in Northumberland, 1637. 

Calloo, in Flanders, in 1638. 

Arras, June, 1640. 

Hopton-heath, in Staffordshire, March 19, 1642. 

Worcester, September 23, 1642. 



72 BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. Sec. 

Battle of Edgehill, October 23, 1642. 
Brentford, in 1642. 
Kilrush, Ireland, 1642. 
Liscarrol, Ireland, 1642. 
Liscard, in Cornwall, Januaiy 19, 1643. 
Hopton-beath, near Stafford, March 19, 1643. 
Barbam-moor, March 29, 1643. 
Ross, Ireland, March, 1643. 
Racroy, in France, 1643. 
Shatton, May 16, 1643. 
Lansdown, July 5, 1643. 
Newbury, September 20, 1643. 
Alresford, March 29, 1644. 
Newark, in 1644. 
Newbury, October 27, 1644. 
Aldern, May 15, 1645. 
Neaseby, June, 1645. 
Alford, July 2, 1645. 
Norlingen, in Swabia, August 3, 1645. 
Benburb, Ireland, 1646. 
Kingston, in Suri7, 1647, 
Rathinines, Ireland, 1649. 
Dunbar, September 3,1650. 
Worcester, September 3, 1651. 
Bothwell-bi-idge, June 22, 1651. 
Ai-ras, in 1654. 

Zintzheira, in Germany, 1674. 
Mulhausen, in Alface, December 31, 1674. 
Altenheim, July 28, 1675. 
Bothwell-bridge, in Scotland, 1679. 
Argos, m. 1683, allies and Turks. 
Barkan, in Hungaiy, in 1683, allies and Turks. 
"Vienna, July 18, 16*3, allies and Turks. 
Coron, in European Turkey, in 1685, allies and Turks. 
Mohats, in Hungary, August 4, 1687, allies and Turks. 
Hersan, in Hungary, 1687, allies and Turks. 
Walcourt, allies and French, 1689. 
Killikrankie, in Scotland, 1689. 
Newton Butlers, in Ireland, 1689. 
Boyne, in Ireland, July 1, 1690. 
Salusses, in Piedmont, August 8, 1690. 
Fleurus, in Flanders, July 12, 1690. 
Leuse, allies and French, 1691. 
Augrim, July 22, 1691. 
Portsheim, Germans and French, 1692. 
Steinkirk, 1692, allies and French. 
Landen, July 19, 1693, ditto. 

Marfaglia, October 8, 1693, Piedmontese and French. 
Neckar, Germans ^and French, 1693. 
In Ti-ansylvania, allies and Turks, 1595. 
Olasch, Germans and Turks, 1696. 
Zeuta, in Hungary, 1697, ditto. 
Narva, by Charles XII. of Sweden, December, 1700. 
Cbiara, August 6, 1701, French and allies. 
Riga, Russians and Poles. 1701. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, «cc. &c. 7S 

Battle of Carpi, in Modena, 176 1, French and allies. 
Glissa, in Poland, 1702, Swedes and SaKons. 
Fridlinghen, in Swabia, 1702, French and Germans. 
Vittoria, French and allies, 1702. 
Lauzara, in Italy, August 15, 1702, 
Pultusk, Poles and Swedes, 1703. 

Eckeren, in Brabant, June 30, 1703, French and Dutch. 
Donavert, July 2, 1704, French and Germans. 
Punits, Swedes and Saxons, 1704. 
Blenheim, August 2, 1704, allies and French. 
Schlemburg, Austrians and Bavarians, 1704. 
Mittau, Swedes and Russians, July, 1705. 
Cassano, in Italy, in 1705, French and allies. 
Tiiiemont, French and allies, 1705. 
Fraunstadt, in Silesia, 1706, Swedes and Saxon5>, 
Caleinato, in Italy, 1706, French and allies. 
Ramilies, Whitsunday, 1706, French and allies. 
Turin, September 7, 1706, French and Germans*. 
OflFenbui-g, Germans and French, 1707. 
Calish, in Poland, April, 1707, Poles and Bavarians, 
Almanza, in Spain, 1707, allies and Spain. 
Oudenard, June 30, 1708, French and allies. 
Holowzin, in Russia, 1708, Russians and Swedes. 
Czarnanapata, in Muscovy, September 22, 1708. 
Lezno, in Poland, 1708, Russians and Swedes. 
Gemaurthorff, in Poland, 1708, ditto. 
Winnendale, September 28, 1708, French and allies. 
Caya, May 17, 1709, ditto. 
Pultawa, June 8, 1709, Russians and Swedes. 
Malplaquete, September 11, 1709, French and allies. 
Rumersheim, French and Germans, 1709. 
Gudina, allies and Spaniards, 1709. 
Almanza, July 16, 1710, French and allies. 
Elsinburg, Swedes and Danes, 1710. 
Saragossa, August 20, 1710, French and Germans. 
Villa Viciosa, December 12, 1710, ditto. 
Arleux, allies and French, 1711. 
Gadebash, Swedes and Danes, 1712. 
Denain, in Netherlands, in 1712, allies and French. 
Pulkona, Russians and Swedes, 1713. 
Friburg, French and Germans, 1713. 
Preston, November 12, 1715, when the rebels were defeated in 

Scotland. 
Dumblain, November 13, 1715, ditto. 
Petenvarden, Austrians and Turks, August 5, 1716. 
Belgi-ade, July 16, 1717, ditto. 
Glonshields, in Scotland, June 10, 1719. 
Between the Turks and Persians, when Kouli Kan lost 10,000, and 

killed 20,000 men, before Babylon, February 28, 1733—4. 
Parma, June 29, 1734. 
Guastella, August, 1734. 
In Persia, where the Turks were totally defeated by Kouli Kan, 

and lost near 60,000, a general, and six bashaws, May, 22, 1734. 
Bitonto, Austrians and Spaniards, 1734. 
Parma, FranQe and Spain against Austria, 1734, 
E 



"V4 BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. && 

Battle of Secchia, French and Austrians, 1734. 
Turks and Persians, 1735—50,000 of the latter killed. 
Bagnialuk, in Earopean Turkey, July 27, 1737, Russians an.d 

Turks. 
Bog, Russians and Turks, 1738. 
Kroska, Austrians and Turks, 1739. 
Kemal, Turks and Persians, 1739. 
Choczim, in Hungary, July 21, 1739. 
Mohvitz, April 10, 1741, Prussians and Austrians. 
Williamstadt in Sweden, Swedes and Russians, July 23, 1741. 
Hilkersburg, April 8, 1742, Prussians and Austrians. 
Czasiaw, May 7, 1742, ditto. 
Teyn, Austrians and French, 1742. 
Brenau, Austrians and Bavarians, 1743. 
Campo Santo, Spaniards and allies, 1743. 
Dettingen, June 15, 1743, allies and French. 
Cani, allies and Fi-ench and Spaniards, 1744, 
Landshut, Prussians and Austrians, 1745. 
Friedberg, June 4, 1745, ditto. 
Fontenoy, April 30, 1745. 
Preston-Pans, September 21, 1745. 
Erzerum, Turks and Prussians, 1745. 
Falkirk, in Scotland, January 17, 1746. 
Roucoux, April 12, 1746, French and allies. 
Culloden, in Scotland, April 17, 1746. 
St. Lazaro, May 31,1746, French and allies. 
Placentia, June 15, 1746, Spaniards and allies. 
Exilles, in Piedmont, July 6, 1746, allies and French. 
Vail, in Flanders, June 20, 1747, ditto. 
Lasseilt, July 20, 1747, ditto. 
Arania, in India, 1751. 
Bahoor, in India, August 7, 1752. 
Fort Du Quesne, Noi-th America, July 9, 1755- 
Lake of St. George, September 8, 1755. 
Paraguay, 1755. 

Calcutta, in India, June, 1756, and in 1759. 
Lowoschutz, September 30, 1756, Prussians and Austrians. 
Norkitten, Russians and Prussians, 1757. 
Plassie, in the East-Indies, Febi-uary 5, 1757. 
Prague, May 22, 1757, Prussians and Austrians. 
Reichenberg, in Bohemia, 1757, ditto. 
Kolin, June 12, 1757, ditto. 
Haslenbeck, July 25, 1757, French and allies. 
Jagersdorf, in Prussia, August 3, 1757, ditto. 
Rosbach, November 5, 1737, French and Prussians. 
Breslau, November 21, 1757, Prussians and Austrians. 
Liifta, December 5, 1757, 'ditto. 

Hoya, in Westphalia, February 24, 1758, French and aliieS; 
Crevelt, June 23, 1758, ditto. 
Sanderiiausen, July 25, 1758, ditto. 
Meere, August 5, 1758, ditto. 

Zorridoi-ff", Augut 25, 1758, Prussians and AustriaUSi 
Olmutz, 1758, ditto. 

Hockkirchen, October 10, 1758, ditto. 
Landwerenhagen, 1758, French and allies, 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &:c. &e. 75 

Battle of Bergen, April 14, 1759, French and allies. 
Minden, August, 1750, ditto. 

Zulichaw, in Silesia, July 27, 1759, Prussians and Russians. 
Peterswalde, Prussians and Austrians, 1759. 
Niagara, in North America, July 24, 1759. 
Warburg, August 6, 1759, French and allies. 
Montmorenei, August 10, 1759, French and English. 
Cunersdorf, August 12, 1759, Prussians, Russians and Austrians. 
Plains of Abraham, September 15, 1759, French and English. 
Wandwash, East-Indies, January 10, 1760. 
Strehla, in Silesia, in 1760, Prussians and Austrians. 
Near Quebec, April 28, 1760. 

Pfaffendorff, August 12, 1760, Prussians and Austrians. 
Torgau, November 3, 1760, ditto. 
Fulda, 1760, ditto. 

Plains of Silleri, English and French, 1760. 

Fillinghausen, in the Palatinate, July 16, 1761, Prussians and Aus- 
trians. 
Gi*aebenstein, June 4, 1762, French and allies. 
Homburg, allies and French, 1762. 
Munden, ditto, 1762. 
Johannisburg, ditto, 1762. 
Buckr-Muhl, ditto, 1762. 
Bushy Bun, in America, 1763. 
Nunas NuUas, in the East-Indies, 1763. 
Buxard, ditto, 1764. 
Calpi, ditto, 1765. 
Errour, ditto, 1767. 
Mulwaggle, 1768. 

Choczim, April 30, 1769, Russians and Turks. 
Braillow, in European Turkey, 1770. 
Silistria, in European Turkey, 1773. 
Lexington, near Boston, April 19, 1775. 
Bunker's-hill, June 27, 1775. 
Long-Island, America, August 27, 1776. 
White Plains, near New- York, November 30, 1776. 
Trenton, December 26, 1776. 
Princeton, January 3, 1777. 

Brandy-wine creek, in America, September 13, 1777. 
Ticonderoga, July 6, 1777. 

Skenesborough, in North America, July 7, 1777. 
Bennington, ditto, August 16, 1777. 
Albany, ditto, 1777. 
Chadsfoi-d, 1777, 
Saratoga, October 16, 1777— General Burgoyne surrendered to the 

Americans. 
Germantown, October 4, 1777. 
Red-bank, October 22, 1777. 
St. Lucie, 1778. 
Monmouth, June 28, 1778. 
Rhode-Island, 1778. 
Briar creek, March 3, 1779. 
Stoney ferry, 1779. 
Camden, August 16, 1780. 
Perimbancum, in the East-Indies, 1780. 



76 BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. && 

•s. ^ 

Battle of Waxau and Catauba, in Noi-th Americ% 1780. 
Cowpens, January 17, 1781. ,? 

Broad river, in North America, 1781. 
Guilford, ditto, March 16, 1781. 

Hobkirk's-hill, ditto, 1781. 
Eutaw springs, September 8, 1781. 
Augusta, June 5, 1781. 
York town, when earl Comwallis surrendered, October 29, 1781-- 

and the war terminated. 
Port Novo, in the East-Indies, 1781. 
Amee, ditto, 1781. 
Russians and Turks, 1781. 
Russians and Swedes, 17S8. 
Austrian? and Turks, 1788. 
Bassarabia and Ukraine, 1789. 
Pinland, Russians and Swedes, 1789. 
Toczani, Austrians and Tui'ks,1789. 
I^assmarc, ditto, 1789. 
Ukraine, Russians and Turks, 1790. 
Maezbi, ditto, 1791. 
Seringapatam, in the East-Indies, 1791 ; again, in 1792, when Tip? 

poo was reduced by lord Cornwallis. 
The Austrians defeated the French near Mons, April 30, 1791. 
At Longw^y, when the Austrians were defeated, August 14, 1792. 
Grand-pre, when the Fx-ench w^ere defeated, September 10, 1792. 
Valoi'y, between the French and Austrians, September 20, 1792. 
Menehould, Prussians and J rench, October 2, 1792. 
Conde, Austrians and French, October 3, 1792. 
Hanau, ditto, October 27, 1792. 
Bossu, ditto, November 4, 1792, 

Jamappe, when Dumourier entered Brabant, November 6, 179?; 
Arderlecht, Austrians and French, November 13, 1792. 
Thirlemont, ditto, November 17, 1792. 
Varoux, ditto, November 27, 1792. 
Hockheim, ditto, January 7, 1793. 
Aldenhoven, ditto, February 28, 1793. 
Aix la Chapelle, ditto, January 15, 1793. 
Tougres, ditto, ditto, March 4, 1793. 
Jur\ienden, near Thirlemont, ditto, March 18, 1793. 
Thirlemont, ditto, March 19, 1793. 
Lovaine, or the iron mountain, ditto, March 22, 1793. 
Coblentz, Austrians and French, April 1, 1793. 
Cassel, ditto, April 7, 1793. 

Tournay, Austrians and English against the French, May 8, 1793^ 
St. Amand and Maulde, ditto, May 10, 1793.- 
Valenciennes, allies and French, May 23, 1793. 
Manheim, ditto, May 30, 1793. 
Tunies, Dutch and French, June 21, 1793. 

, Austrians and French, June 26, 1793. 

Villiers ditto, July 18, 1793. 

Cambray, or Caesar's camp, ditto, August 9, 1793. 

Lincelles, ditto, August 18, 1793. ** 

Turnes, ditto, August 21, 1793. 

Rexmond, ditto, August 29, 1793. 

Dunkirk, English and French, September 7, 1793c ' ^ 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &o. ! 

Battle of Qaesnoy, English and French, September 11,'1793. 
Limbach, Austrians and French, Seiitember 12, 1793. 
Menin, ditto, September 15, 1793. 
Toulon, English and French, October 1, 1793. 
Weissenburg, Austrians and French, October 14, 1793. 
Maubeuge, allies and French, October 16, 1793. 
Birlemont, ditto, ditto. 
Orchies, ditto, October 20, 1793. 
Wanzenaw, ditto, October 25, 1793. 
Landau, ditto, November 29, 1793. 

Toulon, when it surrendered to the French, November 19, 1793. 
Lebach, ditto, November 27, 1793. 
Roussillon, Spaniards and French, December 11, 1793. 
Perpignan, ditto, December 20, 1793. 
Oppenheim, allies and French, January 8, 1794. 
Waterloo, ditto, January 23, 1794. 
Werwick, ditto, March 1, 1794. 
Bayonne, Spaniards and French, March 19, 1794. 
Perle, allies and French, March 22,1794. 
Cateau, ditto, March 28, 1794. 
Cracow, Russians and Poles, April 4, 1794. 
Durkheim, allies and French, April 5, 1794. 
Piedmont, Sardinians and French, April 6, 1794. 
Crombech, aUies and French, April 14, 1794. 
Arlon, ditto, April 17, 1794. 
Warsaw, Russians and Poles, April 21, 1794. 
Landrency, allies and French, April 24, 1794. 
Cambray,"English and French, April 24, 1794. 
Cateau, ditto, April 26, 1794. 
Courtray, allies and French, April 29, 1794. 
Ostend, ditto. May 5, 1794. 

Montesquan, Spaniards and French, May 1, 1794. 
Aost, Sardinians and French, May 2, 1794. 
Saorgia, Sardinians and French, May 8, 1794. 
Toui-nay, English and French, May 10, 1794. 
Courtray, allies and French, May 12, 1794. 
Mons, ditto, May 16, 1794. 
Tournay, English and French, May 18, 1794. 
Bouillon, allies and French, ditto. 
Toumay, ditto, May 22, 1794. 
Lautern, ditto. May 23, 1794. 
Lithuania, Russians and Poles, June 3, 1794. 
Piliezke, ditto, ditto. 

Barcelona, Spaniards and French, June 14, 1794. 
Charleroi, Dutch and French, June 17, 1794. 
Cracow, Prussians and Poles, ditto. 
Aost, Sardinians and French, June 26, 1794. 
Puycerda, Spaniards and French, ditto. 
Blonie, Russians and Poles, July 7, 1794. 
Manheim, allies and French, July 12, 1794. 
Dorbilos, Prussians and Poles, July 19, 1794. 
Fontarabia, Spaniards and Fi-ench, August 2, 1794. 
Zegre, Prussians and Poles, August 22, 1794. 
BeJUegarde, Spaniards and French, August 26, 1793. 
Valley of Leira, ditto, September 8, 1794. 
E2 



7S. BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &e. 

Battles.— Maestricht, allies and French, September 18, 17S4, 
Clermont, ditto, September 20, 1794. 
Piedmont, ditto, September 23, 1794. 
Posnania, Prussians and Poles, September 24, 1794. 
Kophir Bazsee. Russians and Poles, September 25, 1794. 
Milan, Sardinians and French, September 31, 1794. 
Emmerick, allies and French, October 2, 1794. 
Warsaw, Poles totally defeated by the Prussians, &C. October 12, 

1794. 
Druten, English and French, October 20, 1794. 
Pampeluna, Spaniards and French, October 28, 1794. 
Nuneguen, allies and French, November 4, 1794. 
Sendomir, Poles and Prussians, &c. November 16, 1794- 
Navarre, Spaniards and French, November 25, 1794. 
Mentz, allies and French, December 1, 1794. 
On the Waal, January 11, 1795. 

Nantes, between the Chouans and republicans, Januaiy 18, 1795. 
Catalonia, March 5, 1795. 
Neve Munster, where the French were repulsed, March 3, 1795 ; 

again, the 18th, ditto. 
At Figuras, the Spaniards were defeated, April 5, 1795. 
Piedmont, the Piedmontese were defeated, April 12, 1795. 
Pontas. in Catalonia, where the French were defeated, June 14, 

1795. 
Piedmont, when the French were defeated, June 14, 1795; again 

the 27th; and again July 1. 
Pampeluna, when the French were defeated, July 2, 1795. 
Bilboa, when the Spaniards were defeated, July 17, 1795. 
Quiberon, the emigrants wei*e defeated, July 21, 1795. 
Urutia, when the French were defeated, July 30, 1795. 
Vittoi-ia, when the Spaniards were defeated, August 14, 1795. 
Piedmont, the Austrians were defeated, August 20, 1795. 
La Pietra, when the French were defeated, August 31, 1795. 
On the Lahn, when the French were defeated, September 19, 1795. 
Manheim, the Austrians were defeated, September 23, 1795. 
Piedmont, when the French were defeated, October 1, 1795. 
On the Majaie, when the French were totally defeated, Oetobei: 

11. 1795. 

Mentz, when the French were defeated, October 29, 1795. 

Woi-mes, ditto, November 8, 1795. 

Moselle, ditto, November 22, 1795. 

Deux Fonts, ditto, November 28, 1795. 

Alsentz, ditto, December 8, 1795. 

Piedmont, Sardinians were totally defeated by the French, April 

14. 1796. 

- Lodi, French and Austrians, May 11, 1796. 

Mantua, French defeated, May 29, 1796. 

French defeated near Wetzlaer, June 4, 1796. 

Ditto, imder Jourdan, by general Kray, near Kirpen, June 20, 
1796. 

Austrians defeated by Jourdan, July 6, 1796. 

The archduke repulsed by the French, July 8, 1796. 

Mantua's siege raised, when the French left behind them 140 can- 
non, 100,000 shells, balls, &c. July 31, 1796. 

The Austrians were defeated by general Jourdan, August 11, 1796. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c. 79 

Battles.— Jouvdan was defeated by the archduke near Nuremburgh, 

August 18. 1796. . , , 

The French were defeated by the Austnans near Neuvveid ana 

Ambei-g, August 24, 1796. 
Jourdan was defeated near Munich, September 11, 1796. 
Again, near Limberg, September 18, and on the following day at 
Ishy on the Leek. , 

Between the Austi-ians and Buonaparte, in Italy, January 19 ana 

27, 1797, when the Austrians were defeated. 
Buonaparte defeated the archduke. April 21, 1797. 
The Austrians were again defeated on the Upper Rhme, May 7, 

1797, when the French took Frankfort, Kehl, &c. 
The Swiss troops were totally defeated by the French, and their 

independency abolished, September 19, 1798. 
Between the Irish rebels and the king's forces at KilcuUen, May 

22 1798. 
Ditto, at Naas, May 23 ; the same day at Stratford upon Slaney ; 
at Hackestown, May 25 ; at Dunleven, May 25 ; at Taragh, 
May 26 ; at Carlow, May 27 ; at Monasterevan the same day ; at 
Kildare, May 28 ; at Ballacanoe, and at Newtonberry, June 1 ; 
at New Ross, June 5 ; at Antrun the same day ; at Acklow, 
June 9 ; at Ballynahinch, June 13 ; at Ovidstown, June 19 ; at 
Ballynarush, June 20— at all which places the iiisurgents were 
defeated. . , , , ■, 

In Connaught, where the French aided the Irish rebels, and were 

all taken prisoners, September 7, 1798. 
Near Naples, between the French and Neapolitans, Jan. 18, 1799. 
The archduke Charles totally defeated the French, and took 2000 

prisoners, &c. March 14 and 26, 1-99, near Stockach. 
The French were defeated near Verona, March 5, 25, and 26, with 

great loss ; and again 30, and April 5, 1799. 
The Austrians defeated the French in Italy, April 9, and 30, 1799, 

near Cremona. , 

The Russians defeated the French near Milan, Apnl 27, 1799, 

11,000 killed and taken prisoners. 
The French were defeated near Cassano, April 27, 1799. 
Buonaparte was repulsed against Acre by the Turks and sir S. 

Smith, April 16, 1799. ^ , 

The French were defeated near the Adda, March 26, 31, and May 

5,1799. 
Suwarrow's army defeated the French, under Moreau, near Ales- 
sandria, May 17, 1799. 
The French were defeated at Zurich, and lost 4000 men, June 4, 

1799. 
SuwaiTOW defeated the French under Macdonald, Jime 19, 1799, 

when the French lost 18,268 men, 7 cannon, and 8 standards. 
Tippoo Saib was defeated and slain, near Periapatam, m the East- 
Indies, by the English forces, May 4, 1799, with considerable 
slaughter. 
The Austrians were defeated near Coire, by gen. Massena, when 
captain D'Ausanberg and 700 men were taken prisoners, May 7, 
1799. 
The archduke defeated Jourdan, April 2, 1799. 
General Ki-ay defeated general Scherer, commanding the French 
in Italy, April 18, 1799. 

E 3 



80 BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c. 

Battles.— Suwarrow defeated the French in forcing the passage of 

the Adda, May 23, 1799. 
Buonaparte was defeated before Acre by sir Sidney Smith, May 

27, 1799. 
The French were defeated at Naples by cardinal Ruffo, June 5, 

1799. 
Suwarrow defeated Macdonald near Parma, with the loss of 10,000 

men, and four generals, July 12, 1799. 
Suwarrow defeated general Moreau, July 13, 1799. 
Joubert was totally defeated by Suwarrow, and was killed, August 

15, 1799, at Novi, with 10,000 killed, 400 prisoners, and all the 

artillery. 
The French were defeated near Tranto, June 19, 1799. 
The French were defeated near Manheim, August 12, 1799. 
The imperialists were defeated near Zurich, September 24, 1799, 
The French were defeated near Mondovi, November 6, 1799. 
Near Philipsburgh, when the French lost 4,000 men, Dec. 8, 1799. 
Near Coni, which place surrendered to the Austrians, December 4, 

1799. 
Near Genoa, when the Austrians were defeated and 300 men taken, 

December 12, 1799. 
Novi, January 8, 1800, Austrians and French. 
Savona, in Italy, April 3, 1800, ditto. 
Veragio, April 10, 1800, French defeated. 
Stockach, Mdy 1, 1800, Austrians defeated. 
Moskirch, May 3, 1800, Austrians defeated. 
Hiss, May 9, Austrians lost 500 men. 
Broni, June 10, 1800, by which the French became possessed of 

Italy, from Milan to Placentia. 
^ Marengo, 6000 Austrians killed, 8000 prisoners, and 45 pieces of 

cannon taken, June 21, 1800. 
_, Hohenlinden, Austrians defeated, November 3, 1800. 
On the Mincio, December 25, 1800, Austrians defeated. 
Rhamonia, in Egypt, French defeated by the English, March 21, 

1801. 
East-Indies, between Scindiah and the English, former defeated, 

August 11, 1803. 
Fei-ruckabad, East-Indies, English victorious, November 17, 1804. 
Bhurtpore, East-Indies, Jeswunt Rao HoUkar, defeated by the 

English, April 2, 1805. 
Guntzbui-gh, French and Austrians, French victorious, October 2, 

1805. 
V— Ulm, French and Austrians, (under Mack), latter taken prisoners, 

October 19, 1805. 
Moelk, French and Austrians, latter beaten, November 10, 1805. 
~ Austerlitz, French against Austrians and Russians, French victori- 
ous, December 2, 1805. 
Maida, French and English, the former defeated, July 6, 1806. 
Castel-Nuova, French and Russians, latter defeated, September 29, 

1806. 
Auerstadt, or Jena, French and Russians, latter beaten, October 

13, 1806. 
"- Eylau, French and Prussians, latter defeated, February 7, 1807. 
Friedland, in which the Russians were defeated with dreadful 

slaughter, June 14, 1807. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &:c. 81 

Battles.— Vimiera, in which the whole of the French force, under 
general Junot, was defeated by sir Arthur Wellesley, August 
21, 1808. 

Corunna, French and English, the former defeated, January 16, 
1809. 

Oporto, in which the French were defeated, by sir A. Wellesley, 
May 11, 1809. 

Aspern, French and Austrians, the former defeated, May 21 and 22, 
1809. 

Wagram, gained by the Fi-ench, July 5 and 6, 1809. 

Talavei-a de la Rej^na, in which the French were defeated, by sir 
A. Wellesley and general Cuesta, July 27, 1809. 
Belleisle taken from the French, June 7, 1761. 
Bembow, admiral, fought the French off Carthagena, 1702. 
Bender, treaty ot, July 21, 1711 ; city burnt, 1773. 
Bcnevento seized by the king of Naples, from the pope, in 1768 ; 

but restored on suppressing the Jesuits, 1773. 
Bengau, on the Danube, was taken by the French, August, 1796. 
Bergen-op-Zoom taken by the French, September 16, 1747, and 1794. 
Berlin laid under contribution by the Austiians, 1758 ; taken, 1760, 

and pillaged ; i-estored in 1766 ; taken by the French, 1807. 
Bern, in Switzerland, taken by the French, 1798. 
Beveland South, the island of, taken by the English, August 3, 1809; 
Blake reduced Tunis, Ti*ipoli, and Algiers, 1655 ; destroyed a Spa- 
nish fleet, 1657 ; and again, 1658. 
Bologna, in Italy, seized by the French, June 18, 1798 ; and the 

Austrians took it, June 12, 1799. 
Bombay yielded to the English by Portugal, 1661. 
Bois-le-duc was taken by the French, October, 1794. 
Boulogne bombarded by lord Nelson, August 15, 1801. 
Brasil seized by Portugal from Holland, 1654. 
Breman repulsed and defeated the French invasion, 1761. 
Breda taken by the French, Februaiy 24, 1793 ; and again, 1794, and 

1795. 
Breslau taken by the Austrians, 1758 and 1761. 
Brest invaded by Julius Csesar, 54 ; possessed by the English, 1378 ; 

re-delivered to the duke of Bretagne, 1391. 
Briel, &c. seized by the Hollanders, which began that republic, 1570 ; 

seized by the French, January, 1795. 
Bruce landed in Ireland with an army. May 25, 1315 ; soon after 

crowned at Dundalk ; slain, 1318. 
Bruges sacked by the Gauntois, 1382 ; the bason, gates and sluices of 

the canal destroyed by the English, May 19, 1798. 
Brussels taken by the French, 1792 and '94. 
Buda, taken by the imperialists from the Turks, in whose possession 

it had been 150 years, 1686. 
Buenos Ayres taken by the English, July 2, 1806 ; re-taken by the 

irhabitants, 1807. 
Byzantium taken by the Romans, 73 ; destroyed by Severus, 196 ; 

re-built by Constantine, 330 ; taken by the Turks, 1453. 
Cadiz, in Spain, taken by the English, 1596 ; bombarded, July 14, 

after it had been blocked up by the Spanish fleet, by earl St. Vin- 
cent, 1797 to '98. 
Caen, in ISormandy, plundered by the English, 1346. 

E4 



SZ BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c. 

Caffa, in Crim Tartary, planted and re-built by Genoa, 1261 ; taken 

by the Turks, 1464. 
Cairo taken by the English and Turks, from the French, June 21, 

1801. 

Calais taken by the English, August 4, 1347 ; re-taken by the French, 
January 10, 1558. 

Calcutta taken by the Nabob, 1758. 

Calvi, in Corsica, surrendered to the British forces, after a siege of 
59 days, August 10, 1794 ; surrendered to the French, 1796. 

Cambridge destroyed by the Danes, 1010. 

Canada taken by the English, 1628 ; restored to France, 1631 ; taken 
again, September 13, 1759. 

Candia seized by the Saracens, 808, who changed its name from 
Crete ; re-taken by the Greek empire, 961 ; taken by the Vene- 
tians, 1204 ; re-taken by the Turks, 1669. 

Canterbiu-y cathedral burnt by the Danes, 1011. 

Canute, fii*st Danish king of England, invaded this country, 1015 ; 
made a voyage to Denmark, attacked Norway, and took possession 
of the crown, 1028. 

Cape Breton taken by the English, 1745 ; again, 1758. 

Cape of Good Hope was taken by the English, June, 1795 ; again, 
January 8, 1806. 

Capua surrendered to the allies, July 26, 1799. 

Caractacus defeated by Ostorius Scapula, in 51. 

Caribbee's war began, 1772, adjusted, 1773. 

Carthage destroyed, 146 before Christ ; again by the Saracens, 622 
A. D. 

Carthagena taken by sir Francis Drake, 1584; pillaged by the 
French, of 1,200,0001. in 1697. 

bombarded by admiral Vemon, 1740. 

Carthaginian war ceased, 160 before Christ. 

Cassel taken by the French, 1760 ; besieged, without effect, 1761 ; 
surrendered, 1762. 

Ceuta, in Barbary, seized by Genoa, 1231; by Portugal, 1415; by 
Spain, 1640. 

Ceva and Cazale abandoned by the French, June 15, 1799. 

Ceylon isle was taken by the Portuguese, 1505 ; by the Hollanders, 
1603 ; attempted by Denmark, 1620; by the Portuguese, 1621 ; by 
the Dutch, 1658 ; a great part by the East-India company's troops, 
1782; restored to the Dutch, 1783; taken again by the English, 
September 16, 1795. 

Chagree fort taken by admiral Vemon, 1740. 

Chamblee fort, in Canada, taken by the Americans, October 20, 1775 ; 
re-taken by the English troops, January 18, 1776. 

Charleroi, surrendered to the French, June 26, 1794. 

Charles- town, Mass. burnt by the British, June 17, 1775. 

Charles-town, South Carolina, surrendered to the British forces. May 
4, 1780. 

Charleston, South Carolina, invaded by the French, who were re- 
pulsed, 1706 ; attacked by a squadron under sir Peter Parker, and 
a body of forces under generals Clinton and Comwallis, who were 
defeated with great slaughter, June 25, 1776 ; taken by the British, 
May 12, 1780; evacuated, December 14, 1782. 

Chatham, the English fleet destroyed there by the Dutch, 1667:> 

Cherbourg forts destroyed by the English, August 8, 1758. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c. 83 

Chill, inhabitants of, had nearly dispossessed the Spaniards, 1765. 

Chesapeake, American ship of war, fired upon in tune of peace, by 
the Leopard, British frigate, for refusing to deliver up deserters, 
June 22, 1807. President accordingly prohibits British vessels 
of war from entering our harbours, or Americans from intercourse 
witli them. 

China conquered by the eastern Tartars, 1635. 

Christopher, St. isle of, re-taken fi-om the French, 1690; taken by 
the Fi-ench, 1782 : restored to England, 1783. 

Cimbri, the war with, 113 before Christ. 

Civila Vecchia was taken by the French, February, 1799, and eva- 
cuated in September following. 

Cleves taken, 1760 ; by the French, 1794. 

Colbert besieged in vain, 1758, '59, '60, '61 ; taken, 1762. 

Copire surrendered to the allies, July 26, 1799. 

Coblentz was taken by the French, October 15, 1794. 

Columbo, in Ceylon, surrendered to the English, June 12, 1796. 

Coni was taken by the Austrians, December 3, 1799. 

Constance was seized by the French, August 2, 1796 ; and again 
October, 1799. 

Constantinople taken by the Latins Croisade, 1204 ; recovered by 
the Greeks, 1261 ; taken by Mahomet II. 1453, which put an end 
to the Eastern empire, that had subsisted 1123 years. 

Copenhagen destroyed by the Lubeckers, 1319, again by the Hanse- 
atic fleet, 1361 and 1369 ; bombarded by the English, luider lord 
Nelson, April, 1801 ; the city and the Danish fleet surrendered to 
admii-al Gambier and lord Cathcart, September 7, 1807, and fleet 
carried away, October 20. 

Corfu was seized by the French, in 1797, but was taken by the Rus- 
sians, March 3, 1799. 

Corsica seized by the Genoese from the Moors, 1115 ; was offered 
the English, 1759 ; sun-endered to the French, in 1766 ; put under 
the patronage of the English, June, 1794 ; quitted, 1796. 

Cracow, in Poland, surrendered to the Prussians, June 15, 1794. 

Croisade, or the holy war, began 1065 ; again 1101. 

Croix, a Swedish island in the West Indies, taken by the English, 
March 31, 1801. 

Crownpoint taken by the English, 1759 ; by the Americans, May 14, 
1775. 

Cuba, isle of, taken by the Spaniards, in 1511 ; by the English, ia 
1762. 

Cumberland, earl of, expedition against Spam, 1589. 

Cumoona, in the East Indies, surrendered to the British forces, No- 
vember 21, 1807. 

Curacoa seized by Holland, 1634 ; taken by the English, September 
14, 1800 ; and January 1, 1807. 

Cyprus taken from the Venetians by the Turks, 1570. 

Cyrus took Babylon after a long siege, 544 before Christ. 

Danes, their first descent upon England, at Portland, 787 ; their se- 
cond, in Northumberland, 794, when they were repelled, and 
perished by shipwreck ; landed on Shepey island, 832 ; again in 
CoiTiwall, and defeated by Egbert, 836 ; again at Charmouth, and 
defeated Ethelwolf, 840 ; landed at the mouth of the Thames, 
from 350 ships, and took Canterbury and London, 851 ; subdued 
by Ethelwolf, at Okely, in Suny, 853 ; invaded Northiunberland, 



84 BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c. 

and seized York, 867 ; defeated king Etheldred, and his brother 
Alfred, at Basmg and Merton, 871 ; surprised Warham castle, and 
took Exeter, 876 ; took Chippenham, 877 ; 1205 of them killed by 
Odun, earl of Devonshire, 878 ; Alfred entered into treaty with 
them, 882 ; their fleet totally destroyed at Appledore, by king Al- 
fred, 894 ; invaded Anglesea, 900 ; submitted to Edward the elder, 
621 ; invaded Dorsetshire, 982 ; landed again in Essex, 991 ; and 
were bribed to depart the Idngdom; their fleet defeated, 992; num- 
ber of them massacred, by order of Etheldred II. Nov. 12, 1003 ; 
made England tributai-y to them, 1007 ; under Canute conquered 
England, 1017 ; continued their ravages, and defeated the English 
at Ipswich, 1010 ; took Canterbury, and put nine out of ten of the 
inhabitants to death, 1011 ; settled in Scotland, 1020 ; expelled 
England, 1041 ; landed again at Sandwich, 1047, and carried oflT 
much plunder to Flanders; joined the Northumbrians, burnt 
York, and slew 3000 Normans, 1069 ; invaded England again, but 
were bribed by William to depart, 1074. 

Danes under RoUo, made their first descent on France, 895 ; and 
made a settlement in Neustra, now Normandy, 905. 

Danish revolution, January 17, 1772, and May, 1784. 

Dantzick taken by the Swedes, 1734 ; by the Prussians, 1773. 

Dartmouth burnt by the French, 1337. 

David, king of Scotland, taken prisoner by the English, 1346 ; ran- 
somed for 100,000 marks, 1357. 

Demerara,&c. was surrendered to the English, April 23, 1796 ; again, 
September 25, 1803. 

Dieppe laid in ashes by the English, July 14, 1694. 

Dominica taken by the English, 1761 ; by the French, September 7, 
1778 ; restored to the English, 1783. 

Dort taken possession of by the French, January 10, 1795, 

Drake, sir Francis, defeated the Spanish Armada, 1588. 

Dresden taken by the Prussians, 1758 ; the imperialists, 1759 ; the 
Prussians again, 1760. 

Dublin stormed by Dermond, 1171. 

Dunkirk taken by the English, June 24, 1658, from Spain, and deli- 
vered to France. 

Dupont, general, surrendered, with his army to the Spanish patriots, 
July 19, 1808. 

Dusseldorp surrendered to the French, September 6, 1795. 

Edinburgh taken by the Enghsh, 1296. 

Egypt conquered by the Saracens, 640 ; usurped by Assaredden, 
1160, conquered by the Turks, 1516 ; visited by the French, 1798. 

Ehrenbreitstein surrendered to the French, January 12, 1799. 

Elba, isle of, near Leghorn, taken possession of by the English, July 
6, 1796 ; relinquished, 1797. 

Elino, St. surrendered* to the royal troops of Naples, July 12, 1799. 

Ely monastery burnt by the Danes, 870. 

Elizabeth-town, New Jersey, taken by the British, June 7, 1780. 

Embden subdued by Hamburgh, 1438. 

England invaded by Julius Csesar, 54 before Christ. [He says, that 
the inhabitants on the sea coast, from their correspondence with 
Gaul, were clothed ; those who lived in the inland counties were 
entirely wild and naked. Though they had horses, and chariots 
armed with scythes, their towns were only a parcel of huts on an 
.eminence, fortified with trees laid crosswise, like the Indians in 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, See. &e. 8S 

America, only that they had plenty of com and cattle. Their 
money was iron and brass plates, and rings of detennined weight.] 
Abandoned by the Romans, 430 ; ravaged by the Picts and Scots, 
440 ; invited over the Saxons to expel the Picts and Scots, 446, 
who soon began to establish themselves, by taking possession of 
different parts of the kingdom on the South side of the Severn ; 
invaded by the Scots, who were defeated by Athelstan, 921 ; in- 
vaded by the Welch, 984 ; invaded by Sweyn, king of Denmark, 
1001 ; invaded again by Sweyn, 1013, and almost totally subdued 
by him ; invaded by Canute, 1015 ; invaded by Godwin, earl of 
Kent, 1052 ; invaded by the Normans, under William, their duke, 
■who subdued the kingdom, 1066 ; invaded by the Irish, who were 
defeated, 1069 ; the Irish landed again, and were defeated, 1070; 
invaded by Malcolm, of Scotland, who burnt several churches, &c. 
1071 ; again, in 1091 and 1093, when Malcolm and his son were 
killed at Alnwick ; invaded by Robert, duke of Normandy, 1101 ; 
invaded by David of Scotland, 1136 ; by the Welch, the same year, 
with success ; invaded by the Frenchji 1416 ; invaded by Henry, 
duke of Richmond, August 7, 1485 ; by the Spaniards, 1588. 

Esopus on North river, in North America, totally destx'oyed, with 
great quantities of stores, October 15, 1777. 

Eustatia, island of, taken by the French from Holland, 1689 ; by the 
English, 1690 and 1781 ; re-taken by the French the same year; 
restored to Holland, 1783. 

Exeter taken by SwejTi, king of Denmark, and desti-oyed, 1003 ; city 
rebelled, 1067, and reduced by king William, the conqueror; again, 
by Henry VII. 

Expedition, grand secret, September, 1757. 

Falkland islands seized by the Spaniards, 1771. 

Falmouth, in New England, destroyed by the British forces, October 
18, 1775. 

Ferrara was taken from the French, May 28, 1799. 

Flanders dismembered from France, 866 ; oven-un by the French, 
1792 and 1794, and declared part of that republic. 

Flatbush, (Long island), battle, August 27, 1776. 

Florence was taken possession of by the French, in July, 1796, and 
March 20, 1799, and evacuated July 18, following. 

Florida taken by the English, 1759 ; by the Spaniards, 1781. 

Flushing surrendered to the English, August, 1809. 

Formosa seized by the Dutch, 1635 ; the Dutch inhabitants expelled 
by the Chinese, 1662. 

Fort St. George, in the East- Indies, seized by the Frencli, 1746 ; re- 
stored, 1748. 

Fort William taken by the English, 1757. 

France conquered by" the English, 1170 ; again, 1358 ; recovered by 
the French, 1447. 

Franckfort was seized by the French, Jul)', 1796. 

Frankendal was taken by the French, October 17, 1794 ; re-taken, 
November 12, 1795. 

Gaeta surrendered to the French, July, 1806. 

Gaza, near Malta, surrendered to the l-'rench. June 11,1796 ; and 
was taken by the English for the Neapolitans, in November fol- 
lowing. 

Genoa taken by the Austrians, December 8, 1746 ; seized by the 
French, in 1798, who were repulsed, August 17, 1799 ; taken by 



86 BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. ^el 

the English and Austrians, in May, 1800 ; surrendered to the 
French the July following. 

Georgia surrendered to the British forces, and relinquished obedi- 
ence to the congress of America, December 29, 1778 ; abandoned 
by the English forces, 1783. 

Gibraltar was taken from the Mooi*s, by the Castllians, in 1463 ; ta- 
ken by sir Geo. Rooke, July 23, 1704 ; besieged by the Spaniards, 
Februai-y, 1727, May, 1731 ; 1780 to September 13, 1782, when 
their floating batteries were burnt by red-hot balls from the garri- 
son, commanded by general Elliot. 

Goree, isle of, taken by the English, 1758 ; again, 1779 ; restored to 
the French, 1783 ; taken by the French, January 18, 1804 ; re-ta- 
ken by the English 9th March following. 

Goths slew 300,000 inhabitants of Milan, 539. 

Goza, an island dependant on Malta, surrendered to the English, 
October, 1798. 

Granada recovered from the Moors, 1491. 

Grand Cairo taken by the Turks from the Egyptian sultans, arid 
their empu-e subdued, 1516 ; seized by the French in 1799. 

Greek empire mastered by the Latins, 1204 ; i-e-conquered, 1261 ; 
invaded by the Turks, 1350 ; its final overthrow, 1453. 

Greenland seized by the English from the Dutch, 1610. 

Grenada isle taken by the French, July 6, 1779; restored to the 
English, 1783; French defeated there, 1796. 

Grisons revolt from Germany to the Swiss, 1741. 

Gaudaloupe taken by the English, 1759 and 1779 ; and again 1794, 
again 1809. 

Gun-boats destroyed before Gibraltar, September 13, 1782. 

Hamburgh sacked by the Pagans, 1012, 1066; by the Danes, 1216. 
by the Norwegians, 1244; taken possession of by the Danes^ 
March 28,-801. 

Hanover desolated by the French, 1758; taken by the French, 
June 14, 1803. 

=— , the celebrated boring machine in the iron foundery at, 

valued at 2,000,000 crowns, carried away by the French, January, 
1804. 

Harfleui* taken by the English, September 18, 1415. 

Havannah taken, August 13, 1762. 

Havre de Grace successfully bombarded, 1759. 

Hawkins, sir John's, expedition agamst Spanish America, 1595. 

Helder-Point, in Holland, sui-rendered to the British forces, August 
27, 1799 ; relinquished October 19th following. 

Helena, the isle of, taken by the Dutch, 1672 ; by the English, 
1673. 

Hermolne, Spanish ship taken, March 21, 1702, which sold for 
544,6481. clear of expences. 

Howard, sir Edward, attacked Prejeant, a French admiral, off Brest, 
and was defeated, April 7 5, 1513. 

Holland taken by the French, January 23, 1795 ; was invaded by the 
English, August 27, 1799, and abandoned by a convention, October 
19, 1799. 

Howe, lord viscount, slain in battle, 1753. 

Hudson bay forts destroyed by the French, 1686 and 1782, 

Hungary conquered by Chariemagne, 791. 

Stp Jago, Spanish register ship taken, May, 1793, valued at IjSOOjOOOl. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &e. &e. 87 

Jamaica plundered, 1595; pillaged by the English, 1635; taken by 
the English, May 7, 1655. 

Jerusalem taken by David from the Jebusites, 1048 ; by Nebuchad- 
nezzar, after a siege of 18 months, June 9, 1587, before Christ; 
destroyed by Titus, August 31, A. D. 70; taken by Robert, duke 
of Normandy, 1100. 

Jersey attempted by the French, May 1, 1779; and their shipping 
destroyed in Concale bay. 

Joppa was taken from Buonaparte by the allies under sir Sidney 
Smith, June 22, 1 799. 

Invasions of England and Great Britain.— By the Romans under 
JuUus Casar, 55 B. C— Again under Plautius, A. D. 43.— By the 
Saxons, 447.— By the Danes, in 787, 832, 851, 866, 979, and 1012. 

From the death of Edward the Confessor there have been the fol- 
lowing invasions : 

1066 Sep. 29, successful, William, of Normandy. 

1069 - unsuccessful, by the Irish. 

1071 unsuccessful, by the Scots. 

1093 unsuccessful, by do. when their king, Malcolm, was 

killed. 

1101 unsuccessful, Robert, of Normandy. 

1136 unsuccessful, by the Scots. 

1139 unsuccessful, Maud. 

1326 Sept. 23, successful, Isabell, queen of Edward II. 

1399 July, successful, duke of Lancaster. 

1416 unsuccessful, by the French. 

1462 unsuccessful, Henry VI. queen. 

1470 successful, earl of Warwick. 

1471 . successful, Edward IV. 
1471 unsuccessful, Henry VI. queen. 

1484 unsuccessful, earl of Richmond. 

1485 Aug. 6, successful, earl of Richmond. 
1487 ' unsuccessful, Lambert Simnell. 

1495 unsuccessful, Perkin Warbecfo 

1497 unsuccessful, ditto. 

1588 unsuccessful, Philip of Spain. 

1650 unsuccessful, Charles II. 

1685 May 25, unsuccessful, duke of Monmouth. 

1688 Oct, 19, successful, Prince of Orange. 

1688 March 12, unsuccessful, James II. 

1708 March 17, unsuccessful, the Pretender. 

1715 unsuccessful, ditto. 

1745 July 14, unsuccessful, ditto. 

1797 Feb. 22, unsuccessful, by the French in Wales. 

Italy was ravaged by the French, 1796 and 1797. 

Ireland subdued by king Edgar, 962 ; invaded by Fitz-Stephen, near 
Wexford, May, 1170, who settled there the first colony of British 
inhabitants ; surrendered to Henry II. 1172; totally subdued, 1210; 
invaded by the Spaniards, 1601 ; attempted to be invaded by the 
French, in 1760, by Thurot ; and in January, 1789, at Bantry bay, 
by the French, where their forces were dispersed by a storm ; put 
under martial law. May 19, 1797 ; the French landed, at Killala 
bay, 1500 men, on August 22, 1798, and surrendered pri8on,ers? 
September 7, following. 

isle of France taken by the English, 1810, 



8« BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, Jkc. &c. 

Jugurtha, war with, 111 before Christ. 

Julius Agricola totally subdued the Britains, 78, 

Kehl surrendered to the Austrians, after 49 days siege, Jan. 1797. 

Landrecy surrendered to the French, July 15, 1794. 

Lefevre, general, defeated by the Aragonese, August, 1803. 

Leghorn was taken possession of, July 29, 1796, by the French under 

Buonaparte, April 15, 1799. 
Leipsic seized by the Prussians, September 1, 1756. 
Llevvellin, the last prince of the Welch, defeated, and his head put 

on the tower of London, 1286. 
Liege, the city of, taken by the English, 1702 ; by the French, iu 

1792 ; by the Austrians, in 1798 ; by the French, in 1795. 
Lombardy conquered by Charlemagne, 770. 
Londonderry besieged, April 20, 1689. 
Loretta pillaged by the French army, and the Madona sent to Paris, 

February 6, 1797. 
Louisbourg taken by the English, June 17, 1745 ; given up to the 

French, 1749 ; re- taken, July 22, 1758. 
Lubec entered by the Prussians, March 1801 ; taken by the French, 

June 1803 ; taken by storm by the French. Nov. 6, 1806. 
Lucia, St. taken by the English, Jan. 17, 1779, and 1794 ; again, 

May 31, 1796 ; again, June 22, 1803. 
Luxembourg was taken and pillaged by the French in 1 543 ; was 
re-taken by the Spaniards, 1 544 ; was taken by the French, June 
4, ^684, but was restored to Spain, 1697; again taken by the 
French, I'Ol ; belonged to the emperor, J'iS; and was sturea- 
dered to the French, after a severe siege, June 7, 1795. 
Macedonian war commenced, 200 years before Christ. 
Madeira, island of, taken by the English, July 25, 1801; again 

Dec. 24, -SO". 
Madrid evacuated by the French, July 27, 1808 ; re-taken by them, 

Dec. 2. 
Maestricht was taken from the Spaniards by the Dutch, 1632; from 
the Dutch by France, 1673 ; restored to them in 16/9 ; was taken 
again by the French, Nov. 4, 1794. 
Malacca seized by the Dutch, 1640 ; surrendered to the English, 

Aug. 17, 1-95. 
Maloe's, St. reduced to ashes by the English, 1695. 
Malta was taken by the French, June 11, 1798 ; by the English in 

1800. 
Manilla taken, July 27, 1762. 

Slanheim was taken by the French in 1793, and re-taken by the Au- 
strians, Nov. 22, 1795, with 10,338 prisoners, 4 generals, and 400 
guns, besides stores. 
" was taken by the French, 1796, but re-taken by the Aus- 

trians, Sept. 18, 17 99. 
Mantua surrendered to the French, Feb. 1, 1797, and was re-taken 
July 28, 1799, by the Russians and Austrians, after a long 
siege. 
Marcou, St. isles, on the coast of France, taken by sir Sidney 
Smith, in July, l'^95, and ably defended by lieutenant Price against 
the French troops. May :', 1''98. 
Martha's island pillaged by the British, 1777. 
Marc, St. West Indies, taken by the English, Oct. 31, 1803. 
Martinico taken from the French, Feb, 1763 ; again March 23, 1794; 
and Feb. 24, 1809. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c. 83 

Martins, St. a Danish island in the West Indies taken, by the Eng- 
lish, March 24, 1801. 

Matthews and Lestock, admirals, suffered the French and Spanish 
squadron to escape, Febniar)-, 1746. 

Massenian war, fii-st, 743 ; second, 685 before Christ. 

Mexico seized by the Spaniards, 1521. 

Milan was seized by the French, May 18, 1796; the castle, on June 
21; and was taken from them by the Russians and Austrians, 
April 28, 1799. 

Minorca conquered by general Stanhope, August, 1708 ; suiTendered 
to the French, June, 1756; restored to the English, 1763; was be- 
sieged by the Spaniards and taken, February 5, 1782; surren- 
dered to the English, November 14, 1796. 

Modena sun-endered to the Austrians, May, 1799, and was re-taken 
by the French, July 3d, following. 

Moldavia and Wallachia invaded by the Russians, November 23. 
1806. 

Moncey, general, defeated by the patriots of Valencia, July 1, 1808. 

Monmouth, duke of, invaded England, June 11, 1685; proclaimed 
king at Taunton, June 20th, following, defeated near Bridgewater, 
July 5; beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15, aged 35. 

MontseiTat, isle of, taken by the French, February 18, 1782 ; resto- 
red to England, 1783. 

Monte Video taken by the English, February 3, 1807. 

Montreal taken by the English, 1760; by the Americans, November 
12, 1775 ; and re-taken by the English, June 15, 1776. 

Moro castle, at the Havanna, taken by the English, 1762. 

Morocco conquered by the king of Fez, 1611. 

Munich was taken by the French, August 25, 1796, again, June 28. 
1800. ' 

Namur was taken by the French, July 18, 1794. 

Naples was taken possession of by the French, June 21, 1799, and 
re-taken by cardinal Ruffo, July 10th, following ; again possessed 
by the French, April 8, 1801. 

Nevis, isle, taken by the French, February 14, 1782 ; restored to the 
English, 1783. 

New- York sun-endered to the British troops, September 15, 1776. 

Niagara taken by the English, 1759. 

Nineveh destroyed by the Medes, 612 before Christ. 

Norfolk, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, Jan. 1, 1776. 

Normandy conquered from the crown of France, 876 ; invaded on 
all hands, 1117. 

Normans, their invasions commenced in 800 ; settled in France in 
1002; in Friesland 1011; reduced England, 1066; driven out of 
Naples in 1194. 

Norwalk, in Conn, burnt by the British, July 7, 1779. 

Norwich destroyed by Sweyn of Denmark, 1004. 

Nova Scotia taken by the English from the French, 1681 ; restored 
1731; taken again, 1745 and 1758, and confirmed to England, 
1760 ; divided into two provinces, 1784. 

Numantine war commenced, 141 before Christ. 

Nuremberg was seized by the French, July 9, 1796; and by the 
Austrians in August following. 

Omoa, in the bay of Honduras, taken by the British forces, Octo- 
ber 20, 1779 J but soon after re-taken by the Spaniards, 



90 BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, See. &e. 

Oran, in Barbary, taken by the Spaniards from the Moors, 1507, 
ceded to the Algerines in 1791. 

Orleans, the siege of, May 4, 1428 ; again 1563. 

Ormus taken from Poi-tugal by the assistance of the East India 
company, 1622. 

Osnaburg taken and pillaged by the French, 1761. 

Ostend had its works and flood-gates ot its canal destroyed by the 
English, May 19, 1798. 

Oswego taken by the English, 1756. 

Palamas in Spain , taken by the French, 1694. 

Parma and Placenza seized by the French, July 3, 1799. 

Peloponnesian war, which continued 27 years, began 431 before 
Christ. 

Penobscot, American vessels destroyed at, 1780. 

Petersburg, in Virginia, the shipping and stores at, destroyed by 
Phillips and Arnold, April 26, 1781. 

Persian empire, conquered by Alexander, 331 before Christ. 

Peru conquered by Pizarro, 1533. 

Peschiera, in Italy, taken from the French, with 90 pieces of cannoq, 
&c. May 6, 1799. 

Peterborough city nearly destroyed by the Danes, 887. 

Petion defeated with great slaughter, and his flotilla destroyed by 
Christophe, chief of Hayti, Februai-y, 1808. 

Phillipsburgh taken by the French, 1734. 

Phocsean, or sacred war, 357 before Christ. 

Piedmont surrendered to the French, December 6, 1798 ; recovered 
in 1799. 

Plantagenet, Geoffry, earl of Anjou, invaded Normandy, 1137. 

Plymouth burnt by the French, 1377. 

Pondicherry taken by the Dutch from France, 1694 ; by the English^ 
1761, October, 1778, and August 3, 1793. 

Poleroon isle, in the East-Indies, seized by the Dutch, 1664. 

Portobello taken by admii-al "Vernon, November 22, 1739. 

Portsmouth, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, January 1, 
1776. 

Punic war, the first commenced, 263 ; the second, 218 ; the third, 149 
before Christ. 

Pyrrhus wounded in a battle with the Romans, in which he lost 
20,000 men, they 5000. 

Quebec besieged in vain by the English, 1711. 

— — — taken from the French, September 13, 1759. 

besieged in vain by the Americans, December 6, 1775. 

Ragusa besieged by the Russians and Montenegrins, July, 1806. 

Rebellions remarkable in British histoi-y.— Against William I. in fa- 
vour of Edgar Atheling, by the Scots and Danes, A. D. 1069.— 
Against William II. in favour of his brother Robert, 1088 ; extin- 
guished, 1090.— -Of the Welch, who defeated the Normans and 
English, 1095.— In England, in favour of the empress Maude, 
1139 ; ended, 1153.— Prince Richard, against his father, Henry II- 
1189.— Of the Barons, April, 1215 ; compromised by the grant of 
Magna Charta, June 15, following.— Of ditto, 1262 ; ended, 1267. 
—Of the lords, spiritual and temporal, against Edward II. on ac- 
count of his favorites, the Gavestons, 1312 ; and again, on account 
of the Spensers, 1321.— Of Walter, the tiler, of Deptford, vulgarly 
called Wat Tiler, occasioned by the brutal rudeaess of a tax- 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c. 91 

gatherer to his daughter ; having killed the collector in his rage, 
he raised a party to oppose the tax itself, which was a grievous 
poll-tax, 138.— Of the duke of Gloucester and other lords, 1388.— 
Of Heniy duke of Lancaster, who caused Richard IL to be de- 
posed, 1399.— In Ireland, when Roger earl of March, the viceroy 
und pi-esumptive heir to the crown, was slain, 1399.— See Rich- 
ard II. —Of the English and Welsh, 1400.- Against Henry IV. by- 
confederated lords, 1403.— Under the earl of Northumberland, who 
was defeated at Bramhara-moor, and slain, 1458.— Of Jack Cade, in 
favour of the duke of Y; rk, 1450.- In favour of the house of York, 
1452, which ended in the imprisonment of Henry IV. and seating 
Edward IV. of York on the throne, 1461. — Of the English in York- 
shire, owing to some encroachment, respecting St. Leonard's hos- 
pital in York, 1469.— Under Warwick and Clarence, 1470, which 
ended with the expulsion of Edward IV. and the restoration of 
Henry VI. the same year.— Under Edward IV. 1741, which ended 
with the death of Henry VI.— Of the earl of Richmond, against 
Richard III. 1485, which ended with the death of Richai-d.- Under 
Lambert Simnel, who pretended to be Richard Ill's nephew, 1486, 
which ended the same year, in discovering that Simnel was a 
baker's son— he was pardoned.— Under Perkin Warbeck, 1492, 
which ended in the execution of Warbeck, 1499.— Under Flammoc, 
1497, owing to taxes, which ended with the battle of Blackheath.— 
Of the English, on account of desti-oying the monasteries, 1536; 
ended the same year.— Of ditto, in the west, owing to inclosures 
and oppressions of the gentry, June, 1549; supjiressed the same 
year.- Of ditto in Norfolk, headed by Ket the tanner, but soon 
suppressed, August, 1549.— In favour of lady Jane Grey, against 
queen Maiy, 1553, which ended in the death of lady Jane. — Of sir 
Thomas Wyat, against the queen's marriage with Philip of 
Spain, 8ic. 1554. — Of the Roman Catholics against queen Eliza- 
beth, 1559, suppressed the same year.— In the North of England, 
1569.— Of the Irish under the earl of Tyrone, 1599; suppressed 
1600.— Under the earl of Essex, against Elizabeth 1600, which 
ended in his death, 1601.— Against Charles I. 1639, which ended 
with his death, 1649. — Of the Irish, under Roger More, sir Phelim 
O'Neil, &c. against the English in Ireland, 1641 ; ended, 1651.— 
Of the Scotch, 1666.— Under the duke of Monmouth, 1685, which 
ended in his death.— Of the Scotch, under the old pretender, 1715 ; 
quelled, 1716.— Of the Scotch, under the young pretender, 1745 ; 
quelled, 1746. 

Rhodes taken by the Saracens, and the colossus, which had been 
thrown down by an earthquake, which weighed 720,000 lbs. sold to 
a Jew in 652 ; taken by the Turks, 1521, when the knights quitted 
it, and settled at Malta. 

Rhode island was taken from the Americans by the British forces, 
December 6, 1776. 

Richard I. king of England, taken prisoner in Gei-many, and ran- 
somed for 100,000 marks, 1193. 

Richuiond, Virginia, destroyed by the British under Arnold, Ja- 
nuaiy 5, 1781. 

Rome sacked by Brennus, 390 before Christ ; seized by the French, 
February 2, 1799, and surrendered to the Neapolitans, July 18, 
1799 ; and the Austrians and Russians entered and repulsed the 
rrench fiom the castle ©f St. Angelo, oa September 20, 1799. 
F 



92 BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, See. &a 

Roras, fortress of, taken by the English, December 5, 1803. 

Rye burnt by the French, 137-'. 

Sabine vii-gins, rape of, by the Romans, 750 before Christ. 

Saint Domingo, French part, put itself under the English protec- 
tion, August 18, 1T93 ; declai-ed itself independent, January, 1797. 

Saranite war ended, 2. "2 before Christ, having continued seventy-one 
years. 

Sandwich burnt by the Danes, 957. 

, the earl of, admiral, blown up in an engagement with the 

French, May 21, 1672. 

Santa Cruz surrendered to the English, December 23, 1807. 

Saragossa taken by the French, Februaiy 21, 1809. 

•Sardinia, isle of, taken by the English, 1708. 

taken by the Genoese from the Moors, 1115 ; conquered 

by the Spaniards, 1303 ; taken by an English fleet and given to 
the duke of Savoy, with the title of king, 1708 ; in 1810 under the* 
power of Buonaparte. 

Sard is t alien by the Athenians, 504 before Christ. 

Saxony conquered by Charlemagne, '■ 4. 

Schweidnitz, taken by the Austrians, 158, and re-taken by the Prus- 
sians ; taken again, 1 61, and again re-taken, 1762. 

Schomberg, duke of, landed in Ireland, near Carrickfergus, with an 
army, August 13, 1689; killed at the battle of the Boyne, 1690. 

Scipio, Cn. took the two camps of Asdrubal and Syphax, killed 40,000 
of their men, and took 6000 prisoners, 214 before Christ. 

Scotch regalia and crown jewels taken and brought to England, with 
their coronation chair, now in AVestminster abbey, 1296. 

Sea-fight with the Danes, when Alfred defeated 120 ships off Dorsef- 
shire, in 898. 

■ between the French and English, 1217; 

— between the English and Flemings, 1371. 

^ with the French, near Sluys, and 400 sail taken, with 

30,000 men, 1340. 

eighty French ships taken by the English, 1389. 

— — — off Barfleur, where the duke of Bedford took 500 French 
and 3 Genoese vessels, 1416. 

^ near Miltord Haven, when 31 French ships were taken or 

destroyed, 1405. 
. off Sandwich, when the French fleet was taken by the 

earl of Warwick, November, 1449. 

between the English and French, when the latter were de- 
feated, 1545. 

— again, 1549, when 1000 French were killed. 

■ — ■ near the gulph of Lepanto, between the Protestant pow- 
ers and the Turks, which last lost 25,000 men killed^ 
and 4000 taken prisoners ; and out of 260 vessels, saved 
only 25, October 7, 1571. 

- between the English fleet and the Spanish armada, 1588. 

between the Spaniards and Dutch, 1639. 

— ^— in the Downs with the Dutch, June 19, 1652. * 

again, September 28, October 28, November 29, 1652. 

■ near Portland, with the Dutch, who were beaten, Febpu= 

ary 18, 1652—3. 

> ' ' ■ ■■'■ - off Portsmouth, when admiral Blake took eleven Dutch 
men of war, and thirty merchant ships, Feb. 10, 1652. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. Sec, §3 

•fight off the North Foreland, when the Dutch lost twenty men 
of war, June 2, 1653. 

on the coast of Holland, when they lost thirty men of war, 

and admiral Tromp was Idlled, July 29, 1653. 
■ at Cadiz, when the galleons were destroyed by the Eng- 
lish, September, 1656. 

at the Canaries, when Blake destroyed the galleons, April, 

165 . 

130 of the Bourdeaux fleet destroyed by the duke of York, 

December 4, 1664. 

off Harwich, when eighteen capital Dutch ships were ta- 

ken, and fourteen destroyed, June 3, 1665, 

the earl of Sandwich took twelve men of war and two 

East India ships, September 4, 1665. 

again, when the English lost nine, and the Dutch fifteen 

ships, June 4, 1666. 

the Dutch totally defeated, with the loss of twenty-four 

men of war, four admirals, and 4000 officers and seaL- 

men, July 25, 26, 1666. 
five of the Dutch Smyrna fleet and four East India ships 

taken by the English, March 14, 16 1—2. 
— — at Southwoid-bay, when the earl of Sandwich was blown 

up, and the Dutch defeated by the Duke of York, May 

28, 16 2. 

again, by prince Rupert, May 28, June 4, and August 11, 

when the Dutch were defeated, 16 3. 

— — in the bay of iripoli, when the English burnt four men 
of war of that state, March 4, 16 4—5. 

— — — off Beachy-head, wh^.n the English and Dutch were de- 
feated by the French, June 30, 1690. 

off La Hoge, when the French fleet was entirely defeated!, 

and twenty-one large men of war destroyed, May 19, 
1692. 

off St. Vincent, when the English and Dutch were defeat- 

ed by the French, June 16, 1693. 
" the Vigo fleet taken by the English and Dutch, October 

12, l-'02. 
" between the French and English, when the fonner entire* 

ly relinquished the dominion of the sea to the latter, 

August 24, 1-04. 
at Gibraltar, when the French lost five men of war, Nov. 

5, 1 04. 
off the Lizard, when the English were defeated, October 

9, ir07. 
■ " ■ admiral Leake took sixty French vessels laden with pro« 

visions, May 22, 1708. 
— near Carthagena, when admiral Wager destroyed a fleet, 

May 28, 1708. 

* French fleet destroyed by sir George Byng, July 31, 171S. 

off Toulon, February 9, 1744. 

in the East Indies, when the French retired to Pondi- 

cherry, 1747. 

off cape Finisterre, when the French fleet was taken by 

admiral Anson, May 3, 1 4, . 

off Newfoundland, when Boscawen took two men of \var, 

June 10, 1755. 



94 BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &e. &c. 

Sea-fight off Ushant, when admiral Hawke took se%'en men of wav 
of the French, October 14, 1747. 

off Belleisle, when he took fourteen sail of victuallers, Ju- 
ly 14, 1756. 

off cape Francois, when seven ships were defeated by three 

English, October 21, 1757. 
' French beat off cape Lagos, by admiral Boscawen, August 
18, 1759. 

off Quiberon bay, when Hawke defeated the French, No- 
vember 20, 1759. 

Keppel took three French frigates and a fleet of merchant 

ships, October 9, 1762. 

— on lake Champlain, where the Amei-icans were totally 

destroyed by the British forces, October 11, 1776. 

• off LTshant, a drawn battle between Keppel and Dorvilliers^ 

July 17, 1778. 

— ■■ off Penobscot, in New England, when the American fleet 

was totally destroyed, July 30, 1779. 

'■ near cape St. Vincent, between admiral Rodney and adrai- 

i-al Don Langara, when the latter was defeated and ta- 
ken prisoner, January 8, irSO. 

'■ near Cadiz, when admiral Rodney defeated the Spaniards, 

January 16, 1780. 

Dogger-bank, between admiral Parker and the Dutch, 

August 5, 1-81. 

' off the cape of Virginia, between admiral Arbuthnot and 

the French, 1781. 

— — — — between Martifiique and Guadaloupe, when admiral Rod- 
ney defeated the French going to attack Jamaica, and 
took five ships of the line and admiral count de Grasse, 
April 12, 1782, 

■ the same day admiral Hewes destroyed the fleet of France 

under admiral Suffrein, in the East Indies. 
. lord Howe totally defeated the French fleet, took six ships 

of war, and sunk several, June 1, 1794. 

sir Edward Pellew took fifteen sail, and burnt seven, out 

of a fleet of thirty-five sail of transports, March 8, 1795. 
• ■■ the French fleet defeated, and two ships of war taken, by 

admiral Hotham, March 14,1795. 
.^ admiral Cornwallis took eight transports, under convoy of 

three French men of war, June 7, 1795. 
—— eleven Dutch East Indiaraen were taken by the Sceptre 

man of war and some armed Indiamen, June 19, 1795. 

the French fleet defeated by lord Bridport, June 25, 1795. 

and three ships of war taken near L'Orient. 

the Dutch fleet under admiral Lucas, in Saldanna bay, 

Africa, consisting of five men of war and several fri- 
gates, surrendered to sir Geo. Keith Elphistone, August 

19. 1796. 

— - the Spanish fleet defeated by sir J. Jarvis, and four line of 

battle ships taken, Februaiy 14, 1797. 

— the Dutch fleet was defeated by admiral Duncan on 

the coast of Holland, where their two admirals and 
fifteen ships of war were taken or destroyed, October 

11. 1797. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c, 95 

Sea-fight, the French fleet, of seventeen ships of wax- totally defeat- 
. ed, and nine of them taken, by sir Horatio Nelson, Au- 
gust 1, 1798, near the Nile, in Egypt. 
I the French, oiF the coast of Ireland, consisting of nine 

ships, defeated by sir J. B. Warren, October 12, 1798, 

when he took five of them. 
■ the Dutch fleet in the Texel surrendered to admiral 

Mitchell, on his taking the Helder, August 29, 1799. 
■ ' the Danish fleet of twenty-eight sail taken or destroyed 

by lord Nelson, off" Copenhagen, April 2, 1801. 
■ between the French and English, in the bay of Gibi-altar ; 

Hannibal of 94 guns lost, July 5, 1801. 
. French fleet defeated near Cadiz, July 16, 1801 ; two 

French 94's burnt, one taken. 

Sound, between Denmark and Sweden, passed by the 

English fleet, when Copenhagen was bombarded, April 
2, 1801. 

- — i French and Spanish fleets totally defeated off cape Tra- 
falgar— lord Nelson killed in the action, October 21, 
1805. 

— — — — lieutenant Stephen Decatur, with sixty men only, boarded 
and took a Tripolitan frigate of 44 guns, with 300 men 
on board, under the walls of Tripoli, 1805. 

French fleet taken by sir R. Strachan, November 4, 1805. 

French fleet defeated in the "West Indies by sir T. Duck- 

- worth, February 6, 1806. 

French squadron taken by sir J. B. "Warren, March 13, 

1806. 

French squadron, in the harbour of Cadiz, sureendered to 

the Spanish patriots, June 14, 1808. 

Russian fleet in the Tagus sun'endered to the English, 

September 3, 1808. 

French shipping and batteries destroyed in Basque roads 

by lord Gambier, April, 1809. 
Senegal taken by the English, May 1, 1758 ; again, 1779. 
Sennacherib's armj'^ destroyed, 710 before Christ. 
Seringapatam, capital of the Mysore, taken by the English under 

general Harris, May 3, 1799. 
Sheerness blown up by the Dutch fleet, 1667. 
Sierra Leone nearly destroyed by a French frigate, in 1795. 
Silesia taken by the king of Prussia, 1740. 
Sluys was taken by the Spaniards, in 1587 ; and in 1604 the Dutch 

re-took it. The French took it in 1747, but it was restored at the 

peace. 
Spain became subject to the Saracens in 713, and wa» recovered 

from them, 1493 ; invaded by the French, 1808. 
Suetonius Paulinus, in the i-eign of Nero, invaded the island of An- 

glesea, and burnt the Druids, 59 ; defeated Boadicea at London, 

and slew 80,000 of the Britons the same year. 
Sum taken by the English, 1759. 
Surinam surrendered by the English to Holland, 1667 ; taken by the 

English, August 20, 1799 ; again, May 5, 1804. 
Susa, in Africa, bombarded and nearly destroyed by the "Venetians, 

November, 1784. 
Sj-ria was subdued by the Turks, 1515. * 



95 BATTLES^ SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &Cw 

Tangiers taken by the Spaniards from the Moors, 1470 ; destroyed 
by the English, 684. 

Temeswoer taken by the imperialists, 1716. 

Ternate, in the East Indies, captured by the English, June 21, 1801. 

Theban war, 1225 before Christ. 

Thebes destroyed by Alexander, when he left only Pindar the poet's 
house standing, 335 B. C. 

Thetford burnt by the Danes, 1010. 

Thomas, St. a Danish island taken by the English, March 28, 1801 ; 
again, December 21, 1807. 

Thurot, marshal, made a descent on the coast of Ireland, February 
20, 1760. 

Ticonderoga taken by the English, 1759 ; by the Americans, May 13, 
1-75. 

Tobago taken by the English from the Dutch, 1672 ; re-taken by 
them, 1664. 

taken by the French, June 2, 1781 ; and re-taken by the Eng- 
lish, 1793 ; again, June 30, 1803. 

Tortona was taken by the French, July 5, 1"'99 ; abandoned the 20th 
of the same month, and surrendered to the imperialists, August 11, 
1799. 

Toulon taken from the French revolutionists by admiral Hood, 1793 ; 
sun-endered to their forces, December the same year. 

Trent was taken by the French in 1796, who were repulsed by the 
Austrians the same year. 

Treves taken by the French, in 1794. 

Triest was seized by the French, but re-taken by the Austrians, 
April 4, 1797. 

Trincomale in Ceylon, taken by the English, Jan. 11, 1782, and 1795. 

Trinidad taken by the English with four ships of the line, 1797. 

Tripoli reduced by admiral Blake, 655. 

Troy, the siege of, began 1,84 before Christ. 

Tunis reduced by admiral Blake, 1 665 ; taken by the emperor 
Charles V. and restored to its king who had been banished, 1535. 

Tuscan war commenced, 312 before Christ. 

Tuscany was seized by the French in April, and abandoned in Au- 
gust, 1799; again seized, 1800; ceded to Buonaparte, 1807. 

Turin was taken possession of by the French, December 6, 1798, and 
surrendered to the Austrians and Russians in June followmg, and 
the citadel. May 27, 1799. 

Tyrol was seized by the French, 1797. 

Valenciennes was besieged from May 23, to July 14, 1793, when the 
Erench garrison surrendered it to the combined arxnj under the 
command of the duke of York ; re-taken by the French, in 1794. 

Venice was seized, and their republic abolished by the French, in 
1797, and soon after part of their territories were seized by the 
Austrians, and sun-endered to them by the Fi-ench. 

Venlo surrendered to the French, October 24, 1794. 

Verona was taken by the French, when a great part of it was de- 
stroyed by a fire, April 28, 1-97. 

Vespasian conquered the isle of Wight, 43. 

Vieenza Avas taken by the French, 1797. 

Vienna was besieged by the Turks, 1529, 1532, 1543, and 1683 ; t^ke» 
by the French, November 14, 1805 ; and April 12, 1809. 

Vigo gallegns taken by the Ei»gU'§h ftpet; October 1.2, 1702; 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &C. &c. 97 

Vincent's, St. isle of, taken by the French, June 17, 1779 ; re-taken, 
1792 ; insurrection there, March, 1795 ; suppreesed, 1796. 

Urbino, in Italy, surrendered to the Austrians, July 10, 1799. 

Utrecht surrendered to the French, January 8, '795, 

Walcheren, the island of, taken by tlie English, August, 1809. 

Wales had its prince defeated and murdered, and the principality 
annexed to England, 1286 ; invaded by the French, Feb. 22, 1797. 

British Wars — vi% : 

Wax-, among many others, with Scotland, 1068. 

Peace with ditto, l09l. 

Peace with France, 1113. 

War with ditto, 1116. 

Peace with ditto, 1118, 

Peace with Scotland, 1139. 

War with France, 1161. 

Peace with ditto, 1186. 

War again with ditto, with success, 1194. 

Peace with ditto, 1195. 

AVar with ditto, 120 1 . 

War, civil, renewed, 1215. 

War ended, 1216. 

War with France, 1224. 

War ended, 1243. 

War, civil, 1262. 

War, civil, ended, 1267. 

War with France, 1294. 

War with Scotland, 1296, 

Peace with France, 1299. 

Peace with Scotland, March 30, 1323. 

War again with Scotland, 1327, 

War ended, 1328. 

War again with Scotland, 1333. 

War with France, 1339. 

Peace with France, May 8, 1360. 

War with France, 1368. 

War, civil, 1400. 

War with Scotland, 1400. 

Peace with France. May 31, 1420. 

War with France, 1422. 

War, civil, between York and Lancaster, 1452. 

Peace with France, October, 1471. 

War, civil, 1486. 

War with France, October 6, 1492. 

Peace with ditto, November 3, following. 

Peace with Scotland, 1502. 

War with France, February 4, 1512. 

War with Scotland, 1513. 

Peace with France, August 7, 1514. 

War with ditto, 1522. 

War with Scotland, 1522. 

Peace with France, 1527. 

Peace with Scotland, 1542. 

War with Scotland directly after. 

F 3 



98 RATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. ^c. 

Peace with Fi-ance and Scotland, June 7, 1546. 
War with Scotland, 1547. 
War with France, 1549. 
Peace with both, March 6, 1550. 
War, civil, f 553. 

War with Scotland, June 7, 1557. 
War with France, 1557. 
Peace with France, April 2, 15S9. 
Peace with Scotland, 1560. 
War with France, 1562. 
Peace with ditto, 1564. 
War with Scotland, 1570. 
War with Spain, 1588. 
Peace with Spain, August 18, 1604, 
War with Spain, 1624. 
War with France, 1627. 
Peace with Spain and France, April 14, 1629. 
War, civil, 1642. 
War with the Dutch, 1651. 
Peace with ditto, April 5, 1654. 
War with Spain, 1655. 
Peace with ditto, September 10, 1660. 
War with France, January 26, 1666. 
War with Denmark, October 19, following. 
Peace \vith the French, Danes, and Dutch, August 24, 16^7. 
Ditto with Spain, February 13, 1668. 
War with the Algerines, September 6, 1659, 
Peace with ditto, No- ember 19, 1671. 
War with theDuteh, March, 1672. 
Peace with ditto, Februaiy 28, 1674. 
War with France, May 7, 1679. 
Peace, general, September 20, 1689. 
War with France, May 4, 1702. 
Peace of Utrecht, July 13, 1713. 
War with Spain, December, 1718. 
Peace with ditto, 1721. 
War with ditto, October 19, 1739. 
War with France, March 31, 1744. 
Peace with ditto, &c. October 18, 174S. 
War with ditto, 1756. 
War with Spain, January 4, 1762. 
Peace with France and Spain, February 10, 1763. 
Peace between Russia and the Turks, 1773. 
War, ci\'i], in America, commenced June 14, 1774. 
War with France, February 6, 1778. 
War with Spain, April 17, 1780. 
War with Holland, December 21, 1780. 
Peace with France, Spain, Holland, and America, 1783. 
War \vith France, 1793, by the English, Prussians, Austriatts, Sardi- 
nians, and Italian states. 
Peace between Prussia and France, 1795. 
Peace between France and Spain, 1795. 
Peace between France and Naples, 1796. 
Peace between the Fi-ench and Sardinians, 1796. 
War between England and Spain, November 11, 1796. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c, 99 

War between France, Naples, and Sardinia, November, 1798. 

Peace between Austria and Fi-ance, February 9, 1801. 

War between Spain and Portugal, Februaiy 28, 1801. 

Peace between Naples and France, March, 1801. 

Peace between Portugal and Spain, June 10, 1801. 

Peace between France and Portugal, September 29, 1801. 

Peace between France and the Porte, October 17, 1801. 

Peace between England, France, Spain, and Holland, March 27, 1802 . 

War between England and France, April 29, 1803. 

War between England and Spain, December 14, 1804. 

Peace between England and Spain, June 6, 1808. 

War between France, Russia, and Austria, September, 1805. 

Peace between France and Austria, December 27, 1805. 

Wars of Austria: 

1. The war Avith the Ottoman Porte from 1592 to 1606, tertninated 
by the peace at Sithvarock, in Hungary, on the 21st ofOct.1606. 

2. The war, commonly called the thirty years war, which lasted from. 
1618 until 1648, terminated by the peace at Westphalia, on the 
14th of October, 1648, at Munster, in Westphalia. 

3. The war respecting the Mantuan succession, which lasted from 
1629 to 1631, terminated with France by a treaty of peace at Ra- 
tisbon, on the 13th of October, 1630 ; and with Spain by arrange- 
ments made on the 6th of April, 1631, at Cherasco, in Piedmont. 

4. The second war with the Ottoman Porte, which lasted from 1661 
until 1664, terminated for twenty years by the peace of Vasvar, in 
Hungary, on the 10th of August, 1664. 

5. War with France from 1672 to 1678 terminated by the peace at 
Nimeguen, in Holland, on the 5th of February, 1679. 

6. Tliird war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1683 to 1698, termina- 
ted by the peace of Cai-iowitz, in Sclavonia, on the 26th of Janu- 
ary, 1699. 

7. Second war with France, from 1688 to 1697, terminated by the 
peace of Ryswick, in Holland, on the 30th of October, 1697. 

8. War with France and Spain, from 1701 to 1713, terminated by the 
peace of Rastadt, in the empire, on the 6th of March, 1714. 

9. Fourth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1716 to 1713, termina- 
ted by the peace of Passai-owitz, in Servia, July 21, 1718. 

10. Second war with Spain, respecting the possessions in Italy, from 
1717 to 1720, terminated by the peace of Vienna, in Austria, on the 
30th of April, 1725. 

11. War with France and Spain, from 1733 to 1739, terminated with 
France by the peace of Vienna, in Austria, on the 3d of October, 
1738 ; and with Spain, by the peace at Versailles, on the 20th of 
April, 1739. 

12. Fifth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1737 to 1739, termina- 
ted by the peace of Belgrade, in Servia, on the 18 th of Sept. 1739. 

13. War of Austrian succession at the death of the emperor Charles 
VI. from 1740 to 174S ; it lasted with Prussia, (for the first time), 
from 1740 until 1742, and was terminated by peace made at Bre- 
slaw and Berlui, on the llth of June and 28th of July, 1742; it 
lasted with Bavaria, from 1741 to 1745, and was terminated by 

- pe^e made at Fuspcn, in Suabia, on the 22d of April, 1745. It 
lasted with France and Spain together, from 1741 t<> 1748^ and 
1 F 4 



100 BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, &c. &c. 

was terminated by peace made at Aix-la-Chapelle, on the 18th of 
October, 1748. Lastly, it was again carried on with Prussia, (for 
the second time), from 1744 to 1745, and was terminated by peace 
concluded at Dresden, on the 25th of December, 1745. 

14. The seven years war, or third war with Prussia, from 1756 to 
1763, terminated by the peace of Hubertsbourg, in Saxony, on the 
15th ot February, 1763. 

15. Fourth war with Prussia, respecting the Bavarian succession, 
from 1778 to 1779, terminated by the peace of Teschen, in Upper 
Silesia, on the 13th of May, 1779. 

16. Different wars with the states-general of Holland, from 1784 to 
1785, respecting the opening of the Scheldt, terminated by the 
treaty of Fontainbleau, on the 8th of November, 1785. 

17. Sixth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1788 until the armistice 
of 1790, stipulated by the congress at Rerchenbach, in Silesia, and 
termmated by peace made at Szistors, on the 4th of August, 1791. 

18. War with France, fx'om 1792 to 1797, terminated by peace at 
Leoben, in Upper Syria, on the 17th of April, 1797. 

19. War with France, March, 1799, terminated by the peace of Lune- 
ville, February 9, 1801. 

20. War with France, 1809. 

The following is a list of the Wars le- 
tween England and Finance, with the 
terms of their duration, since the one, 
which commenced in 1116, and continu- 
ed two years : 

1116, lasted twenty-five years; 1141, one year ; 1201, fifteen; 1224, 
nineteen; 1294, five; 1339, twenty-one; 1368, fifty-two; 1422, 
forty-nine ; 1492, one month ; 1512, two years ; 1521, six : 1549, 
one; 1557, two; 1562, two; 1627, two ; 1666, one; 1689, ten; 
1702, eleven ; 1744, four ; 1756, seven ; 1778, five ; and 1793, which 
terminated March 27, 1802. 

Warsaw sun*endered to the Prussians, 1794. 

Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of, defeated at the battle of Bamet, 

April 14, 1441, and slain. 
Warwick-abbey destroyed by the Danes, 1016. 
West Florida surrendered to Spain, May, 1780. 
Wight, isle of, taken by the French, July 13, 1377. 
Worms was taken by the French, October 15, 1794. 
Wurtsburg surrendered to the French after five weeks siege, January 

10, 1801. 
Wyoming, Penn. inhabitants butchered by the British and Indians, 

July 1, 1778. 
York city burnt by the Danes, 1069 ; again, 1J79. 
York-town, Virg. capitulated, October 19, 1782. 
Ypres surrendered to the French, under Moreau, June 17, 1794 ; 

with 6000 men and 100 cannon, &c, 
Zurich Avas abandoned by the FreucL, June 20, 1799. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, Sec 



Post-Offices ill the United States, 

With the counties and States in which they 
are situated ; names of Post-masters^ and 
distancefrom Washington. Corrected to 
the Wi of May, 1811. 

Office at Aaronsbiu-g, Centre county, Penn. Jas. Duncan, 202 miles. 
Abbeville, C. H. Abbe%'ille, S. C' IMoses Taggart, 565. 
Abbottstown, Adams, Penn. Josepli Gardner, 87. 
Abingdon, Washington, Virg. John M'Corraick. 402. 
Abington, Plymouth, Mass. Nathaniel Howe, 443. 
Absecombe, Gloucester, N. J. Joseph Sharp, 208. 
Accomac C. H. or 

Drummondtown, Accomac, Virg% Elijah Beauchamp, 213. 
Ackworth, Cheshire, N. H. Samuel Slader, 460. 
Acquaseo, Prince George, Maryland, Rinaldo Johnson, 38. 
Acton, Middlesex, Mass. David Perkam, 445. 
Adair c. h. Adair, Ken. John Field, 704. 
Adams, Jefferson, N. Y. David Perry, 510. 
Adams, Berkshire, Mass. Ambrose Kasson, 426. 
Addison, Addison, Vermont, Gideon Seeger, jun. 484'. 
Adelplii, Ross, Ohio, George Will, 367. 
Aiiisworth, N. H. 

Albany, Albany, N. Y. George W. Mancius, 3S9. 
Alexander's, York, S. C. 

Alexandria, Huntingdon, Penn. John Walker, 163. 
Alexandria, Alexandria, Columbia D. George Gilpin, 7. 
Alford's store, Hancock, Georgia, Allen Alford, 689. 
Alfred, York, Maine, Jeremiah Goodwin, 526, 
Allemance, Guilfoi-d, N. C. James Dick, 337. 
Allensfresh, Charles, Maryland, James Swan, 43. 
Allentown, Monmouth, N. J. James B. Stafford, 176. 
Allentown, Northampton, Penn. Jacob Mai-tin, 186. 
Allison's stoi-e, Warren, Georgia, Wm. B. Allison, 642. 
Amboy, Middlesex, N. J. Simeon Drake, 208. 
Amelia c. h. Amelia, Virg. William Anderson, 184. 
Amenia, Duchess, N. Y. Abiah Palmer, 325. 
Amherst, Hillsboro', N. H. Eli Brown, 472. 
Amherst, Hampshire, Mass. Rufus Kellog, 388. 
Amherst c. h. Amherst, Virg. Arthur B. Davis, 199. 
Amhei'st springs, Amherst, Virg. Hugh Campbell, 210. 
Amissville, Culpepper, Virg. Thomas Amiss, 90. 
Amity, Washington, Penn. Thomas Brice, 275, 
Amsterdam, Montgomery, N. Y. James Downs, 400. 
Andover, Hillsboro', N. H. West Bonnej', 511. 
Andover, Essex, Mass. Isaac Abbot, 456. 
Angelica, Steuben, N. Y. John Mullender, 371. 
Annapolis, Ann Arundel, Maryland, John Munroe, 40. ., 

Annsville, Dinwiddie, Virg. John Atkinson, 181. 



102 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

Office at Anson, Somerset county, Maine, James Collins, 660 miles; 
Anville, Dauphin, Penn. Henry Bowman, 145. 
Aquia, Stafford, Virg. Withers Waller, 42. 
Argyle, Washington, N. Y. Joseph Rouse, 415. 
Ark port, Steuben, N. Y. Christopher Hurlbut, 36T. 
Arlington, Bennington, Vermont, Norman Hinsdill, 420. 
Armagh, Indiana, Penn. William Parker, 226. 
Arnold's Pendleton, Ken. Thomas Wilson, 551. 
Arnold's Old Place, Fauquier, Virg. Thomas Barber, 56. 
Asbury, Sussex, N. J. Henry Hankinson, 210. 
Ashburnham, Worcester, Mass. Joseph Jewett, 460. 
Ashe c. h. see Jeffersonton. 
Ashe's store, see Oak Hill. 
Ashford, Windham, Conn. David Bolles, 362. 
Ashford's store, Fairfield, S. C. Michael Ashford, 516. 
Ashtabula, Ashtabula, Ohio, Gideon Leet, 398. 
Ashville, Buncombe, N. C. George Swain, 509. 
Assonet, Bristol, Mass. Stephen B. Pickens, 404. 
Asylum, Luzerne, Penn. Joseph M. Piollet, 311. 
Atakapas c. h. Atakapas, Orleans Ter. Joseph Parrot, 1364. 
Athens, or Loonenberg, Greene, N. Y. Castle Seeley, 344. 
Athens, Athens, Ohio, Eliphaz Perkins, 352. 
Athens, Luzerne, Penn. David Pame, 334. 
Athens, Clark, Georgia, Addin Lewis, 676. 
Athol, Worcester, Mass. Joseph Pi-octor, 451. 
Atkinson, Rockingham, N. H. James Dow, 472. 
Atsion, Burlington, N. J. Jolin Gregory, 164. 
Attleborough, Plymouth, Mass. Isi-ael Hatch, 399. 
Attleborough, Bucks, Penn. Robert Croasdale, 162. 
Averysboro', Cumberland, N. C. Gerard Banks, 324. 
Avei-ysville, Columbia, Geo. John Avery, jun. 609. 
Avon, or Hartford, Ontario, N. Y. Alger'n. S. Hosmer, 406. 
Augusta, Kennebeck, Maine, Nathan Weston, jun. 600. 
Augusta, Bracken, Ken. Johnston Armstrong, 514. 
Augusta, Richmond, Georgia, James Fraser, 587. 
Aurelius, Cayuga, N. Y. Enos T. Throop, 422. 
Aurora, Cayuga, N. Y. Walter Wood, 420. 
Aurora, Portage, Ohio, Ebenezer Sheldon. 
Austinburg, Ashtabula, Ohio, Eliphalet Austin, 391. 
Austinville, Wythe, Virg. James Saunders, 358. 
Aylet's, I^ng William, Virg. Benjamin Pollard, 102. 
Bainbiidge, Ross, Ohio, Elisha Killy, 432. 
Bairdstown, Nelson, Ken. Peter W. Grayson, 631. 
Bakersfield, Franklin, Vermont, John Maynarti, 2d. 557. 
Balize, Plaquemine, Orleans Ter. William Allen, 1350. 
Baldwin, Cumberland, Maine, Richard Fitch, 569. 
Eallston, Saratoga, N. Y. Joseph Taylor, 401. 
Ballston springs, Saratoga, N. Y. Joel Lee, 405. 
Balltown, see Whitfield. 

Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, Charles Bun-all, 39. 
Bangor, Hancock, Maine, Wm. D. Williamson, 698. 
Barbeiy, Roan, N. C. Elias Barber, 425. 
Barber's, Fauquier, Virg. John W. Barber, 60. 
Earbourville, Knox, Ken. John Logan, 562. 
Barefields, Liberty, S. C. John Newsom,409. 



LIST OP rOST-OFFICES, 5cc. 103 

Office at Barnard, Windsor county, Vert. Solomon Akens, 474 mile's. 
Barnet, Cakdouia, Vermont, David Goodwillie, 545. 
Barnett's town. Nelson, Virg. Nathaniel Barnett, 170. 
Barnstable, Barnstable, Mass. Richard Bourne, 482. 
Bam tavern, Southampton, Virg. Richai-d H. Simonds, 17&. 
Barnwell c. h. Barnwell, S. C. Edmond Brown, 578. 
Barre, Orange, Vermont, Chapin Keith, 537. 
Barre, Worcester, Mass. Marsh. S. Bigelow, 428. 
Barrington, Straffoi-d, N. H. Samui^l Cutts, 506. 
Barrington, Bristol, R. I. Josiah Kinnicutt, 400. 
Barton, Orleans, Vermont, Asa Kimball, 566. 
Baskenridge, Somerset, N. J. John Hill, 20". 
Bason harbour, Addison, Vermont, Jacob Rogers, 498. 
Batavia, or Genesee c. h. Genesee, N. Y. Ebenezer Car}', 437. 
Bath, Lincoln, Maine, David Sthison, 580. 
Bath, Gi-alton, N. H. John Haddock, 531. 
Bath, Steuben, N. Y. George M'Clure, 341 . 
Bath c. h. or Warm springs, Bath, Virg. Geo. Francisco, 215. 
Batli, Beaufort, N. C. Thomas Anderson, 350. 
Battletown, Frederick, Virg. Bushx-od Taylor, 85. 
Bean's station. Granger, Tenn. Etheldred Williams, 494. 
Beatie's ford, Lincoln, N C. Henry Conner, 453. 
Beaver dam, Deleware, N. Y. Ihomas Montgomery. 
Beaver's dam, Queen Anns, Maryland, 02. 
Beavertown, Beaver, Penn. James Alexandex-, 283. 
Beaufort, Carteret, N. C. Brian Hellen, 4)5. 
Beauroi-t, Beaulort, S. C. Daniel Parker, 622. 
Bedford, West Chester, N. Y. Aaron Reed, 265. 
Bed'brd, Bedford. Penn. William Proctor, jun. 150. 
Bell-Air, Harford, Maryland, JohnReardon, 7^. 
Belehertown, Hampshire, Mass. Henry Mellen, 396. 
Bel fust, Hancock, Maine, Thomas Whittier, 660. 
Belfast, Lawrence, S. C. John Sampson, 569. 
Belford, or Sill's store, Nash, N. C. David Sills, 255. 
Bellefont, Centre, Pe.m. Robert T. Stewart, i98. 
Belleville, Mifflin, Penn. John Reed, 179. 
Bellows falls, Windham, Vermont. Jabez Hills, 444. 
Belpre, Washington, Ohio, William Browning, 325. 
Belvidere, Sussex, N. J. John Kinney, jun. 205. 
Benedict, Charles, Maryland, James F, Sothoron, 47. 
Bennington, Bennington, Vermont, Orsamus C. Merrill, 400. 
Benson, Rutland, Vermont, Heman Wadhams, 457. 
Bent Creek, Buckingham, Virg. Wm. J. Freeland, 233. 
Berkley, Plymouth, Mass. 420. 

Berkley springs, Berkley, Virg. Alpheus Gnstin, 109. 
Berkshire, Fi'anklin, Vermont, Josiah Wheeler, 571. 
Berkshire, Delaware, Ohio, Tlxomas Brown, 465 
Berlin, Hartford, Conn. George Hubbard, jun. 315. 
Bei-lin, Adams, Penn. Peter Fahnestock, jun. 90. 
Berlin, Somerset, Penn. John Crawford, .93. 
Berlin, Frederick, Maryland, Theodore Beall, 56. 
Berry's lick, Logan, Ken. Richard B. Dallam, 787. 
Berwick, York, JNlaine, Micajah Cun-ier, 506. 
Berwick, Luzerne, Penn. William Bryan, 228» 
Bethania, Stokes. N, C. Ctoistian Last, 387. 



io4 I-IST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

OSice at Bethel, Sullivan county, N, Y. William Brown, — miles. 

Bethlehem, Northampton, Penn, G. Huber, 187. 

Bethlehem, see Otis. 

Bethlehem, Litchfield, Conn. Joseph Brooks, 327. 

Bethlehem ^, roads, Southampton, Virg. Spratley Williams, 234i 

Bettsburg, Chenango, N. Y. Peter Betts, 416. 

Beverly, see Randolph c. h. 

Beverly, Essex, Mass. Farnham Plummer, 439. 

Bibb's store, Louisa, Virg. Henry Bibb, 113. 

Biekley's store, Abbeville, S. C. Joseph Bicliley, 577. 

Biddefoi'd, see Saco. 

Big flat, I'ioga, N. Y. Robert Miller, 329. 

Big lick, Botetourt, Virg. James Eckhols, 265. 

Billerica, Middlesex, Mass. Jonathan Bowers, 442. 

Billuij's, Dinwiddie, Virg. 198. 

Blackburn spiings, Jackson, Tenn. Benjamin Blackburn, 664. 

Black horse, Burlington, N. J. John Aaronson, 171. 

Blackstocks, Chester, S. C. William M'Donald, 508. 

Black swamp, St. Peter's, S. C. William H. Lawton, 629. 

Bladensburg, Prince George, Maryland, William Ross, 5. 

Blandford, Hampshire, Mass. Amos M. Collins, 372. 

Bledsoe c. h. Bledsoe, Tenn. Samuel Teny, 649. 

Blenheim, Schoharie, N. Y. Nathan P. Tvler, 382. 

Bloomfield, Ontario, N. Y. EHsha Beach, 463. 

Bloomingsburg, Sullivan, N. Y. Major Bailey, 470. 

Bloorasburg, Northumberland, Penn. John Park, 216. 

Bioomville, Ontario, N. Y. Ezra Waite, 408. 

Blountsville, or Sullivan c. h. Sullivan, Tenn. Jas. Rhea, 426. 

Bluehill, Hancock, Maine, Andrew Witham, 713. 

Boardman, Trumbull, Ohio, Samuel Clark, 316. 

Boat rim, Clermont, Ohio, Ebenezer Newton, 530. 

Boat yard, or Rossville, Sullivan, Tenn. John Lynn, 445. 

Bolton, Worcester, Mass. Amos Parker, 454. 

Boone e. h. Boone, Ken. John Love, 547. 

Booneville, Oneida, N. Y. Peter Schuyler, 492. 
Boonsboro', Washington, Maryland, Henry Locker, jun. 61. 
Booth bay, Lincoln, Maine, Daniel Rose, 602. 
Bordentown, Bui-lington, N. J. Thomas Lawrence, 172. 
Boscawen, Hillsboro', N. H. Timothy Dix, 513. 
Boston, Suffolk, Mass. Aaron Hill, 424. 
Boundbrook, Somerset, N. J. Joseph Mollison, 198. 
Bonrbonton, or Paris, Bourbon, Ken. William Patton, 537. 
Bowdoin, Lincoln, Maine, Moses Stairbird, 530. 
Bowdoinham, Lincoln, Maine, Syms Gardner, 578. 
Bowling Green, Caroline, Virg. John Hoomes, 70. 
Bowling Green, Wai-ren, Ken. David H. Robinson, 748. 
Bowyer's Sulphur springs, Greenbrier, Virg. H. Bowyer, 297. 
Boyd's, Newbury, S. C. Archibald Boyd, 520. 
Boyle, Ontario N. Y. Samuel Felt. 
Erackenbridge c h. see Hardenbyrg. 
Bradford, Orange, Vermont, David Hartwell, 513. 
Bradford, Essex, Mass. Williajn Greenough, 457. 
Braintrem, Luzerne, Penn. Daniel Sterling, 293. 
Brandon, Rutland, Vermont, Walter Sessions, 474. 
Branford, New Haven, Conn. Jonathan Barker, 304. 



X.IST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 105 

Office at Brattleboro', Windham county, Ver. Asa Green, 420 miles. 
Brewster, Barnstable, Mass. Edward Obrien, 497. 
Brick Meeting House, Cecil, Maryland, Ellis Chandler, 101. 
Bridge Branch, Sussex, Del. John Wilson, 135. 
Bridgehampton, Suffolk, N. Y. Samuel H. Rose, 330. 
Bridgeport, Fairfield, Conn. Jesse Sterling, 285. 
Bridgeton, Cumberland, Maine, Samuel Andrews, 585. 
Bridgetown, Cumberland, N. J. Abijah Harris, 176. 
Bridgetown, Kent, Maryland, William Gilbert, 92. 
Eridgewater, Plymouth, Mass. John M. Goodwin, 449. 
Bridge water, Oneida, N. Y. Daniel Rindge, 453. 
Eridgewater, Luzeme, Penn. Isaac Post, 299. 
Bridport, Addison, Vermont, Benjamin Hartt, 489. 
Brimfield, Hampshire, Mass. Stephen Pynchon, 365. 
Bristol, Lincoln, Maine, Aaron Blaney, jun. 612. 
Bristol, Addison, Vermont, Isaac Caldwell, 507. 
Bristol, Bristol, R. I. David A. Leonard, 408o 

i-istol, see Uroome. 
Bristol, Bucks, Penn. John Priestley, 155. 
Broadalbin, Montgomery, N. Y. Nicholas R. Van Rankin, 410. 
Broadfield, Westmoreland, Virg. Townshend S. Dade, 90. 
Broaddus's mills, Caroline, Virg. Mordecai Broaddus, 95. 
Broadkill, see Milton. 
Bronson, Huron, Ohio, 481. 
Brook c. h. Brook, Virg. John Fling, 303. 
Brookfield, Worcester, Mass. Cheney Reid, 406. 
Brookfield, Fairfield, Conn. Robert B. Ruggles, 293. 
Brookfield, Madison, N. Y. Joseph H. Dwight, 450, 
Brookfield, Essex, N. Y. Peter Donew, 520. 
Brookfield, Trumbull, Ohio, 342. 
Brookhaven, Suffolk, N. Y. Jehiel Woodruff, 301. 
BrookljTi, Windham, Conn. Adams White, jun. 378. 
Brookljm, King's, N. Y. Joel Hunce, 233. 
Brookville, Montgomerj% Mai7land, Caleb Bentley, 20. 
Broome, or Bristol, Schoharie, N. Y. Elijah Hawley, 371. 
Brownfield, York, Maine, Joseph Howard, 580. 
Brownington, Orleans, Vermont, Jasper Robinson, 575. 
Bx-ownsburg, Rockbridge, Virg. Andrew Finley, 196. 
Brownsburg, Columbia, Geo. William Booker, 612. 
Brown's X Roads, Ross, Ohio, John Brown, 444. 
Brown's store, Franklin, Virg. Amnion Hancock, 255. 
Brown's store, Caswell, N. C. John H. Brown, 279. 
Brownsville, Fayette, Penn. Jacob Bowman, 239. 
Brownville, Jefferson, N. Y. Benjamin Skinner, 552. 
Brownsville, Gi-anville, N. C. Thomas Brown, 270. 
Brunswick, Cumberland, Maine, Jothara Stone, 569. 
Brunswick, Glynn, Geo. Isaac Abrahams, 752. 
Bryan, c. h. Bryan, Geo. Benjamin Burton, 674. ' 

Brjant's X Roads, Northampton, N. C. Solomon Smith, 250. 
Brydie's store, Lunenburg, Virg. Charles Brydie, 217. 
Buckfiield, Cumberland, Maine, Mark Andrews, 569. 
Euckhanan, Harrison, Virg. John Jackson, 239. 
Buckingham, Bucks, Penn. Cornelius Vanhorn, 165. 
Buckingham, c. h. Buckingham, Virg. Robert Shaw, 213. 
Buckland, Prince William, Virg. William Brooks, 44. 



106 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &e. 

©ffice at Buckstown, Hancock county, Maine, J. Benson, 680 mile5> 
BuiFaloe, Niagara, N. Y. Erastus Granger, 471. 
Buford Bridge, Barnwell, S, C. Matthew Moye, 592. 
Burgettstown, Washington, Penn. Thomas Miller, 251. 
Burlington, Chittenden, Vermont, Cor. P. "Van Ness, 524. 
Burlington, Hai'tford, Conn. Wait Lowrey, 332. 
Burlington, Ostego, N. Y. Eliphaz Alexander, 445. 
Burlington, Burlington, N. J. Stephen C. Ustick, 156. 
Burrtown, Rutherford, N. C. Thomas Allison, 487. 
Burrville, see Clinton. 

Bursontown, Bucks, Penn. William Burson, 179. 
Burton, Geauga, Ohio, Peter Hitchcock, 400. 
Burtonsville, Orange, Virg. Benjamin Bmton, 110. 
Butler, Butler, Penn. John Potts, 285. 
Butternuts, Otsego, N. Y. John C. Morris, 435, 
Buxton, York, Maine, Samuel Cutts, 555. 
Caban-as, c. h. see Concord. 
Cabellsburg, 

or New Glasgow, Amherst, Virg. Thomas Aldridge, 215. 
Cabell c. h. Cabell, Virg. Thomas Buifington, 45. 
Cabin Point, Surry, Virg. Thomas Peter, 178. 
Cabot, Caledonia, Vermont, John Deman, 610. 
Cahokia, St. Claii-, Indiana Ter. John Hays, 955. 
Ca Ira, Cumbei-land, Virg. Samuel Lemoine, 187. 
Cairo, or Canton, Greene, N. Y, Daniel Sayre, 349. 
Cairo, Lancaster, S. C. Thomas M'Lure, 470. , 
Calais, or Seodic Falls, Washington, Maine, Stephen Brewer, 845. 
Caledonia, or South Kingston, 

or Le Roy, Genesee, N. Y. James Ganson, 418. 
Callaghans, Bath, Virg. Dennis O'Callaghan, 239o 
Calland's store, see Pittsylvania old c. h. 
Cambray, St. Lawrence, N. Y. Richard Townsend, 480. 
Cambridge, Franklin, Vermont, Isaac Warren, jun. 559. 
Cambridge, Middlesex, Mass. Ebenezer Stedman, 477. 
Cambridge, Washington, N. Y. Paul Dennis, 403. 
Cambridge, Dorchester, Maryland, Edward White, 91. 
Cambridge, Abbeville, S. C. John M'Kellar, 585. 
Cambridge, Muskingum, Ohio, Cyrus P. Beatty, 364. 
Camden, Lincoln, Maine, Benjamin Cushlng, 640. 
Camden, Oneida, N. Y. Timothy W. Wood, 526. 
Camden, Kent, Del. Thomas Wainwright, 160. 
Camden. Kershaw, S. C. William Langley, 471. 
Camillus, Onondaga, N. Y. Truman Adams, 454. 
Campbell c, h. Campbell, Virg. Thomas Reid, 228. 
Campbell c. h. see New Port. 
Campbell's Mill, Abbeville, S. C.James Cobb, 573. 
Campbell's Station, Knox, Tenn. David Campbell, 567. 
Campbell Town, Steuben, N. Y. Robert Campbell, 330. 
Campbell Town, Edgefield, S. C. James Levingston, 585. 
Camps^^lle, Spartenburg, S. C. James Camp. 
Canaan, Essex, Vermont, Benjamin Ingham, 620. 
Canaan, Litchfield, Conn. William Douglass, 341. 
Canadaway, Niagara, N. Y. Orsamus Hohnes, 459. 
Canajoharie, Montgomery, N. Y. Martin RueiF, 457. 
Canandaigua, Ontario, N. Y. Oliver L. Phelps, 395. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 107 

Office at Canfield, Trumbull county, Ohio, H. Canfield, 321 miles. 
Canisteo, Steuben, N. Y. George Horuell, 362. 
Canonsbuvg, Washington, Penn. John Roberts, 268. 
Canterbury, Windham, Conn. Gad Buckly, 371. 
Canterbury, Orange, N. Y. Nathaniel Barton, 240. 
Canton, Norfolk, Mass. Silas Kinsley, 439. 
Canton, see Cairo, 
Canton, or 

West Simsbuiy, Hartford, Cotin. Jared Mills, jun. 344. 
Canton, St. Lawrence, N. Y. Daniel Campbell, 598. 
Canton, Stark, Ohio, Samuel Coulter, 370. 
Cantwell's Bridge, New Castle, Del. John Moody, 141. 
Cape Girardeau, Cape Girardeau, L. Ter. J. M'Ferran, 952.^ 
Cape Island, Cape May, N. J Ellis Hughes, 229. 
Cape May c. h. Cape May, N. J. Nathaniel Holmes, 216. 
Carl in Settlement, Atakapas, O. Ter. Robert H. Nicholls, 1370. 
Carlisle, Schoharie, N. Y. Philip I. Cromwell, 400. 
Carlisle, Cumbei-land, Penn. Robert Laniberton, 117. 
Gamesville, or 

Franklin c. h. Franklin, Georgia, Macksfield H. Payne, 701, 
Carter c. h. see Elizabeth Town. 
Cartei-sville, Cumberland, Vii-g. John G. Daniel, 173. 
Carthage, or 

Moore c. h. Moore, N. C. Daniel Feagin, 386. 
Carthage, Smith, Tenn. Thomas M'Nutt, 690. 
Carver, Plymouth, Mass. John Shaw, 440. 
Casey c. h. Casey, Ken. 663. 
Castine, Hancock, Maine, Benjamin Hook, 697. 
Castleton, Rutland, Vermont, Samuel Moulton, 452. 
Caswell c. h. Caswell, N. C. Thomas Graves, 300. 
Catahola, Rapide, Orleans Ter. John Henrj', 1283. 
Catawissee, Northumberland, Penn. John Clark, 213. 
Catharines Town, Tioga, N. Y. George Mills, jun. 355. 
Catlettsburg, Greenup, Ken. Horatio Catlett, 463. 
Catskill, Greene, N. Y. Thomas O. H. Croswel, 339. 
Caughnewaga, Montgomery, N. Y. Thomas Edwards, 412. 
Cavendish, Windsor, Vermont, James Stiles, 466. 
Cayuga, Cayuga, N. Y.Hugh Buckley, 415. 
Cazenovia, Madison, N. Y. J. N. M. Hurd, 494. 
Cedarville, Cumberland, N. J. Amos Westcott, 484. 
Centre Furnace, Centre, Penn. Samuel Miles, 188. 
Centre Harbour, Stafford, N. H. Benning Moulton, 567. 
Centreville, Queen Ann's, Maryland, William Hindman, jun. 92, 
Centreville, Fairfax, Virg. John Hening, 25. 
Centreville, Pendleton, S. C. John M'Mullin, 573. 
Centreville, Livingston, Ken. Ayres Stewart, 805. 
Chalk Level, Pittsylvania, Virg. Samuel Stone, 330; 
Chambersburg, Franklin, Penn. John Brown, 93. 
Champion, Jefferson, N. Y. Stephen Hubbard, 536. 
Champlain, Clinton, N. Y. Samuel Hicks, 591. 
Chandlersville, see Jonesborough. 
Chappel Hill, Orange, N. C. Edward Robeson, 31». 
Chaptico, St. Mary's, Maryland, Josiah Turner, 53, 
Chardon, Geauga, Ohio, 369. 
Charlemeut, Hampshire, Mass. Samuel K^thboAe, 415'. 



108 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

Office at Charlesburg', Montgomery, ]Md. John Chandler, 25 miles. 
Charles City c. h. Charles City, Virg. William Singleton, 155. 
Charleston, Cheshire, N. H. F. A. Summei-s, 452. 
Charleston, Montgomery, N. Y. James Lewis, 410. 
Charleston, see Lima. 

Charlestown, Chestei-, Penn. Samuel Lane, 150. 
Charleston, or 

Round Bottom Mills, Hamilton, Ohio, John Smith, 523. 
Charleston, Jefferson, Virg. John kumphrey, 72. 
Charleston, Charleston, S. C. Thomas W. Bacot, 536. 
Charlotte, Chittenden, Vermont, Hezekiah Barnes, 529. 
Charlotte, Mecklenburg, N. C. James Robb, 450. 
Charlotte, Dickson, Tenn, John Read, 749. 
Charlotte c. h. Charlotte, Virg. John Morton, jun. 230. 
Charlotte Hall, St. Mary's, Maryland, Dennis Donlevy, 55. 
Charlottesville, Albemarle, Virg. John Winn, jun. 138. 
Charlton, Worcester, Mass. William P. Reder, 379. 
Charlton, Saratoga, N. Y. Chauncey Belding, 426. 
Chataughque, Niagara, N. Y. James M'Mahan, 420. 
Chateaugay, Clinton, N. Y. James Ormsbee, 563. 
Chatham, Barnstable, Mass. Ezra Crowell, 507. 
Chatham, Morris, N. J. Samuel Crane, 220. 
Chatham, Chester, Penn. James Monagan, 124. 
Chaham, Chesterfield, S. C. James Colt, 427. 
Chatham c. h. or 

Pittsboro', Chatham, N. C. Joseph Harman, 328. 
Chaumont, Jefferson, N. Y. James Shields, 508. 
Chazy, Clinton, N. Y. Nathan Carver, 552. 
Cheeks X Roads, Hawkins, Tenn. David Wendel, 502*. 
Chelmsford, Middlesex, Mass. Joel Adams, 448. 
Chelsea, Orange, Vermont, John Stearns, 572; 
Chelsea Landing, New London, Con. John De Witt, 355. 
Chemung, Tioga, N. Y. Elijah Buck, 342. 
Chemango Point, Bi-oome, N. Y. Jacob M'Kinney, 378, 
Chepacket, Providence, R. I. Amherst Kimball, 422. 
Cheraw c. h. Darlington, S. C. John F. Wilson, 420. 
Cheri-yvalley, Otsego, N. Y. John Walton, 422. 
Cheshire, Bershire, Mass. John Leland, jun. 395. 
Cheshire, New Haven, Con. Amasa Hitchcock, 311. 
Chesnut's Ferry, Fairfield, S. C. 490. 
Chester, Rockhigham, N. H, Daniel French, 482. 
Chester, Windsor, Vermont, Thomas Robinson, 457. 
Chester, Hampshire, Mass. Harvey Bodortha, 368. 
Chester, Middlesex, Con. Bani Denison, 338. 
Chester, Orange, N. Y. Anthony Yelvei'ton, 291. 
Chester, Washington, N. Y. Gabriel E. Fox, 447, 
Chester, Morris, N. J. John D. Gardiner, 250. 
Chester, Delaware, Penn. Aaron Coboum, 121. 
Chester c, h. Chester, S. C. George Kennedy, 498. 
Chesterfield, Cheshire, N. H. Ebenezer Harvey, jun. 431. 
Chesterfield, Essex, N. Y. Alvah Bosworth, 547. 
Chesterfield, Clinton, N. Y. Joseph St. Clair, 523. 
Chesterfield, c. h. Chestei-field, Virg. Valen. Winfiree, jun. 14S. 
Chestertown, Kent, Maryland, Isaac Cannell, jun. 77. 
ChesterviUe, Kennebeck, Blaine, Joshua B. Lowell, 693. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 1 

Office at Chickesaw Nation, 

or M'Litoshville, Mssvssippi Ter. James Neelly, 976 miles. 
Chilesburg,, Caroline, Virg. Fleming Chiles, 82. 
Chiles', S. C. John Chiles, 595, 
Chilicothe, Ross, Ohio, Joseph Tiffin, 412. 
China Grove, Georgetown, S, C. Matthew Allen, 557. 
Choctaw Agency, Mississippi Ter. Silas Dinsnioor, 1124, 
Christiana, New Castle, Del. George Pratt, 99. 
Christian c. h. 

or Hopkinsville, Christian, Ken. Thomas Alsbury, 816. 
Christiansville, Mecklenburg, V'irg. Signal Abenathy, 243. 
Church Hill, Queen Ann's, Maryland, Richard Rochester, 83. 
Church Hill, or Shackleford's store, Spartanburg, S. C. 544. 
Churchtown, Lancaster, Penn. Edward Davis, 129. 
fincinnatus, Courtland, N. Y. James Tanner, 437. 
Cincinnati, Hamilton, Ohio, William Ruffin, 509. 
Cinthiania, Harrison, Ken. James Finley, 570. 
city Point, Pi-ince George, Virg. John H. Peterson, 169. 
Claremont, Cheshire, N. H. Josiah Stevens, 456. 
clarence, or Willink, Niagara, N. Y. Asa Ransom, 455. 
Clarksburg, Montgomery, Maryland, William Wilson, 29. 
Clarksburg, Harrison, Virg Joseph Newille, 236. 
Clarksboro', Jackson, Georgia, Samuel Gardiner, 695. 
Clark's Ferry, Cumberland, Penn. Robert Clark, 149. 
Clark's Store, Bertie, N. C. Kenneth Clark, 303. 
Clarkston, Rockland, N. Y. 

Ciarksville, Montgomery, Tenn. James Elder, 801. 
Clay c. h. Clay, Ken. 664. 

ciaytonsville, Buncomb, N. C. Lambert Clayton, 534. 
Cleaveland, Cuyahoga, Ohio, John Walworth, 443. 
clement Town, Amelia, Virg. Thomas Mumford, ISP. 
Clemmon's Bridge, Rowan, N. C. Peter Clemmons, 408., 
Clermont, Columbia, N. Y. William Wilson, 334. 
Clifford, Luzerne, Peiui. John Kent, 290. 
Clinton, Oneida, N. Y. William Hotchkjss, 340. 
Clinton, Kiiox, Ohio, Richard Fishback, 458. 
Clinton, see Jones c. h. 

Clinton, or Burrville, Anderson, Tenn. Arthur Crozier, 562. 
Clinton Hill, Illinois Ter. John Messinger, 940. 
Clough Mills, Laurens, S. C. Jam.es Mills, 540. 
Clover Dale, Botetourt, Virg. William Gordon, 258. 
Clover Garden, Chatham, N. C. Richard Fi-eeman, ;il9. 
Coatesville, Chester, Penn. Moses Coates, 144. 
Cochransville, Chester, Penn. Samuel Cochran, 131. 
Cockbum, Grafton, N. H. James Dewey, 600. 
Coeyemans, Albany, N. Y. William M'Carty, 358, 
Cohasset, Norfolk, Mass. Joel Willcutt, 448. 
Coheeton, Sullivan, N. Y. Ebenezer Taylor, 380. 
Colchestei-, New London, Conn. Benjamin R. Bulkley, 3S4, 
Colchester, Fairfax, Virg. Peter Wagner, 26. 
Cold Spiing, Cape May, N. J. Aaron Eldridge, 226. 
Colebrook, Grafton, N. H. James Hughs, 610. 
Colebrook, Litchfield, Conn. Selah Treat, 364. 
Colerain, Bertie, N. C, Josiah Holley, 268. 
Colesville, Broome, N, y. Nathaniel Cole* 4t',2. 
G 



110 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

OiBce at Colesville, Chesterfield county, Virg. John Cole, 157 miles. 
Collegetown, see Dixmont. 

Columbia, Washington, Maine, Joseph Patton, 772. 
Columbia, St. Lawrence, N. Y. Asa Lord, 625. 
Columbia, Lancaster, Penn. John Mathiot, 100. 
Columbia, Fluvanna, Vii-g. Meriwether Morris, 172. 
Columbia, Hamilton, Ohio, Edward Meeks, 481. 
Colmnbia, Richland, S. C. Samuel Green, 506. 
Columbia, Maury, Tenn. L. Estis. 

Columbia, or Murry c. h. MuiTy, Tenn. Isaac Roberts, 793, 
Columbia c. h. Columbia, Georgia, James Cai7, 605. 
Columbiana, Columbiana, Ohio, John Dixson, 332. 
Columbus, Chenango, N. Y. George Clark, 458. 
Columbus, c. h. Columbus, N. C. James B. White. 
Compton's store, see Nineveh. 

Concord, Rockingham, N. H. David George, jun. 505. 
Concord, Essex, Vermont, Azarias Williams, 600. 
Concord, Middlesex, Mass. John L. Tuttle, 440. 
Concord, Sussex, Del. Michael Stuart, 159. 
Concord, Mifflin, Penn. Edward Doyle, 115. 
Concord, Campbell, Virg. Moses Carson, 188. 
Concord, or Cabaras c. h. Cabaras, N. C. Joseph Young, 436: 
Conemaugh, Cambria, Penn. 249. 
Conneaut, Ashtabula, Ohio, Nehemiah King, 413. 
Connelsville, Faj^ette, Penn. John B. Trevor, 216. 
Conyngham, Luzerne, Penn. Archibald Murray, 290. 
Conway, Strafford, N. H. James Russell, 595. 
Conwayboro', Allsamts, S. C. Joshua S. Norman, 441. 
Coolbaugh's, see Middleboro'. 

Cooper's Feriy, Gloucester, N. J. Richard M. Cooper, 136. 
Cooper's Hill, Robertson, N. C. Malcolm M'Nair. 
Cooperstown, Otsego, N. Y. Laureuce M'Namee, 435. 
Coosawhatchie, Beaufort, S. C. Abraham J. Roberts, 609, 
Cootstown, Berks, Penn. Heniy Heist, 163. 
Corinth, York, Maine, Simeon Pease, 518. 
Corinth, Orange, Vermont, Jacob Brown, 555. 
Cornelius, Barke, Georgia, James B. White, 650. 
Cornish, Cheshire, N. H. Harvey Chase, 461, 
Cornwall Bridge, Litchfield, Conn. William Lewis, 331. 
Cornwall, Litchfield, Conn. Henry Christie, 329. 
Coi-ydon, Hari'ison, Indiana Ter. Spier Spencer, 616. 
Coventry, Tolland, Conn. Silas Hibbai-d, 347. 
Coweta, Georgia, Joseph Marshall, 772. 
Coxsackle, Greene, N. Y. Ralph Barker, 350. 
Crab Orchard, Washington, Virg. John Byars, 369. 
Craftsbury, Orleans, Vermont, Thomas Kingsbury, 550. 
Crag Font, Sumner, Tenn. James Winchester, 712. 
Cranbury, Middlesex, N. J. Nathaniel Hunt, 188. 
Creek Agency, Georgia, Benjamin Hawkins, 992. 
Cresapsburg, Allegany, Maryland, William Bruce, 148. 
Crewsville, Goochland, Virg. Micajah Crew, 115. 
Crooked Creek Bridge, Armstrong, Penn. A. Waddard, 2|1, 
Cross Anchor, Union, S. C. Bmi-el Bobo, 557. 
Crosby, Hamilton, Ohio, Jacob Comstock, 530. 
Cross Keys, Southampton, Virg, Ben. W* Johnson, 225. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. Ill 

Office at Cross Keys, Union county, S. C. Barnham Bobo, 562 miles. 
Crown Point, see Searoon Lake. 

Crugerstown, Frederick, Maryland, Frederick C. Hase, 55. 
Cuckooville, Louisa, Virg. Robert Barret, jun. 128. 
Culpeper c. h. Culpeper, Virg. John C. Williams, 80. 
Cumberland, Allegany, Maryland, Samuel Smith, 154. 
Cumberland, c. h. Cmnberland, Virg. R. Cunningham, jun. 140. 
Cumberland Gap, Claiborne, Tenn. John Dougherty, 531. 
Cumberland c. h. 

or Burksville, Cumberland, Ken. Christopher Brooks, 732. 
Cun-ituck c. h. Currituck, N. C. James Williams, 273. 
Cypress Bridge, Chatham, N. C. Oliver Prince, 340. 
Cypress Creek, see Montgomery c. h. 
Dagsboro', Sussex, Del. George Truitt, 164. 
Dalton, Coos, N. H. Edward Reid, 600. 
Danbury, Faii-field, Conn. Zalmon Wildman, 283. 
Danby, Rutland, Vermont, Elisha Southwick, 442. 
Dancey's store, Northanipton, N. C. Francis Dancey, 214, 
Dandridge, Jefferson, Tenn. Hugh Martin, 524. 
Dan\'ille, Caledonia, Vermont, Ebenezer Eaton, 545. 
Danville, Steuben, N. Y. Jared Irvin, 375. 
Danville, Northumberland, Penn. Daniel Montgomeiy, 204. 
Danville, Pittsylvania, Virg. Joseph Bax-nett, 305. 
Danville, Mercer, Ken. James Birney, 620. 
Darien, M'Intosh, Georgia, James Hamilton, 719. 
Darlington c. h. Darlington, S. C. David Mason, 479. 
Darnes, Montgomery, Maryland, John Chandler, 25. 
Dartmouth, Bristol, Mass. Abraham Tucker, 430. 
Davisburg, Christian. Ken. Joshua Vail, 790. 
Davis', Mecklenburg, Virg. Daniel Daly, 219. 
Davistown, see Montville. 

Dayton, Monigomei-y, Ohio, Benjamin Van Cleve, 579. 
Dedham, Norfolk, Mass. Jeremiah Shuttleworth, 419. 
Deer Creek, Franklui, Ohio, Thamas Gwynne, 440. 
Deerfield, Rockingham, N. H. Benjamin Butler, 500. 
Deerfield, Hampshire, Mass, Epaphras Hoyt, 396. 
Deei-field, Portage, Ohio, Lewis Day, 364. 
Deerlield Street, Cumberland, N. J. Jonathan Moore, 169- 
Dekalb, St. Lawrence, N. Y. Thomas B. Benedict, 574. 
Delaware, Delaware, Ohio, Leonard H. Coles, 450. 
Delhi, Delaware, N. Y. Homer R. Phelps, 371. 
Delmar, Lycoming, Penn. Richard More, 265. 
Denmark, or Harrisbui-g, Lewis, N. Y. W. Seccorabe, 528. 
Denneys^nlle, Washington, Maine, William Kilby, 817. 
Dennis, Barnstable, Mass. Nathan Stone, jun. 490. 
Dennis' creek, Cape May, N. J. Jeremiah Johnson, 206. 
Denton, Caroline, Maryland, Montgomei-y Denny, 101. 
Derby, Orleans, Vermont, William Salisbury, 630. 
Derby, New Haven, Conn. Samuel I. Andrews, 306. 
Derby, Delaware, Penn. Benjamin Pearson, 129. 
Derby (Creek), Madison, Ohio, James Ewing, 460. 
Deru>^er, Madison, N. Y. Hubbard Smith, 480. 
Detroit, Wayne, Michigan Ter. James Abbott, 585. 
Devall's store, Abbeville, S. C. Samuel Devall, 583. 
Dighton, Bristol, Mass. David Andrews, 432. 



112 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

Office at Dighton X Roads, Bristol co. Mass. Silvester Atwood, 435. 
Dingman's FeiTy, Wayne, Penn. Henxy Jackson, 245. 
Dinwiddie c. li. Dinwiddle, Virg. Thomas Fields, 168. 
Dividing Creek, Cumberland, N. J. Asa Douglass, 193. 
Dixhills, Suffolk, N. Y. Moses Blackly, 272. 
Dixmont, 

or Collegetown, Hancock, Maine, Benjamin Butman, 644. 
Dixon's Springs, Smith, Tenn. Tilmon Dixon, 701. 
Dobson's ><j Roads, Stokes, N. C. Thomas Adams., 368. 
Donaldsonton, La Fourche, Orleans Ter. Thomas Randall, 1349. 
Dorchester, Colleton, S. C. Richard Maynard, 556. 
Doi'set, Bennington, Vermont, Zachary Booth, 435. 
Double Bridge, Lunenburg, Virg. Joseph Yarboi-ough, 224. 
Dough ty's Falls, York, Maine, Sylvanus Hatph, 512. 
Douglass, Worcester, Mass. 400. 

Douglass Mills, Cumberland, Penn. DaA'id Moreland, 157. 
Dover, Strafford, N. H. John Wheeler, 500. 
Dover, Dutchess, N. Y. George Casey, 315. 
Dover, Kent, Del. James Schee, 156. 

Dover, or Stuart c. h. Stuart, Tenn. James H, Russell, 827. 
Dovvnington, Chester, Penn. Hunt Dovniing, 141. 
Doylestown, Bucks, Penn. Asher IVIiner, 161. 
Dracut, Middlesex, Mass. Caleb Blanchard, 452. 
Dresden, Lincoln, Maine, John Johnson, 611. 
Drown Meadow, 

or Satucket, Suffolk, N. Y. Zachariah Hawkins, 291. 
Drummondtown, see Accomac c. h. 

Drummondsburg, Brunswick, Virg. John Drummond, 210. 
Di-yden, Cayuga, N. Y, Jon. Stout, 406. 
Duanesburg, Schenectady, N. Y. Ichabod Fuller, 389. 
Dublin, Laurens, Georgia, Jon, Sawyer, 790. 
Duck Creek, see Smyrna, 
Duck Trap, see Lincolnville. 
Dudley, Worcester, Mass. Araasa Nichols, 385. 
Dumfries, Prince William, Virg. Tim. Brundidge, 32. 
Dunkirk, King and Queen, Virg. Benjamin P. Hoomes, 110'. 
Dunlopsville, Roane, Tenn. Hugh Dunlop, 594. 
Dunnsbui-y, Lycoming, Penn. Francis Fargus, 223. 
Dunstable, Hillsboro', N. H. Noah Lovewell, 460. 
Duplm c. h. Duplin, N. C. John Hunter, 402. 
Dupreesville, Northampton, N. C. James Dupree, 245. 
Durham, Strafford, N. H. George Frost, 510. 
Durham, New Haven, Conn. James Robinson, 3 17. 
Durham, or Freehold, Greene, N. Y. Thomas E. Baker, 349. 
Durlock, see Sharon. 

Dutotsburg, Northampton, Penn. Anthony Dutot, 215. 
Duxbury, Plymouth, Mass. Thomas Windsor, 465. 
East Greenwich, Kent, R. I. John G. Mawney, 412. 
East Haddam, Middlesex, Conn. Timothy Green, 362. 
Eastham, Barnstable, Mass. Harding Knowles, 518. 
East Hartford, Hartford, Conn. Lemuel White, 332. 
Ea'.t Hartford five miles, see Orford. 
Easton, Bristol, Mass. Daniel Wheaton, 439. 
Easton, Bristol, Mass, Israel Alger, 441. 
Easton, Washington, N. Y. John Gale, 39S. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 113 

Office at Easton, Northampton countr, Penn. John Knauss, 193 miles. 
Easton, Talbot, Maryland, Thomas P. Smith, 86. 
Eastport, Washington, Maine, Oliver SheacI, 835. 
East Sudbiuy, Middlesex, Mass. Nathaniel Reeves, 412, 
East Windsor, Hartford, Conn. Aaron Bissell, 337. 
Eaton, Madison, N. Y. Charles W. Hull, 447. 
Ebensburg, Cambria, Penn. John Lloyd, 246. 
Eddington, Hancock, Maine, Park Holland, 701. 
Eddy Grove, Caldwell, Ken. Elijah G. Galusha, 850. 
Edd)-\'ille, Livingston, Ken. Matthew Lyon, 838. 
Edenton, Chowan, N. C. Henderson Standin, 288. 
EdgartOAvn, Dukes, Mass. Beniah Norton, 506. 
Edgecombe, Lincoln, Maine, Stephen Parsons, 596. 
Edgefield, c. h. Edgefield, S. C. Jesse Simkins, 563. 
Edgefield, Warren, Ken, Daniel Doughty, 768. 
Edisto, Orange, S. C. John Gordon, 577. 
Edmondsburg, Carolme, Virg. John L. Pendleton, jun. 100. 
Elberton, Elbert, Georgia, William Woods, 677. 
Elim, or Parkersville, Edgefield, S. C. George Parker, 571. 
Elizabeth citv, Pasquotank, N. C. Anthony Butler, 297. 
Elizabeth c. h. Essex, N. Y. Theodoras Ross, 490. 
Elizabeth Town, Essex, N. Y. Benjamin D. Pardy, 495. 
Elizabeth Town, Essex, N. J. James Chapman, 207. 
Elizabeth Town, Lancaster, Penn. Michael Coble, 128. 
Elizabeth Town, see Hagar's Town. 
Elizabeth TowTi, Bladen, N. C. William Richardson, 385. 
Elizabeth Town, 

or Carter c. h. Carter, Tenn. Alfred M. Carter, 440. 
Elizabeth Town, see Harden c. h. 
Elkmarsh, Fauquier, Virg. Lewis Suddoth, 63. 
Elk Run Church, Fauquier, Virg. John Shute, 81. 
Elkton, Cecil, Mai-yland, Joshua Richardson, 89. 
EUicott's, Baltimore, Maryland, Samuel Heston, 41. 
Ellis' Feny, Adams, Mississippi Ter. R. H. Greaton, 1280. 
Ellisville, Cumberland, Penn. Francis Ellis, 156. 
Ellsworth, Hancock, Maine, Theodore Jones, 727. 
Elmira, or Newtown, Tioga, N. Y. Aaron Konkle, 33S. 
Emaus, Northampton, Penn. William Horsfield, 184. 
Emersonville, Indiana Ter. Jesse Emerson. 
Emittsburg, Frederick, Maryland, George Lufft, 66. 
Enfield, Grafton, N. H. Robert Cochran, 501. 
Enfield, Hartford, Conn. William Dixon, 349. 
Enfield, Halifax, N. C. John Branch, 256. 
Englishville, 

or Inglesville, Montgomery, Virg. Andrew Peery, 310, 
Enosburgh, Franklin, Vermont, Solomon Dimick, 563. 
Epping, Rockingham, N. H. William Plumer, jun. 492. 
Epsom, Rockingham, N. H. William Morril, 509. 
Erie, or Presque Isle, Erie, Penn. John Gray, 409. 
Erwinn;^ Bucks, Hugh Erwin, 180. 
Essex, Essex, N. Y. Dean Edson, 508, 
Estill c. h. Estill, Ken. 597. 

Everitt's Bridge, Nansemond, Virg. Talbot Godwin. 240^ 
Evesham, Burlington, N. J. Henry Bennet, 148. 
Euclid, Cayahoga, Ohio, Wm. Coleman, 432. 
G 2 



114 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, See. 

Office at Exeter, Rockingham co. N. H. John W. GUman, 484 milesi 
Fabius, see Truxton. 

Fairfax, Kennebeck, Maine, Nathan Heywood, 626. 
Fairfax, Franklin, Vermont, Hamp. Lovegrove, 534. 
Fau-fax c. h. Fairfax, Virg. John Rataliffe, 15. 
Fairfield, Kennebeck, Maine, William Kendall, 635. 
Fairfield, Franklin, Vermont, Bradley Barlow, 548. 
Fail-field, Faii-field, Conn. David Judson, 281. 
Fairfield, Adams, Penn. Ezra Blythe, 83. 
Fairfield, Herkimer, N. Y. William Smith, 450. 
Fairfield, Rockbridge, Virg. James Scott, 195. 
Fairhaven, Rutland, Vermont, Andrew M'Farland, 447, 
Fairlee, Orange, Vei-mont, Lancelot H. Granger, 507, 
Fairtown, Cumberland, N. J. Thomas Birch, 180. 
Fair Vale, 

or North Granville, Washington, N. Y. John Kirtland, 432. 
Falls of Roanoke, N. C. Batte Peterson, 230. 
Fallstown, Iredele, N. C. William Falls, 420. 
Fally's X Roads, Hampshire, Mass. Jesse Farnham, 370. 
Falmouth, Barnstable, Mass. James Hinkley, 488. 
Falmouth, Stafford, Virg. Thomas Seddon, jun. 56. 
Falmouth, 

or Pendleton c. h. Pendleton, Ken. Joseph Wingate, 548. 
Fannetsburg, Fi-anklin, Penn. James Sweney, 110. 
Farley Mills, King and Queen, Virg. James C. New, 140. 
Farmiugton, Kennebeck, Maine, Timothy Johnson, 637. 
Farmington, Hartford, Conn. Samuel Richards, 327. 
Farmville, Prince Edwai-d, Vu-g. Richard Morton, 203. 
Farnham, Richmond, Virg. Geoi-ge Saunders, 147. 
Fauquier c. h. Fauquier, Virg. Richai-d Baker, 83. 
Fawcettstown, Columbiana, Ohio, William C. Larwill, 334* 
Fayetteville, Lincoln, Tenn. John M'Connell, 703. 
Fayetteville, Cumberland, N. C. Duncan M'Rae, 346. 
Feeding Hills, Hampshire, Mass. Samuel Flower, 354. 
Feestown, Clermont, Ohio, William Fees, 450. 
Filesburg, Jackson, Georgia, David Files, 708. 
Fincastle, Botetourt, Virg. Timothy M. Patterson, 249. 
Fiudlysville, Mecklenburg, N. C. John Findlv, 494. 
Fireplace, Suffolk, N. Y. Robert Ellison, 292' 
Fishkill, Dutchess, N. Y. Joseph I. Jackson, 297. 
Fishkill Landing, Dutchess, N. Y. Peter Folsom, 301. 
Fitchburg, Worcester, Mass. Jacob Willard, 440. 
Fitzpatrick's store, Nelson, Virg. John Fitzpati-ick, 160. 
Fitzwilliam, Cheshire, N. H. James Robeson, 452. 
Fleming c. h. Fleming, Ken. Appleton E. Ballard, 512. 
Flemington, Hunterdon, N. J. George Rea, jun. 182. 
Fletcher, Franklin, Vemiont, 582. 
Flin's Fork, Caldwell, Ken. John Whitnall. 
Floods, Buckingham, Maine, Thomas Trent, 1224. 
Florida, Orange, N. Y. Samuel S. Seward. 264. 
Florida, Montgomery, N. Y. John Delameter, 290. 
Flowertown, 

or White Marsh, Montgomei7, Penn. Nicholas Kline, 157. 
Fork Shoals, 

or Reedy River Shoals, Greenville, S. C. Thomas Terry, 6.0.?. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. US 

©flice at Forks of the 

Muskingum, Muskingum county, Ohio, Wm. Lockard, 422 miles.' 

Fort Adams, see Loftus Heiglits. 

Fort Anne, Washington, N. Y. Isaac Sargent, 429. 

Fort Blount, 

or Williamsburgh, Smith, Tenn. Sampson Williams, 671. 
Fort Edward, Washington, N. Y. John F. Gandall, 417. 
Fort George, Washington, N. Y. Michael Hams, 435. 
Fort Hawkins, see Ocmulgce. 

Fort Massac, Randolph, Illinois Ter. Henry Skinner, 897. 
Fort Miller, Washington, N. Y. Solomon Smith, 407. 
Fort Schlosser, Niagara, N. Y. Augustus Poiter, 493. 
Fort St. Philip, Plaqueraine, Orl. Ter. G, W. Carmichael, 1330. 
Fort Stoddert, Washington, Miss. Ter. Harry Toulmin, 993. 
Fort St. Stephen, Washington, Miss. Ter. G. S. Gaines, 1033. 
Foxboro', Norfolk, Mass. Noah Hobart, 428. 
Fox Chase Tavern, Chester, Penn. Josiah Faukes, 150. 
Framingham, Middlesex, Mass. Jonathan Maynai-d, 408. 
Francistown, Hillsboro', N. H. Robert Nesmith, 435. 
Franconia, Grafton, N. H. John Punchard, 620. 
Frankford, Philadelphia, Penn. Samuel Worrell, 140, 
Frankford, Hampshire, Virg. Silas Price, 147. 
Frankfort, Hancock, Maine, Alexander Millikin, 686. 
Frankfort, Franklin, Ken. Charles Springer, 584. 
Fi-anklin, Delaware, N. Y. Samuel Hutchinson, jun. 423. 
Franklin, Venango, Penn. John Broadfoot, 342. 
Frankliji, Wan-en, Ohio, John N. C. Schenck, 560. 
Franklin, see Pendleton c. h. 
Franklin c. h- see Carnesville- 
Franklin c. h. Franklin, Term. 664. 
Franklinton, Franklin, Ohio, Henry Brown, 458. 
Frayser's Tavern, New Kent, Virg. Thomas Frayser, 147. 
Frederica, Kent, Del. Jonathan Emerson, 129. 
Frederica, St. Simond's I. Georgia, George Abbott, 736. 
Frederick, Knox^ Ohio, Abner Ajtcs. 
Fredericksburg, Spottsylvania, Virg. John Benson, 58. 
Fredericktown, Washington, Penn. Charles Conningham, 261. 
Fredericktown, Frederick, Maryland, William M. Beall, 44. 
Freehold, see Durham. 

Freehold, Monmouth, N. J. Richard Throckmorton, 210. 
Freeport, Cumberland, Maine, Nathan Wesson, 560. 
Freeport, Armstrong, Penn. Jacob Weaver, 253. 
Freetown, Bristol, Mass. Amos Braley, 458. 
Frenchton, Dinwiddle, Virg. William French, 168. 
Frenchtown, Raisin River, Michigan ler. John Anderson. 560. 
Friendship, Ann Ai-undel, Maryland, Henry Childs, 50. 
Froetstown, Lycoming, Penn. Andrew Schooley, 229. 
Front Royal, Frederick, Virg. Peter Seneney, 104. 
Fneburg, Oxford, Maine, Judah Dana, 587. 
Fulling Mills, Kent, R. I. Benjamin Green, 383. 
Gaine's jxj Roads, Culpeper, Virg. John Morrison, 93. 
Galen, Ontario, N. Y. 410. 

Gallatin, Sumner, Tenn. Josephus, H. Conn, 724, 
Gallipolis, Gallia, Ohio, Francis Le Clercg, 448, 
Galway, Saratoga; N. Y. Martin Cook, 410. 
G 3 



116 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

Office at Gandysville, INIonoiigalia county, Virg. S. Gandy, 204 miles. 
Gap, Lancastei-, Pennsylvania, Joseph Gest, jun. 125. 
Gapton, see Wind Gap. 

Gardiner, Kennebeck, Maine, Seth Gay, 601. 
Gai-rattsvlUe, Otsego, New York, William Garratt, 445. 
Gates c. h. Gates, N. C. Charles Townsend, 258. 
Gee's Bridge, Brunswick, Virginia, Charles Hill, 207. 
Genesee c. h. see Batavia. 

Geneseo, Ontario, New Yoi-k, WiUiam H. Spencer, 397. 
Geneva, Ontario, New York, William Tippetts, 401. 
Geneva, see St. Genevieve. 
Genito Bridge, see Jenitoe Bridge. 
Genoa, 

or Salmon Creek, Cayuga, New York, Abijah Miller, jun. 404. 
Georgetown, Lincoln, Maine, Andrew Reed, 580. 
Georgetown, Beaver, Pennsylvania, John Christmas, 284. 
Georgetown, Sussex, Delaware, John Stockley, 151. 
Georgetown, Scotts, Kentucky, George. W. Miller, 589. 
Georgetown, Georgetown, S. C. Jacob Myers, 476. 
Georgetown, Washington, Columbia District, David Wiley, 3. 
Georgetown X Roads, Kent, Maiyland, John Ireland, 92. 
Georgia, Franklin, Vermont, Abel Blair, 544. 
German Flats, Herkimei-, New York, Nicholas B. Aldridge, 452. 
Germania, Orange, Vu-ginia, Charles Urquhart, 82. 
Germanton, Hyde, N. C. 374. 

GermantOAvn, Philadelphia, Penn. Anthony Hergesheimer, 141. 
Germantown, Fauquier, Virginia, Francis Hilleiy, 58. 
Germantown, Stokes, N. C. Jeremiah Gibson, 334. 
Gettysburg, Adams, Pennsylvania, George Welsh, 90. 
Gibson's store, Fauquiei*, Virginia, Bryant Toley, 76. 
Giles c. h. Giles, Vii-ginia, William Chapman, 304. 
Gilmanton, Sti-afFord, N. H. Stephen Moody, 560. 
Glasgow, Barren, Kentucky, Thomas Maj'field, 718. 
Glastenbury, Hartford, Connecticut, Joseph Welles, 336. 
Glenns, Gloucester, Virginia, Benjamin Robinson, 149. 
Glenn's Falls, see Glennville. 
Glenn ville, 

or Glenn's Falls, Washington, New York, John A. Ferriss, 419", 
Gloucester, Essex, Massachusetts, Isaac Elwell, 454. 
Gloucester c. h. Gloucester, Virginia, William Smart, 167. 
Glover, Orleans, Vei-mont, Nathan Cutler, jun. 560. 
Gnadenhutten, Tuskarawa, Ohio, David Peter, 440. 
Goochland c. h. Goochland, Virginia, Benjamin Anderson, 142. 
Goose Pond, 

or Strong's store, Oglethorpe, Georgia, Samuel Strong, 662. 
Gorham, Cumberland, Maine, Alexander M'Lellan, 550. 
Goshen, Litchfield, Connecticut, Erastus Lyman, 346. 
Goshen, Orange, New York, James W. Wilkin, 270. 
Goshen, Loudoun, Virginia, William Cook, 35. 
Goshen, Lincoln, Georgia, Samuel Davis, 620. 
Gouldsboro', Hancock, Maine, Thomas Hill, 745. 
Gowen's Store, Greenville, S. C. Rice F. Ross, 510. 
Grafton, Worcester, Massachusetts, William Lamb, 414. 
Granby, Hartford, Connecticut, Hezekiah Goodrich, 353. 
eranby. Lexington, S. C, Jolin Hart, 509. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 117 

Office at Grand Isle, Franklin county, Vermont, — — — , 564 miles* 
Grangerville, Harden, Kentucky, 720. 
Grantsville, Green, Georgia, Thomas Grant, 660. 
Granville, Hampshire, Massaclmsetts, Oliver Parsons, 361. 
Granville, Washington, New York, Stephen Thorn, 432. 
Granville, Licking, Ohio, Timothy Rose, 445. 
Granville, Licking, Ohio, William Gavit, 446. 
Granville Mills, Charles City, Virginia, Robert Evans, 143. 
Grasty's store, Pittsylvania, Virginia, Philip L. Grasty, 261. 
Gray, Cumberland, Maine, Joseph M'LelJan, 446. 
Grayson c. h. Grayson, Virginia, Daniel Coley, 380. 
Great Barrington, Berkshire, Mass. Moses Hopkins, 353. 
Great Bridge, Norfolk, Virginia, Thomas Bartee, 249, 
Great Crossings, Scott, Kentucky, Mareen Duvall, 394. 
Great Mills, St. Mai-y's, Maryland, Stephen liang, 77. 
Great Sod us, Ontario, New Yoi*k, 425. 
Great Swamp, Luzerne, Penn. 235. 
Greenbrier c. h. 

or Lewisburg, Greenbrier, Virginia, John Mays, 274. 
Green Castle, Franklin, Pennsylvania, John Watson, 82, 
Greene, Kennebeek, Maine, Luther Bobbins, 580. 
Greene, Chenango, New York, David Finn, 422. 
Greenfield, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Ambrose Ames, 39.f . 
Greenfield, Saratoga, New York, John St. John, 410. 
Green Hill, Campbell, Virginia, Samuel Pannill, 249. 
Greenland, Pittsylvania, Virginia, Nathaniel Harris, 263. 
Greensboro', Orleans, Vermont, Ephraim Strong, 540. 
Greensboro', Caroline, Mainland, Robert Fountain, 101. 
Greensboro', Guilford, N. C. Simeon Gearin, 357. 
Greensboro', Guilford, N. C. Robert Johnson, 357. 
G^reensboro', Green, Georgia, Robert Dale, 672. 
Greensburg, West Cliester, New York, Joseph Cutler, 253. 
Greensburg, Westmoreland, Penn. Simeon Drum, jun. 223. 
Greensburg,or Green c. h. Green, Ken, William H. Kmg, 688, 
Greensville, Augusta, Virginia, Rol>ert Mtchel, 188. 
Greenup c.h. Greenup, Kentucky, Joshua Bartlett, 470. 
Greenwich, Cumberland, New Jersey, George Bacon, 180. 
Greenville, Mecklenburg, Kentucky, Parmenas Redmon, 761. 
Greenville, Pitt, N. C. Reading Sheppard, 309. 
Greenville, Green, Tennessee, William Dickson, 473. 
Greenville, Jefferson, Mississippi Ter. John G. T. Prince, 1243. 
Greenville c. h. Greenville, S. C. George W. Earie, 557. 
Greenwich, Fairfield, Connecticut, Isaac Weed, 256. 
Greenwich, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Josiah White, 401. 
Greenwich, 

or Whipple City, Washington, N. Y. John Herrington, 415. 
Griersburg, Beaver, Pennsylvania, George Murray, 292. 
Grindstone Ford, Claiborne, Mississippi Ter, D. Burnet, 1212, 
Groton, Grafton, N. H. Edmund Shattrick, 494. 
Groton, Middlesex, ]\Iassachusetts, William M. Richardson, 456, 
Grove Hdl, Warren, N. C, John Owen, 251. 
Guilford, New Haven, Connecticut, Medad Stone, 313. 
Guildhall, Essex, Vermont, Joseph Beny, jun. 566. 
Gum Springs, see Orange Springs. 
Guthrie's Ford, Lani:aster, Penn. Alexander Andrews^, 13^. 
G4 



lis LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

Oifice at Hackensack, Bergen co. N. J. Jotham Baldwin, 230 miles. 
Hacketts' Mills, Cumberland, Pennsylvania, 134. 
Hackettstown, Sussex, New Jersey, Benajah Gustin, 236. 
Haddam, Middlesex, Connecticut, Simon Smith, 334. 
Haddonfield, Gloucester, New Jersey, Samuel Brown, 142. ' 
Hadensville, Goochland, Virginia, John N. Haden, 142. 
Hadley, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Horace Wilcox, 380. 
Hadley, Saratoga, New York, Benjamin Cowles, 420. 
Hagerstown, 

or Elizabethtown, Washington, Maryland, William Kreps, 71. 
Haleysburg, Lunenburg, Virginia, Edwai-d Almand, 234. 
Haley's Bridge, Greenville, Virginia, Allen A. Deberiry, 218. 
Halifax, Dauphin, Pennsylvania, John Jones, 153. 
Halifax, Halifax, N. C. James Jolmston, 228. 
Halifax c. h. Halifax, Virginia, Andrew Clark, 265. 
Hallowell, Kennebeck, Maine, Joshua Wingate, 597. 
Hamburg, Sussex, New Jersey, Thomas Lawrence, 243. 
Hamburg, Berks, Pennsylvania, Henry Fister, 207. 
Hamburg, Otsego, New York, Samuel Root, 433. 
Hamilton, Essex, Massachusetts, Daniel Brown, 452. 
Hamilton, Madison, New York, John Adams Smith, 610. 
Hamilton, Butler, Ohio, John Reily, 540. 
Hamilton, 

or Hogton, Martin, N. C. William M. Clark, 292. 
Hamilton's Mill, Loudoun, Virginia, John Hamilton, 50. 
Hampden, Hancock, Maine, Martin ICinsley, 692. 
Hampstead, Rockingham, N. H. True Kimball, 475. 
Hampton, Rockingham, N. H. James Leavitt, 535. 
Hampton, Oneida, New York, Anson Smith, 480. 
Hampton, Elizabeth City, Virginia, Edward E. Noel, 211. 
Hamptonville, Surry, N. C. Abner Carmichael, 415. 
Hancock, Addison, Vermont, Reuben Lamb, 490. 
Hancock, Salem, New Jersey, Walker Beesley, 175, 
Hancock, Washington, Maryland, John Watt, jun. 101. 
Hanover, Grafton, N. H. Aaron Wright, 489. 
Hanover, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Robert Eells, 449. 
Hanover, Moi-ris, New Jersey, Cornelius Voorhies, 224, 
Hanover, York, Pennsylvania, George Nace, 81. 
Hanover c. h. Hanover, Virginia, Thomas Priddy, 103. 
Hanovertown, Hanover, Virginia, Benjamin Oliver, jun. 146= 
Hardenburg, 

or Brackenridge c. h. Brackenridge, Ken. John M'Carty, 700, 
Harden c. h. 

or Elizabethtown, Hai-den, Kentucky, Daniel Wade, 656. 
Hardwick, Caledonia, Vermont, Elnathan Strong, 580. 
Hardwick, Worcester, Massachusetts, William Cutlei", jun. 406, 
Harford, Harford, Marj'land, Rebecca Nowland, 62. 
Harlem, Kennebeck, Maine, Japhet C. Washburn, 619. 
Harlem, New York, New York, John H. Raub, 230. 
Harlleesville, Marrion, S. C. Thomas Harllee, 480. 
Harper's Ferry, Jefferson, Virginia, Rogers Humphries, 65. 
Harpersfield, Delaware, New Yerk, Roswell Hotchkiss, 394. 
Harpersfield, Ashtabula, Ohio, Ezra Gregory, 396. 
Harrisburg, see Denmark, 
Harrisburg, Dauphin, Pennsylvania, John Wright. 135. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 11? 

Office at Harrisburg, Lancaster county, S. C. C. Harris, 422 miles. 
Harrison, see Malone. 
Harrisonbui'g, 

or Rockingham c. h. Rockingham, Virg. H. Tutwiler, 148. 
Harrison ville, St. Clair, Illinois Ter. Jacob A. Boyes, 933. 
Harrison's Tavern, Amherst, Virginia, Nicholas Harrison, 208. 
Han-isville, Brunswick, Virginia, Charles Harris, 182. 
Harrodsburg, Mercer, Kentucky, William M'Bride, 610. 
Hartford, Oxford, Maine, Freeman Ellis, 615. 
Hartford, Windsor, Vermont, Joseph Dorr, 483. 
Hartford, Hartford, Connecticut, Jonathan Law, 331. 
Hartford, see Avon. 

Hartford, Washington, New York, Samuel Gordon, 425. 
Hartford, Trumbull, Ohio, Titus Brockway. 463. 
Hartford, Ohio, Kentucky, Warren Crow, 736. 
Ilartland, Windsor, Vermont, David H. Sumner, 475. 
Hart's store, Albemarle, Virginia, Andrew Hart. 
Hartsville, Sumner, Tennessee, Andrew Allison, 708. 
Hartley's, Rhea, Teimessee, 633. 
Hartwick, Otsego, New York, Le\'i Beebe, 444. 
Harvard, Worcester, Massachusetts, William L. Foster, 436. 
Harwich, Barnstable, Massachusetts, Ebenezer Brooks, 502. 
Harwinton, Litchfield, Connecticut, William Woodruff, 326. 
Haste River Mills, Culpeper, Virginia, Pricbard Newby, 90. 
Hatboro', Montgomery, Pennsylvania, John J. Marple, 162. 
Hatfield, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Daniel White, 383. 
Hatten's Ford, Pendleton, S. C. 620. 
Haverhill, Grafton, N. H. Moses Dow, 516. 
Haverhill, Essex, Massachusetts, Stephen Minot, 466. 
Havre de Grace, Harford, Maryland, John Dutton, 73. 
Havi-es Trace, Rockland, New York, 266. 
Hawkins c. h. see Rogersville. 

Hawksbill Mills, Shenandoah, Virginia, Enos M'Ray, 132. 
Haw River, Orange, N. C. Benjamin Rainey, 330. 
Hay Market, Prince William, Virginia, William Robinson, 49. 
Hapvoodboro', Chatham, N. C. Thomas Stokes, 340. 
Haywood c. h. Haywood, N. C. 550. 

Hazlepatch, or Rice's, Knox, Kentucky, James Rice, 587. 
Head of Chester, Kent, Mainland, James Bradshaw, 120. 
Head of Sassafras, Kent, Maryland, John W. Miller, 97. 
Head of St. Clement's Bay, St. Mary's, Mai7land, J. Walker, 60. 
Hebron, Cumberland, Maine, Benjamin Chandler, 575. 
Hebron, Grafton, N. H. William Gale, 520. 
Hebron, Tolland, Conn. Simon House, 352. 
Hebron, Washington, New York, William K. Adams, 423. 
Hector, Seneca, New York, Richard Smith, 368. 
Hempstead, Queen, New York, Abraham Bedell, 264. 
Henderson, Henderson, Kentucky, John Husband, 770. 
Hendersontown, Montgomeiy, N. C. Heniy De La Mothe, 397. 
Hendersonville, Nottaway, Virginia, Samuel B. Jeter, 196. 
Hendersonville, Newbury, S. C. John Henderson, 560. 
Hendersonville, Sumnei-, Tennessee, Littleton Henderson, 735. 
Hendnck's store, Bedford, Virginia, Samuel Hancock, 258. 
Henry c. h. see Martinsville, 330. 
Henry c. h. see New Castle, 610. 



120 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &:c. 

OfBce at Hermlker, Hillsboro' county, N. H. Isaac Rice, 513 mileSv 
Herculaneum, Louisiana Ter. John Butler, 948. 
Herkimer, Herkimer, New York, EIUiu Griswold, 450. 
Hertford, Perquimons, N. C. Edward Wood, 305. 
Hiawassee Garrison, Tennessee, George Smith, 594. 
Hickman c. h. Hickman, Tennessee, William Easley, 7S3> 
Hicksford, Greenville, Virginia, Nathaniel Loud, 200. 
High Shoals, Clark, Georgia, Roderick Easley, 704. 
Hillsboro', Hillsboro', N. H. David Starrett, 495. 
Hillsboro', Caroline, Maryland, Francis Sellers, 91. 
Hillsboro', Highland, Ohio, James D. Scott, 450. 
Hillsboro', Loudoun, Virginia, Mahlon Roach, 48. 
Hillsboro', Culpepei-, Vii-ginia, Moses Gibson, 102. 
Hillsboro', Orange, N. C. William Cain, jun. 301. 
Hillsdale, Columbia, New York, Aaron Reed, 364. 
Hill's Iron Works, York, S. C. William Hill, 469. 
Hilltop, Charles, Maryland, Clement Kennedy, jun. 39. 
Hinesburg, Chittenden, Vermont, Erastus Bostwick, 514. 
Hingham, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Elisha Cushing, jun. 442. 
Hinsdale, Berkshire, Massachusetts, Solomon W. Colt, 410. 
Hiram, York, Maine, Israel Burbank, 575. 
Hogton, see Hamilton. 

Holderness, Strafford, New Hampshire, 587. 
Holland, Worcester, Massachusetts, Benjamin Church, 366. 
Holidaysburg, Huntingdon, Penn. Christian Garbei-, 238. 
Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Penn. Jacob Waterman, 144. 
Holmes Hole, Dukes, Massachusetts, Rufus Spalding, 498. 
Homer, Cortland, New York, Townsend Ross, 454. 
Honeoya, Ontario^ New York, Nathan Allen, 408. 
Hoods, Buckingham, Virginia, Thomas Trent, 224. 
Hoosick, Rensselaer, New York, Hezekiah Munsell, jun. 400i 
Hope, Sussex, New Jersey, James Kinney, 215. 
Hopkins c. h. see Madisonville, 
Hopkinsville, see Christian c. h. 
Hopkmton, Hillsborough, N. H. John Harris, 512. 
Hopkinton, Washington, R. I. Jeremiah Thurston, 412. 
Hopkinton, St. Lawrence, N. Y. Thaddeus Laughlin, 642. 
Homtown, Accomac, Virginia, Drum. Wilburn, 174. 
Horsham Meeting House, Montgomery, Penn. C. Palmer, 160; 
Hot Springs, Bath, Virg. Benjamin Thompson, 220. 
Houstonvilie, Iredell, N. C. Christopher Houston, 423. 
Howell's Ferry, Charlotte, Virginia, James Howell, 248. 
Hubbardstown, Worchester, Mass. Reuben Wheeler, 428. 
Hubbardstown, Rutland, Vermont, Daniel Meeker, 556. 
Hudson, Columbia, New York, Alexander Coffin, 348. 
Hudson, Portage, Ohio, David Hudson, 404. 
Hudson's, Kenhawa, Virginia, Morris Hudson, 386. 
Hughesville, Patrick, Virginia, Reuben Huges, 265. 
Hulmeville, Bucks, Pennsylvania, Isaac Hulme, 180. 
Humraelstown, Dauphin, Pennsylvania, Thomas Fox, 155. 
Humphrey c. h. Humphrey, Tennessee, Henry Mahon, 785. 
Hungary Town, Lunenburg, Virginia, Jennings Robertson, 208. 
Huutersville, Lincoln, N. C. Humphrey Hunter, 403. 
Huntingdon, Huntingdon, Pennylvania, Samuel Steel, 155. 
Huntington, Fairfield^ Connecticut; Augur Clarke, 301. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, Etc. 131 

Office at Huntington, SufFolk county, N. Y. T. Williams, 265 milqs. 
Huntington, Laui-ens, S. C. Turner Richardson, 558. 
Hvde Park, Orleans, Vermont, Joseph Matthews, 560. 
Huntington (South), Suftblk, N. Y. Benjamin K. Hobart, 282^. 
Hunting Town, Calvert, Maryland, Lewis Sutton, 66. 
Huntsburg, Franklin, Vermont, Thomas Foot, 566. 
Huntsville, Surry, N. C. John Kelly, 397. 
Huntsville, Madison, Mississippi Ter. Peter Perkins, 1254. 
Huron, Huron, Ohio, Almon Ruggles, 483. 
Indiana, Indiana, Pennsylvania, John Dcmiston, 273. 
Indiantown, Currituck, N. C. Joseph Rolph, 
Indiantown, Williamsburg, S. C. George M'Cutchen, 490. 
Inglisville, Montgomery, Virginia, Andrew Peery, 310, 
Ira, Rutland, Vermont, Daniel Graves, 470. 
Irwinton, Wilkinson, Georgia, Daniel S. Pierce, 670. 
Islip, SufFolk, New York, Samuel Strong, 270. 
Istapachy River, Mississippi Ter. Laughlia M*Coy, 1056» 
Ipswich, Essex, Massachusetts, Nathan Jaques, 456. 
Ithaca, Seneca, New York, David Woodcock, 394. 
Jacksonboro', Colleton, S. C. Daniel Miscally, 572, 
Jacksonboro', Scriven, Georgia, Alexander Newman, 642. 
Jackson c. h. Jackson, Tennessee, John Bowen, 680. 
Jackson c. h. or Jeffersonton, Jackson, Georgia, John Boyle, 697. 
Jackson's Mills, Harrison, Virginia, Edwai-d Jackson, 268. 
Jaffrey, Cheshire, N. H. Samuel Dakin, 469. 
Jamaica, Queens, New York, Eliphalet Wickes, 235. 
James City, Madison, Virginia, Benjamin Lev^is, 100. 
Jamestown, Prince Edward, Virginia, William White, 211. 
Jamestown, Guilford, N. C. John Charles, 263. 
Jamestown, Martin, N. C. 263. 
Jamesville, Claredon, S. C. Robert Dow, 511. 
Jay, Essex, New York, John Douglass, 528. 
JefFerie's Creek, Marion, S. C. Da^'id Bigham. 
Jefferson, Kennebeck, Maine, 620. 
Jefferson, Coos, N. H. Samuel Plaisted, 640. 
Jefferson, Green, Pennsylvania, Thomas Fletcher, 255c 
Jefferson, Ashtabula, Ohio, Benjamin Coleman, 385. 
Jefferson, Rutherford, Tennessee, John Spence, 768. 
Jefferson, Camden, Georgia, Timothy Hopkins, 700. 
Jefferson, see Pickaway Plains. 

Jeffersonton, Culpeper, Virginia, Elliot Fishback, 64. 
Jeffersonton, or Ashe c. h. Ashe, N. C. George Bower, 451. 
Jefferson^ille, Jefferson, Indiana Ter. James Lemon, 637. 
Jemappe, Caroline, Virginia, William Woodford, jun. 98. 
Jenetoe Bridge, 

or Genito Bridge, Powhatan, Virg. William Harrison, 169. 
Jenkinton, Montgomei-y, Pemisylvania, William M'Calla, 145. 
Jei-icho, Chittenden, Vermont, Pliny Blackman, 522. 
Jericho, Queens, New York, Daniel Underbill, 251. 
Jericho Toll Bridge, Chenango, N. Y. Fred. A. De Zeng, 412. 
Jersey City, Bergen, New Jersey, Samuel Beach, 220. 
Jersey Shore, Lycoming, Penn. Thomas M'Clintock, 245. 
Jerseytown, Lycoming, Penn. Andrew Irwin, 245. 
Jerusalem, Ontario, New York, Abraham Wagner, 372. 
Jerusalem, Southampton, Virginia, Coliu Kitchen, 203. 



122 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, Szc. 

OfRce at Jewett's City, New-London, Conn. J. Johnson, 362 miles» 
Johnson, Franklm, Vermont, Araunah Waterman, jiin» 582. 
Johnsonsburg, Sussex, New Jersey, Jacob Stinson, 221. 
Johnstown, Montgomery, New York, Nathan Brewster, 422. 
JohnstowTi, Somerset, Pennsylvania, 200. 
Jonasville, Allegany, Mai-yland, Johii Jonas, 171. 
Jonesboro', 

or Chandlersville, Washington, Maine, Anul Tapper, 780. 
Jonesboro', Washington, Tennessee, John M'Alister, 448. 
Jonesburg, Camden, N. C. Caleb Nash, 293. 
Jones c. h. or Clinton, Jones, Georgia, Roger M'Carthy, 76B, 
Jones' Ferry, Chatham, N. C. 223. 
Jones' store, Warren, N. C Richard Jones, 251. 
Jonestown, Dauphin, Penn. John Bickel, jun. 172. 
Jonesville, see Lee c. h. 

Joppa t»< Roads, Harford, Marj'land, John Rouse, 56. 
Junius, Seneca, New Yoi-k, Lewis Birdsall, 410. 
Kakiat, Rockland, New York, 245. 

Kanhaway c. h. Kanhaway, Virginia, William Whitteker, 384. 
Kaskaskia, Randolph, Indiana Ter. William Arundell, 903. 
Kavenaugh, Wilson, Tennessee, 730. 

Keeler's Ferry, Luzerne, Pennsylvania, William Keeler, 273. 
Keene, Cheshire, N. H. Boaz M. Atherton, 454. 
Kelley's store, Campbell, Virginia, Dennis Kelley, 240. 
Kelso's store, Campbell, Virginia, 220. 
Kennebunk, York, Maine, Stephen Thacher, 515. 
Kennet's Square, Chester, Pennsylvania, John Taylor, 129, 
Kent, Litchfield, Connecticut, Lewis St. John, 325. 
Key's Mills, Albermarle, Virginia, Joel Yancey, 144. 
Killingly, Windham, Connecticut, Aaron Arnold, 380. 
Killingsworth, Middlesex, Connecticut, Samuel Crane, 320. 
Kilmarnock, Lancaster, Virginia, John Hall, 176. 
Kinderhook, Columbia, N. Y. Abraham B. Van Der Poel, 362. 
Kincanon's Works, Surry, N. C. IMatthew Kincanon, 408. 
King Creek, Barnwell, S. C. Michael Browni, 600. 
King George c. h. King George, Virg. George Johnson, 80. 
King's Ferry, Cayuga, New York, David Ogden, 413. 
Kingston, Rockingham, N. H. Levi Barllett, 478. 
Kingston, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Seth Drew, 478. 
Kingston, Ulster, New Yoi-k, Daniel Brodhead, jun. 305. 
Kingston, Luzerne, Pennsjlvania, Heiuy Buckingham, 254. 
Kingston, Roane, Tennessee, William D. Neilson, 584. 
Kingstree, Williamsboro', S. C. John M'Murray, 482. 
King William c. h. King William, Vii*g. Conway Lipscomb, 120o 
Kingwood, Monongalia, Virginia, John S. Roberts, 197. 
King & queen c. h. King & Queen, Virg. Alex. P. Muse, 132. 
Kinsale, Westmoreland, Virginia, John S. Tapscot, 137. 
Kinsman, Trumbull, Ohio, John Kinsman, 372. 
Kinston, Lenoir, N. C. John V/ashington, 386. 
Kittaning, Armstrong, Penn. Robert Robertson, jun. 266.. 
Kittery, York, Maine, Daniel Peirce, 491. 
Knappsburg, Chenango, New York, Colbey Knapp, 408. 
Knox^'ilie, Knox, Tennessee, John Crozier, 544. 
^vi;owUon's Mills, Sussex, New Jersey, Jttcob Kerr, 220. 
S.G;trJgh.t, Ee'4\var.?^ Mew York? Chauncey LavfreaQe, 393. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 123 

Offiice at Kreidersville, Northampton co. C. Kreider,jun. 197 miles. 
Lackawack, Wayne, Pennsylvania, John Andersley, 291. 
LaFourche, Accadia, Orleans Ter. Isidore Blanchard, 1281. 
Lancaster, Coos, N. H. Samuel A. Pearson, 506. 
Lancaster, Worcester, Massachusetts, Timothy Whiting, 457. 
Lancaster, Seneca, New York, Jeremiah Foster, 385. 
Lancaster, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Ann Moore, 110. 
Lancaster, Garranl, Kentucky, Joseph P. Letclier, 637. 
Lancaster c. h. Lancaster, Virginia, Walter B. Waddey, 169. 
Lancaster c. h. Lancaster, S, C. John Steward, 498. 
LandafF, Grafton, N. H. Nathaniel Rix, 500. 
Landisbury, Cumberland, Pennsylvania, William Wilson, 130. 
Lanesboro', Berkshire, Massachusetts, Samuel Bacon, 379. 
Lanes ville, King William, Virginia, James Willeroy, 110. 
Langford, Rock Castle, Kentucky, Henry P. Buford, 640. 
Lansford, York, S. C. 480. 

Lansingburg, Rensselear, New York, Calvin Barker, 378. 
Laurel, Sussex, Delaware, Samuel Jacob, 161. 
Laurel Hill, Richmond, N. C. John M'Farland, 386. 
Laurenceburg, Dearborn, Indiana Ter. James Dunn, 534. 
Laurens c. h. Laurens, S, C. John Garlington, 587. 
Lausanne, Northampton, Pennsylvania, Robert M'Minn, 228, 
Laytons, Essex, Virginia, David W. Pitts, 88. 
Leacock, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Samuel C. Garber, 120. 
Leaper's Fork, Williamson, Tennessee, Jesse White, 775. 
Leasburg, Caswell, N. C. Vincent Lea, 315. 
Lebanon, York, Maine, Daniel Wood, 530. 
Lebanon, Grafton, N. H. Thomas Hough, 494. 
Lebanon, Windham, Connecticut, Samuel Bailey, jun. 346. 
Lebanon, Dauphin, Pennsylvania, Jacob Karch, 162. 
Lebanon, Wan-en, Ohio, Daniel F. Reeder, 548. 
Lebanon, Wilson, Tennessee, Jonathan Pickett, 770. 
Lee, Berkshire, Massachusetts, Jedediah Crocker, 370. 
Lee c. h. Lee, Virginia, Allen Martin, 460. 
Leedston, Westmoreland, Virginia, Robert R. Hodge, 98. 
Leesburg, Loudoun, Virginia, William Wooddy, 35. 
Lee's Mills, Washington, N. C. John Frasier, 303. 
Lehigh Gap, Northampton, Pennsylvania, Jacob Fister, 206. 
Leicester, Worcester, Massachusetts, Thomas Denny, 364. 
Le May's ^ Roads, 

or Nuttall's store, Granville, N. C. Samuel Le May, 280. 
Lemster, Cheshii-e, N. H. 460. 

Lenox, Berkshire, Massachusetts, Daniel Williams, jun. 367. 
Lenox, Madison, New York, Ebenezer Culkings, 464. 
Lenox Castle, Rockingham, N. C. John Lenox, 291. 
Leominster, Worcester, Massachusetts, John Gardner, 465, 
Leonardtown, St. Mary's, Maryland, William Hammett, 65. 
Le Ray, 

or Oxbow, Jefferson, New York, John Jenison, 543. 
Le Roy, see Caledonia. 

Lewis, Sussex, Delaware, John Thompson, 171. 
Lewisburg, Northumberland, Penn. Christopher Baldy, 201, 
Lewisburg, see Greenbrier c. h. 

Lewisburg, Mecklenburg, Kentucky, James Weir, 751. 
Lewis c. h. Lewis, Kentucky, Rowland T. Parker, 513, 



124 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

Office at Lewis' store, Spottsylvania co. Virg. W. E. Waller, 88 miles. 
Lewiston, Niagara, New York, Benjamin Barton, 500. 
Lewistown, Lincoln, Maine, Daniel Read, 576. 
Lewistown, Sussex, Delaware, James Elliott, 171. 
Lewistown, Mifflin, Pennsylvania, Jacob Walters, 195. 
Lexington, Rockbridge, Virginia, William Willson, 209. 
Lexington, Rowan, N. C. Samuel Gi-een, 399. 
Lexington, Fayette, Kentucky, John Jordan, jun. 556. 
Lexington, Oglethoi-pe, Georgia, Paschal Murphey, 679. 
Leyden, Lewis, New York, Benjamin I. Starr, 501. 
Liberty, Bedford, Virginia, John Marckle, 245. 
Liberty, Smith, Tennessee, Adam Dale, 780. 
Liberty Comer, Somerset, New Jersey, Samuel Agers, 198. 
Liberty Hall, Morgan, Georgia, William C. Stokes, 720. 
Liberty Hill, Elbert, Georgia, Allen Daniel, 780. 
Libertytown, Frederick, Maryland, Henry Baker, jun. 56. 
Ligonton, Amelia, Virginia, Hezekiah Ford, 200. 
Lilly Point, King William, Virginia, John Mill, 131. 
Lima, 

or Charleston, Ontario, New York, James K. Guernsey^ 420. 
Limerick, York, Maine, James Kettell, 560. 
Limington, York, Maine, Wingate Frost, 561. 
Lincolnton, Lincoln, N. C. Vardiy M'Bee, 490. 
Lincolnton, Lincoln, Georgia, Pierson Pettit, 620. 
Lincolnville, 

or Duck Trap, Hancock, Maine, George Ulmer, 648- 
Lindly's, Orange, N. C. Thomas Lindly, 310. 
Lindsey's store, Albemarle, Virginia, John Timberlake, 119, 
Lindsleytown, Steuben, New York, Eleazer Luidsley, 311. 
Lisbon, St. Lawrence, New York, James Thomson, 605. 
Lisle, Broome, New York, Simeon Rogers, 398. 
Litchfield, Lincoln, Maine, William Cleaves, 504. 
Litchfield, Hillsboro', N. H. Francis Chase, 480, 
Litchfield, Litchfield, Connecticut, Moses Seymour, jun. 319. 
Litchfield. Herkimer, New York, .Tohn J. Prendergast, 450. 
Litiz, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Christian Hall, 116. 
Little Britain, Orange, New York, John Kerr, 280, 
Little Compton, Newport, R. L Samuel ( hurch, 426. 
Little Falls, Herkimer, New York, William Alexander, 443. 
Little Rest, Washington, R. I. Thomas R. Weils, 392. 
Littlesville, Mecklenburg, N. C. John Little, 480. 
LittJesandy Salt Works, Greenup, Kentucky, Amos Kibbe, 470. 
Littleton, Grafton, N. H. James Williams, 528, 
Littleton, see Waterfoi-d. 

Littleton, Middlesex, Massachusetts, John Adams, 450. 
Livermore, Oxford, Maine, Benjamin Bradford, 615. 
Livingston, Columbia, New York, Jonathan Lane, 340. 
Livonia, Ontario, New York, Eli Hill, 418. 
Lloyd's, Essex, Virginia, Benjamin H. Munday, 95. 
Loftus Heights, 

or Fort Adams, Wilkinson, Miss. Ter. Wm. H. Ruffin, 1320. 
Lombardy Grove, Mecklenburg, Virg. Charles Baskei'ville, 233. 
Londondei'iy, Rockingham, N. H. Isaac Thorn, 668. 
London Grove, Chester, Pennsylvania, Lea Pusey, 125. 
Long Creek, Cadwell, Kentucky, Vincent Anderson, 815. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &e. 12S 

Office at Long Meadow, Hampshire county, Mass. S. Burt, 354 miles. 
Longmire's store, Edgefield, S. C. John Longmire, 575. 
Looneuburg, see Athens. 

Lorraine, or Malta, Jefferson, New York, Benjamin Gates, 497. 
Louisa c. h. Louisa, Virginia, Harrj' Lawrence, 120. 
Louisburg, Franklin, N. C. Jotl King, 258. 
Louisville, Jefferson, Kentucky, John T. Gray, 636. 
Louisville, Jefferson, Georgia, John Bostvvick, 642. 
Lovel, York, Maine, Andrew Woodbury, 579. 
Lovington, Nelson, Virginia, Roderick L. Taliaferro, 178. 
Lower Blue Lick, Nicholas, Kentucky, Joseph Ellerbeck, 516. 
Lower Marlboro', Calvert, Maryland, Daniel Kent, 58. 
Lower Smithfield, Waj-ne, Pennsylvania, George Bush, 230. 
Lower Somer's Point, Gloucester, New Jersey, A. Godfrey, 200, 
Lower Three Runs, Barnwell, S. C. William Scarbrough, 627. 
Lowville, Lewis, New York, James H. Leonard, 520. 
Ludlow, Windsor, Vermont, Nathan P. Fletcher, 470. 
Lumberton, Robeson, N. C. Charles Moore, 378. 
Lunenburg, Essex, Vermont, William Gate, 622. 
Lunenburg, Worcester, Massachusetts, Edmund Cushing, 460, 
Lunenburg e. h. Lunenbui-g, Virginia, James Bagley, 223. 
Lyman, Grafton, N. H. Lockant Wright. 
Lyme, New London, Connecticut, Marshfleld Parsons, 334. 
Lynchburg, Campbell, Virginia, Seth Wax-d, 216. 
LjTiden, Caledonia, Vermont, 620. 
Lynn, Essex, Massachusetts, Jonathan Bacheller, 433. 
Lyons, Ontario, New York, Ezekiel Price, 421. 
Lj-on's store, Nelson, Virginia, Peter Lyon, 186. 
illachias, Washington, Maine, Ralph H. Bowles, 789. 
iVf'Connelstown, Bedford, Pennsylvania, David Agnew, 113, 
M-Danielsville, Halifax, Virginia, William M'Daniel, 275. 
M'Farland's, Lunenburg, Virginia, James M'Farland, 209. 
M'Intoshville, see Chickesaw Nation. 

AT'Intosh's Bluff, Baldwin, Miss. Ter. JohnB. Chandler, 1031. 
iV/ackeysville, Burk, N. C. John Mackey, 451. 

iV/'Kinstry's, Fairfield, S. C. M'Kinstry, 464. 

i»f 'Linton, Abbeville, S, C. Hugh M'Lin, 590. 

iVf'Morris' store, see Poplar Grove. 

iVf 'Queen's store, Robertson, N. C. James M'Queen, 391. 

jW'Veyton, Mifflin, Pennsylvania, Robert Elton, 179. 

iVfaconsville, Northampton, N. C. William Gladish, 240. 

Madison, Madison, New York, Asa B. Sizer, 453. 

i^fadison, 

or Morgan c. h. Morgan, Georgia, Abraham M'Afee, 640. 
JVfadison c. h. Madison, Virginia, John Wright, 100. 
iT/adisonville, 

or Hopkins c. h. Hopkins, Kentucky, Joshua Barnes, 817. 
Madrid, St. Lawrence, New York, Alexander Richards, 616. 
iVfalloi-y's store, Wilkes, Georgia, William Malloiy, 654. 
Malone, or Harrison, Franklin", New York, John H. Russell, 59.'^, 
Malta, see Lon-ain. 

Manchester, Bennington, Vermont, Nathan Burton, 432. 
Manchester, Essex, Massachusetts, Delucena L. Bingham, 447. 
Manchester, Baltimore, ^laryland, Samuel Peters, 69. 
Manchester, Chesterfield, Virginia, WiUiam B. Clarke, 126» 



126 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &e. 

Office at Manchester, Adams county, Ohio, Israel Donalson, 480 miles. 
Afanheim, Montgomery, New York, Luther Pardee, 436. 
iVTanker's Lick, Davidson, Tennessee, Francis R. Nash, 740. 
ATanlius, Onondaga, New York, Robert Wilson, 455. 
Mansfield, Windham, Connecticut, Roger Gurley, 353. 
Mansfield, Richland, Ohio, Winn Winship, jun. 500. 
Mansfield, Richland, Ohio, Lyman G. Austin, 500. 

Mantua, Portage, Ohio, Atwater, 364. 

Marblehead, Essex, >Iassachusetts, Woodward Abraham, 442. 
Marcellus, Onondaga, New York, Joseph Olmsted, 435. 
Marietta, Washington, Ohio, Griffin Greene, 312. 
Marion c. h. Marion, S. C. Andrew F. Johnson, 456. 
Marlboro', Cheshire, N. H. Da^■id Carter, 460. 
Marlboro', Middlesex, Massachusetts, Micah Sherman, 405^ 
Marlboro', Hartford, Connecticut, Enos H. Buell, 346. 
Marshall's Mill. Huntingdon, Penn. Samuel Marshall, 170. 
Marshallsvilie, Mecklenburg, Virginia, William Boyd, 256. 
Martin's store. Nelson, Virginia, Hudson Martin, 170. 
Marsh Castle, Bladen, N. C. 320. 

Marshallton, Chester, Peiuisylvania, Abraham Baily, 137. 
Marshfield, Caledonia, Vennont, George Pitkin, 599. 
Marshfield, Caledonia, Vennont, Chax'les Coate, 599. 
Marshfield, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Jabez Hatch, 460. 
Martinsburg, Lewis, New York, Walter Martin, 422. 
Martinsburg, Berkley, Virginia, William Summerville, 72. 
Martins Creek, Northampton, Penn. Andrew Whitesell, 210* 
Martinsville, 

or Henry c. h. Henrj', Virginia, George Hakston, 325. 
Martinsville, Guilford, N. C. Obediah Dick, 352. 
Marysville, Campbell, Virginia, Benjamin Davis, 244. 
Marysville, Knox, Tennessee, John Montgomeiy, 500. 
Mason Hall, Orange, N. C. James Mason, 313. 
Massingale's, Sullivan, Tennessee, Alexander Porter, 440. 
Mattamuskeet, Hyde, N. C. Hugh Jones, 378. 
Matthews c. h. Matthew, Virginia, Thomas James, 186. 
Mattituck, Suffolk, New York, John Hubbard, 328. 
May's Landing, Gloucester, New Jersey, Andrew Smiley 185» 
May's Lick, Mason, Kentucky, John Shotwell, 504. 
Maysville, Mason, Kentucky, Moses Dawlton, 492. 
Meadsville, Crawford, Pennsylvania, James Gibson, 367. 
Meansville, Union, S. C. Hugh Means, 515. 
Mecklenburg c. h. Mecklenburg, Virg. Wm. M. Swepson, 269. 
Medfield, Norfolk, Massachusetts, Ebenezer Clark, jun. 411. 
Medford, Middlesex, Massachusetts, Samuel Buell, 431. 
Medway, Norfolk, Massachusetts, William Feltt, 405. 
Mendham, Morris, New Jersey, Daniel Dodd, 216. 
Mendon, Worcester, Massachusetts, Richard George, 397. 
Mercers, Mercei-, Pennsylvania, Thomas Bingham, 317. 
Meredith, Strafford N. H. Jonathan Ladd, 564. 
Meredith, Delaware, New Yoi-k, Samuel A. Law, 409. 
Meriden, New Haven, Connecticut, Isaac Lewis, 314. 
Meritsvilie, Granville, N. C. Richard Sneed, 265. 
Merrick, Queens, New Yoi'k, Samuel Seaman, 251. 
Merritstown, Fayette, Pennsylvania, Elijah Coleman, 265. 
Merry Oaks, Buck«»gha», Virginia, David Evans, 220, 



LIST OP POST-OFFICES, &c. 127 

OfBee at il/esopotamia, Trumbull co. Ohio, Seth Tracy, 360 miles, 
i^fessersburg, Franklin, Pennsylvania, James M'Coy. 79. 
Miami, Erie, Ohio, Amos SpafFord, 510. 
itfidcUeboro', Plymouth, Massachusetts, Levi Pierce. 
iV/iddieboro', 

or Coolbaugh's, Wayne, Pennsylvania, John Coolbaugh, 250. 
i^/iddlebrook, Augusta, INIaine, James P. Nelson, 185, 
jV/iddlebrook Mills, Montgomery, Maryland, Henry Ball, 24. 
Middleburg, Loudoun, Virginia, Robert Dagg, 44. 
i\f iddleburg, Nelson, Kentucky, Edmund Guthi-ie, 620. 
J/iddleburg, Addison, Vermont, George Cleveland, 492. 
il/iddlefield, Hampshire, Massachusetts, 370. 
jlf iddle Granville, Hampshire, Mass. Thaddeus Squires, 376. 
JV/iddle Haddani, IMiddlesex, Connecticut, John II. Peters, 323. 
iVfiddle Hero, Franklin, Vermont, Ephraim Eeardsley, 564. 
iVriddietown, Rutland, Vermont, James Ives, 443. 
iVfiddletown, Middlesex, Connecticut, Thaddeus Nichols, 323. 
iV/iddletov/n, Delaware, New Yoi-k, John Grant, 356. 
iVf iddletown, Dauphin, Pennsylvania, John M'Camon, 136.. 
iWiddletown, New Castle, Delaware, Joseph Ireland, 104. 
iVf iddletown, Frederick, Maryland, Thomas Powel, 5S, 
M iddletown, Butler, Ohio, Ezekiel Bali, 555. 
iWiddletown, Jeffei-son, Kentucky, William Wlute, 624, 
Middletown, Sullivan, Tennessee, Samuel Mackey, 438, 
iHiddletown Point, Monmouth, New Jersey, John Mott, 220. 
iWiddletown LTpper Houses, ^Middlesex, Conn. S. Rose, 325. 
Middleway, Jefterson, Virginia, Daniel Fay, 87. 
Mifflinburg, Northumberland, Pemi. Thomas Youngman, 22"8 
JVTifflintown, Mifflin, Pennsylvania, William Bell, jun. 18,^, 
Miiesburg, Mifflin, Pennsylvania, Joseph Green, 209. 
Mjiford, New Haven, Connecticut, Jireh Bull, 299. 
iV^'ilford, Otsego, New York, John Moore, 450. 
iW^ilford, Kent, Delaware, Thomas Glass, 143. 
iWilford, Clermont, Ohio, Aaron Matson, 485. 
iWilford, Waj^ne, Pennsylvania, James Wallace, 263. 
Mill Creek, Berkley, Virginia, David Miller, 93. 
ATilledgeville, Baldwin, Georgia, John W. Devereaux, 66a. 
-^^ illersburg, Bourbon, Kentucky, Louis Vimont, 529. 
^^iller's Tavern, Essex, Virginia, Michael Samuel, 122. 
•fl^illerstown, Cumberland, Pennsylvania, Thomas Cochran, 154. 
Millersville, Hamilton, Ohio, Ichabod B. Miller, 540. 
i'^ill Hall, Center, Pennsylvania, Benjamin Harvey, 192. 
Millhaven, Scrivner, Georgia, Reuben Wilkinson, 653. 
itf^illsboro', Sussex, Delaware, William D. Waples, 150. 
i^f illstone, Somerset, New Jersey, Jacob C. Ten Eyck, 203. 
iW'illville, Cumberland, New Jersey, Nathan Leake, 186. 
Millwood, Frederick, Virginia, Bacon Burwell, 64. 
Milton, Chittenden, Vermont, Benjamin F. Prentis, S33, 
Mihon, Norfolk, Massachusetts, Moses Whitney, 431. 
Milton, Saratoga, New York, Joel Keeler, 430, 
Milton, Northumberland, Pennsylvania, Bethuel Vincent, 24,0, 
Milton, ' 

or Broadkill, Sussex, Delaware, Samuel Wright, 159. 
Milton, Albemarle, Virginia, Joel Bennet, 128. 
i^?ine-au-Burton, Louisiana Ter. Moses Austin, 928. 
Minden, Mon*gomery, New York, .Toseph Herkimer, 404. 



328 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

Office at Mneliead, Essex county, Vermont, Gains Kibbe, 606 niiles: 
JVfinot, 

ov Poland, Cumberland, Maine, Nathan Woodbury, 550. 
JV/itchell's store, Louisa, Virginia, Robert Merryvvether, 142, 
3fitchell's store, Oglethorpe, Georgia, James Mitchell, 640. 
iVfock's Old Field, Rowan, N. C. Basil Gaither, 370. 
ikZonkton, Addison, Vermont, Charles Dean, 506. 
iVfonmouth, Kennebeck, Maine, John Chandler, 577. 
i\f onroe c. h. 

or Union, Monroe, Virginia, Richard Shanklin, 304. 
iVfonroe works. Orange, New York, Roger Parmele, 241, 
Montagues, Essex, Virginia, William N ontague, 123. 
iVfontgomery, Montgomery, Pennsylvania, John Weaver, 159, 
Montgomery c h. Montgomery, Md. Thomas P. Wilson, 16. 
Montgomei-y c. h. Montgomery, Vii-ginia, Samuel Shields, 298> 
Montgomery c. h. see Mount Sterling. 
Montgomery c. h. 

or Cypress Creek, Montgomery, Georgia, E. Blackshear, 793v 
Monticello, Sullivan, New York, Samuel F. Jones, 460. 
Monticello, Fail-field, S. C. Jonathan Davis, 480. 
Monticello, 

or Randolph c. h. Randolph, Georgia, William Cook, 746. 
Montpelier, Caledonia, Vermont, Sylvanus Baldwin, 530. 
Montpelier, Richmond, N. C. Angus Gilchrist, 360. 
Montville, or Davisto^vn, Lincoln, Maine, Cyrus Davis, 63 8> 
Moore c. h. see Carthage. 

3foorfields, Hardy, Virginia, John MuUin, 151. 
Moorestown, Burlington, New Jersey, Robert Annan, 149, 
Morgan, Ashtabula, Ohio, Timothy R. Hawley, 373. 
Morgan c. h. see Madison. 

Morgansville, Notaway, Virginia, James Eckles, jun. 185. 
MorgantowTi, Berks, Pennsylvania, David Morgan, jun. 140, 
Morgantown, Monongalia, Virginia, Enos Dougherty, 228 «- 
Morgantown, Burke, N. C. Thomas Walton, 449. 
Moria, Clinton, New Yoi'k, Appleton Foot, 435. 
Moriches, Suffolk, New York, William Smith, 295. 
Morrison's Forge, Cambria, Pennsylvania, 200. 
Morristown, Morris, New Jersey, Henry King, 216. 
Morristown, Bellmont, Ohio, Robert Morrison, 342. 
Mon-isville, Bucks, Pennsylvania, George Laning, 163. 
Morrisville, Fauquier, Virginia, WilUam Thompson, SO, 
Moultonboro', Strafford, N. H. George Freeze, 562. 
Mount Airy, Surry, N. C. William M'Craw, 416. 
Mount Holly, Rutland, Vermont, Nathan T. Sprague, 475. 
Mount Holly, Burlington, New Jersey, William H. Burr, 157. 
Mount Horeb, Nelson, Virginia, John Fitz Patrick, 170. 
Mount Laurel, Halifax, Virginia, John White, 250. 
Mount Mourne, Iredell, N. C. James Houston, 454. 
Mount Pleasant, West Chester, N. Y. David Fairbanks, 267- 
Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland, Pemi. William Fhnn, 235. 
Mount Pleasant, Wayne, Pennnsylvania, John Granger, 320. 
Mount Pleasant, Rockingham, (N. C.) D. C. Overton, 319. 
Mount Prospect Edgecombe, N. C. Henry Jenkins, 280. 
Mount Sterling, or 

Montgomei-y c^ h. Montgomery, Ken. George Howard, SS7. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c, 129 

OfRfie at Mount Tirzah, Person co. N. C. Thomas Moore, 323 miles. 
Mount Vernon, Kemiebeck, Maine, Samuel Thing, 615. 
iVTount Vernon, Rockcastle, Kentucky, Henry P. Buford, 640. 
J*/ount Vei-non, Knox, Ohio, Oilman Bryant, 460. 
jl/ount Vei-non, Oglethorpe, Georgia, Thomas Burdell, 667. 
i»/ount Vintage, Edgefield, S. C. Christian Breithaupt, 570. 
Mount Zion, Henderson, Kentucky, James Latham, 820. 
Mouth of Shickshiiuiy Creek, Luzerne, Penn. W. Skinner, 254. 
iVfullico Hill, Gloucester, New Jersey, Joshua Paul, 153. 
Muncey, Lycoming, Pennsylvania, James Boal, 219. 
ifundellsville, Shenandoah, Virginia, William R. Almond, 127. 
Munroe, 

or Southfield, Orange, New York, Edward B. Tuthill, 267. 
Murfreesboro', Hertford, N. C. William P. Moi-gan, 237. 
Murraysville Buncombe, N. C. Samuel Murray, jun. 526. 
Musquito Creek, Trumbull, Ohio, James Heaton, 352. 
Musser's Mills, Columbiana, Ohio, John Musser, 303. 
Myerstown, Dauphin, Pennsylvania, John Albright, 140. 
Mystic River, New London, Connecticut, Zabdiel Rogers, 353o 
Nanjemoy, Charles, Maryland, William Jackson. 
Nanticoke, Broome, New York, Lewis Keeler, 365. 
Nantucket, Nantucket, Massachusetts, James Barker, 500. 
Naples, Jefferson, New York, Hinkley Stevens, 520. 
Narraguagus, Washington, Maine, Thomas Archibald, 780. 
Nashville, Davidson, Tennessee, Robert Stothart, 743. 
Nassau, Rensselaer, New York, Thomas R. Benedict, 386. 
Natchez, Adams, Miss. Ter. Noah Fletcher. 1270. 
Natchitoches, Natchitoches, Orleans Ter. David Case, 1559. 
Natural Bridge, Rockbridge, Virginia, Matthew Houston, 224. 
Nazareth, Northampton, Pennsylvania, Josejih Rice. 
Nelson, Trumbull, Ohio, 360. 

Nelson's Ferry, Charleston, S. C. James Richbourg, jun. 529. 
Nescopeck, Luzerne, Pennsylvania, John Briggs, jun. 239. 
New Alexandria, Westmoreland, Penn. Nicholas Day, 197. 
Newark, Essex, New Jersey, Matthias Day, 212. 
Newark, Licking, Ohio, David Moore, 420. 
New Baltimore, Fauquier, Virginia, William Ball, 48. 
New Bedford, Bristol, Massachusetts, Abraham Smith, 440. 
New Berlin, Chenango, New York, Jeremiah Goodrich, 400, 
Newbern, Craven, N. C. Green Bi*yan, 369. 
New Brunswick, Middlesex, New Jersey, Bernard Smith, 191. 
Newbugh, Orange, New York, Chester Clark, 270. 
Newbury, Orange, Vermont, David Johnson, 521. 
Newbury c. h. Newbury, S. C. Thomas Pratt, 549. 
Newbui-yport, F.ssex, Massachusetts, Caleb Cross, 456. 
New Canton, Bucking^hara, Virginia, William Woodson, 189- 
New Casco, Cumberland, Maine, Joseph Thrasher, 600. 
New Castle, Lincoln, Maine, John Glidden, 602, 
New Castle, New, Castle, Delaware, David Morrison, jun. 114. 
New Castle, 

or Henry c. h. Henry, Kentucky, Samuel Stubbins, 586. 
New Chester, Grafton, N. H. Ebenezer Kimball, 572. 
New Egypt, Monmouth, New Jersey, Thomas Wallin 183. 
New Fane, Windham, Vermont, Jason Duncan, 430. 
New FouHd Mills, Hanover, Virginia, Thomas Price, 104. 



1^0 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, Sec. 

OfBce at Newfield, York county, Maine, Chesley Drew, 543 miles. 
New Garden, Chestei*, Pennsylvania, Gilbert Prichard, 125. 
New Geneva, Fayette Pennsylvania, James W. Nicholson, 230. 
New Germantown, Hunterdon, New Jersey, Isaac Ogden, 214. 
New Glasgow, see Cabellsburg. 

New Gloucester, Cumberland, Maine, Joseph E. Foxcroft, 565. 
New Hampton, Straiford, N. H. William B. Kelley, 577. 
New Hampton, Hunterdon, New Jersey, Henry Dusenbery, 210. 
New Hartford, Litchfield, Connecticut, Theodore Cowles, 351. 
New Hartford, Oneida, New York, Caleb Samson, 469. 
New Haven, Addison, Vermont, Chauncey Moore, 499. 
New Haven, New Haven, Connecticut, Jesse Atwater, 297. 
New Holland, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Samuel HoU, 122. 
New Hope, Bucks, Pennsylvania, Cephas Ross, 170. 
New Hurley, Ulster, New York, Herman Ruggles, 288. 
New Ipswich, Hillsboro', N. H. Benjamin Champney, 452. 
New Kent c. h. New Kent, Vii'ginia, George P. Crump, 143. 
New Lancaster, Fairfield, Ohio, Samuel Coates, 440. 
New Lebanon, Columbia, New York, Elam Tilden, 382. 
New Lebanon, Camden, N. C. Thomas Gordon, 310. 
New Lisbon, 

or Pittsfield, Otsego, New York, Cyrenus Noble, 436. 
New Lisbon, Columbiana, Ohio, Thomas Rowland, 342. 
New London, New London, Conn. Richard Douglass, 2d. 348 
New London, Campbell. Virginia, James Penn,^ 240. 
New London X Roads, Chester, Penn. J. W. Conyngham, 120. 
New Madrid, Nevv Madrid, L, Ter. Peter A. Laforge, 1020. 
New Marlboro', Berkshii-e, Massachusetts, Stephen Powel, 39S. 
New Market, Rockingham, N. H. John Shute, jun. 495. 
New Market, Frederick, Maryland, Richard Roberts, 55. 
New Market, Dorchestei-, Mai-yland, Robert Travers, 103. 
New Market, Shenandoah, Virginia, Solomon Henckel, 128. 
New Market, Prince William, Virginia, Hezekiah Kidwell, 31. 
New Market, Highland, Ohio, Jonathan Bereman, 457. 
New Market, Bertie, N. C. William Britton, 300. 
New Milford, Lincoln, Maine, Josiah Stebbins, 602. 
New Milford, Litchfield, Connecticut, Philo Noble, 301. 
New Mills,, Burlington, New Jersey, Isaac Cai-lile, 163. 
New Orleans, Orleans, Orleans Ter. Thomas B. Johnson, 1274. 
New Paltz, Ulster, New York, Da\id Doane, 290. 
New Philadelphia, Tuskarawa, Ohio, Christian Espich, 400. 
New Philadelphia, Tuskarawa, Ohio, James Clark, 400. 
Newport, Newport, R. I. Jacob Riefiardson, 407. 
Newport, Herkimer, New York, Jairus Bragg, 483. 
Newport, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Thomas N. Sloan, 230. 
Newport, New Castle, Delaware, Alexander Robeson, 105. 
Newport, Charles, INIaryland, John M'CuUock, 45. 
Newport, see Wood c. h. 'jj^/ 

Newport, Cocke, Tennesee, Augustine Jenkins, 595. ■M'''i^ 

Newport, ^ '^* 

or Campbell c. h. Campbell, Kentucky, Daniel Mayo, 510. " * 
Ijfew Prospect, Bergen, New Jersey, 210. 
New Providence, Essex, New Jersey, Stephen Day, 230. 
New Rochelle, West Chester, New "York, Daniel Pelton, 241, 
N'ew Salemj Hampshire, Mass. Obadiah Townsend, 40O, 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. I'il 

Qffice at New Salem, Harrison co. Virginia, N. Davis, 250 miles. 
New Sharon, Kennebeck, Maine, Samuel Prescott, 630. 
New store, Buckingham, Virginia, V^^illiam Thompson, 220. 
Newtown, Fairfield, Connecticut, Caleb Baldwin, jun. 300. 
Newtown, see Elniira. 

Newtown, Sussex, New Jersey, Charles Pemberton, 230. 
Newtown, Bucks, Pennsylvania, James Raguet, 166. 
Newtown, King & Queen, Virginia, Lee Boulwai'e, 97. 
Newtown, 

Stephensburg, Frederick, Virginia, Richard L. Galloway, 86 „ 
Newtown, (Trap,) Frederick, Mai-yland, James Torrance, 55. 
Newtown, (W.) Worcester, Maryland, Edward Stevenson, 167.. 
New Vernon, ISIorris, New Jersey, Jonathan Miller, 211. 
Newville, Cumberland, Pennsylvania, Henry Adams, 157. 
Newville, Bucks, Pennsylvania, William Garges, 159. 
New Windsor, Orange, New York, Joseph Morrill, 271. 
New York, Albermarle, Virginia, Nath. Landcraft, 154. 
New York city, New York, N. Y. Theodoms Bailey, 222. 
Niagara, Niagara, New York, Joseph West, 500. 
Nicholasville, Jessamine, Kentucky, Benjamin Netherland, ff68. 
Nine Bridges, Queen Anns, Maryland, James N'Guire, 160. 
Nineveh, or 

Comptun's store, Frederick, Virginia, Alexander Compton, 90,, 
Nixonton, Pasquotank, N. C. John Shaw, 304. 
Norfolk, Litchfield, Connecticut, Joseph Jones, 339. 
Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia, William Newsum, 229. 
Norman's store, Granville, N. C. Bressie Lewis, 276. 
Non-idgewock, Kennebeck, Maine, Richard Sawtell, 644. 
Norristown, INIontgomery, Pennsylvania, John Coates, 155. 
Northampton, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Daniel Wright, 377. 
Northampton, Montgomery, New York, John Fay, 429. 
Northampton c. h. Northampton, Virginia, John B. Taylor, 240, 
Northampton c. h. Northampton, N. C. William Brewe'r, 240. 
North Bend, Hamilton, Ohio, James Silver, 525. 
North Castle, West Chester, New York, John Smith, 258. 
North East, Erie, Pennsylvania, John M'Cord, 410. 
North East, Cecil, Maryland, Benoni Williams, 83. 
North End, Matthews, Virginia, Jasper S. Clayton, 176. 
Northfield, Hampshire, Massachusetts, John Nevers, 408. 
Northford, New Haven, Connecticut, Elnathan Tyler, 307. 
North Granville, see Fair Vale. 
North Hempstead, 

or Queen's c, h. Queen's, New York, James Poole, 246. 
North Norwich, Chenango, New York, Pardon Morris, 3S8. 
Northport, Hancock, Maine, Jones Shaw, 760. 
Northrington, Hartford, Connecticut, Preserved Marshall, 335. 
North Stonington, New London, Connecticut, Dan. Parker, 366. 
Northum1>erland, Saratoga, New York, Harvey Granger, 405. 
Northumberland, Northumberland, Penn. John Cowden, 192. 
Northumberland c. h. Northumberland, Virginia, Izates Ander-< 

son, 15.7, 
North W. R. Bridge, Norfolk, Virginia, INIiles Brett, 261. 
^orth Wood, Rockingham, N. H. John Harvey, 438. 
Worth Yarmouth, Cumberland, Maine, John Hale, 553, 
N(Jfwar, Citraberrand, Maine, William Reed, 600. 
H 2 



>^. 



132 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c« 

Office at Jfofwalk, Fairfield co. Conn. William M. Belts, 277 miles. 
Norwich, Windsor, Vermont, Joseph Burton, 490. 
Norwich, New London, Connecticut, Gardner Carpenter, 359. 
Norwich, Chenango, New York, Perez Randale, 382. 
Nottingham, Rockingham. N. H. Henry Butler, jun. 530. 
Nottingham, Prince George, Maryland, Robert Young, 28. 
Nuttall's store, see Limay's X Roads. 

Oakliill, or Ashe's store, Fanquier, Virginia, James Morgan, 69. 
Occoquan, Prince William, Virginia, Nathaniel EUicott, 23, 
Ocmulgee Old Fields, 

or Fort Hawkins, Georgia, Jonathan Halsted, 803. 
Octorara, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Nathan Thompson, 120. 
Ogdensburg, St. Lav^i-ence, New York. Louis Hasbrook, 596. 
Okison's, Mifflin, Pennsylvania, Nicholas Okison, 190. 
Old Bridge, Middlesex, New Jersey, Jacob Van Wickle, 228. 
Old Shesheqiun, Lycoming, Pennsylvania, Wanton Rice, 324. 
Oldtown, Allegany, Marjdand, Johii Resoner, 139. 
Olympian Springs, Kentucky, 576. • 
O'Neals', Union, S. C. William Wright, 566. 
Onondaga, Onondaga,^New York, Jasper Hopper, 444. 
Opelousas, Opelousas, Orleans Ter. David L. Todd, 1399. 
Oquago, Broome, New York, George Harper, 346. 
Orangeburg, Orange, S. C, Sanders Glover, jun. 548. 
Orange c, h. Orange, Virginia, Paul Vei-diei-, 104. 
Orange Springs, 

or Gum Springs, Orange, Virginia, James Nelson, 92. 
Orford, Grafton, N. H. William Howard, 504. 
Orford (Parish,) or East Hartford, 

Five miles, Hartford, Connecticut, Wells Woodbridge, 341. 
Orleans, Barnstable, Massachusetts, Jonathan Bascom, 515. 
On-ington, Hancock, Maine, John Brewer, 695. 
Orwell, Rutland, Vermont, Josiah Austin, 464. 
Orwisburg, Berks, Pennsylvania, John Kepner, 210. 
Ossipee, Sti-afford, N. H. Da^id Gilman, 528. 
Oswego, Onondaga, New York, Joel Burt, 480. 
Oswego Falls, Oneida, New York, Noah A. Whitney, 490. 
Otego, Otsego, New York, Erastus Dean, 445. 
Otis, or 

Bethlehem, Berkshire, Massachusetts, Roderick Norton, 385, 

Overton c. h. Overton, Tennessee, Benjamin Totlen, 780. 

Ovid, Seneca, New York, Jared Sandford, 379. 

Owego, Broome, New York, Eleazar Dana, 356. 

Oxbow, see Le Ray. 

Oxford, Worcester, Massachusetts, Archibald Campbell, 410. 

Oxford, New Haven, Connecticut, David Conde. 314. 

Oxford, Chenango, New York, John Tracy, 413. 

Oxford, Chester, Pennsylvania, Samuel Ross, 107. 

Oxford, Adams, Pennsylvania, Lindsey Stm-geon, 106- 

Oxford, Caroline, Virginia, Peter Nelson, 99 

Oyster Bay, Queen's, New York, Jonathan Weeks, jun. 257c 

Paineville, Amelia, Virginia, Bernai-d Seay, 202. 

Painesville, Geauga, Ohio, Edward Paine, jun. 375. 

Painted Post, Steuben, New York, Thomas M'Burhey, 321, 

Palatine, Montgomeiy, New York, Jonathan Weelp, 4^9. 

Palermo, Lincoln, Maine, Joseph Cresey, 687, 

-^ 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, 8:c. 133 

Office at Palmer, Hampshire county, Mass. A, Hamilton, 415 mile^. 
Palmyra, Ontario, New York, Azel Ensworth, 407. 
Palmyra, Dauphin, Pennsylvania, JohnEamst. 
Palmyra, Portage, Ohio, David Waller, 347. 
Palmyra, Martin, N. C. James Gordon, 151. 
Palmyra, Montgomery, Tennessee, Samuel Vance, 813. 
Panther's Creek, Surry, N. C. William Thornton, jun. 394. 
Parham's store, Sussex, Virginia, John Parham, 185. 
Paris, Oxford, Maine, Levi Hubbard, 667. 
Paris, Oneida, New York, Judson Curtlss, 485. 
Paris, Fauquiei-, Virginia, Isaac Settle, 56. 
Paris, see Bourbonton. 
Parkersville, see Elim. 

Parkham's store, Sussex, Virginia, William Parkham, 185. 
Parkinson's Ferry, Washington, Penn. Adam Hailmau, 255a 
Parkman, Geauga, Ohio, B. Parkman, 361. 
Parsonsfield, York, Maine, Samuel Cushman, 595. 
Pascagoula, Mississippi Ter. Edwai-d Gatten, 1053. 
Patchogue, Suiiblk, New York, John Mills, 283. 
Patrick c. h. Patrick, Virginia, John Napier, 353. 
Patrick's Mills, Craven, N. C. John B. Patrick, 387, 
Pattei-son, Dutchess, New York, Henry B. Lee, 298. 
Pattonsburg, Botetourt, Virginia, L. Adams, 237. 
Pa tucket Bridge, Middlesex, Mass. Asahel Stearns, 449- 
Pauling, Dutchess, New York, 305. 
Pawlet, Rutland, Vermont, Dorastus Fitch, 443. 
Pawtucket Falls, Providence, R. I. Otis TifFany, 345. 
Pawtuxet, Kent, R. I. John A. Aborn, 445. 
Peacham, Caledonia, Vermont, Abner Crosman, 539. 
Pea's store, Fairfield, S. C, Alston Pea, 489. 
Pedlar's Mills, Amherst, Virginia, John Ellis, 238. 
Peekskill, West Chester, N. Y. William Nelson, 292. 
Pelham, Rockingham, N. H. James Wilson, 515. 
Pelham, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Constant Ruggles, 396. 
Pembroke, Rockingham, N. H. Benjamin Cushing, 497. 
Pendleton c. h. or Franklin, Pendleton, Virg. Aaron Kee, 192. 
Pendleton c. h. see Falmouth. 

Pendleton c. h. Pendleton, S. C. John T. Lewis, 534. 
Pennington, Hunterdon, New Jersey, Jonathan Muivheid, 183. 
Penn's Square, Montgomery, Pennsylvania, John Thomas, 153. 
Penn's store, Patrick, Virginia, Hardin Hairston, 340. 
Percivall's, Brunswick, Virginia, Joseph Pereivall, 195. 
Perkinsonville, Amelia, Virginia, Peter Rison, 194. 
Peru, Clinton, New York, Henry De Lord, 550. 
Peterboro', Madison, New York, Daniel Petrie, 470. 
Petersboro', Hillsboro', N. H. Samuel Smith, 494. 
Petersburg, Adams, Pennsylvania, Ephraim DaA-is, 79, 
Petersburg, Dinwiddle, Virginia, Joseph Jones, 150. 
Petersburg, Elbert, Georgia, Alexander Pope, 634. 
Petersham, Worcester, Massachusetts, Hutchins Hapgood, 463* 
Peytonsburg, Pittsylvania, Virginia, Rawley White, jun. 320. 
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Robert Patton, 135. 
Philipsburg, York, Maine, Isaac Lane, 520. 
Philipstown, see Union Village. 

Pickaway Plains, or Jefferson, Ross, Ohio, Henry Nevill, 430.. 
H3 



134 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

OiEce at Pickensville, Pendleton co. (S. C.) R. Tarrant, 587 milgf. 
Pig Point, Ann Arundel, Maryland, Rezin Estep, 36. 
Pinckneyville, Union, S. C. Daniel M'Mahon, 490. 
Pinckneyville, Wilkinson, Missi. Ter. Edward Randolph, 13 IS. 
Pine Grove Mills, Centre, Penn. David Nicholson, 183. 
Pine Hill, York, S. C. Hugh White, 485. 
Piquatown, Miami, Ohio, Armstrong Brandon, 615. 
Piscataway, Prince George, Marj'land, David Koones, 18. 
Pitch Landing, Hertford, N. C. John Cooper, 258. 
Pittsboro', see Chatham c. h. 
Pittsburg, Allegany, Penn. John Johnson, 252. 
Pittsfield, Berkshii-e, Mass. Joshua Danforth, 374. 
Pittsfield, see New Lisbon. 

Pittsford, Rutland, Vermont, Ozem Strong, 469. 
Pittsgrove, Salem, N. J. Joseph Cook, 171. 
Pittston, Kennebeck, Maine, Jacob Loud, 603. 
Pittston, Hunterdon, N. J. Edward Welsted, 199. 
Pittston, Luzerne. Penn. Eleazer Carey, 261. 
Pittstown, Rensselaer, N. Y. Adonijah Newcomb, 390. 
Pittsville, Essex, Virg. Muscoe Garnett, 91. 
Pittsylvania c. h. Pittsylvania, Vii-g. Thomas Rawlins, 23 1. 
Pittsylvania old c. h. 

or Calland's store, Pittsylvania, Virg. Jabez Smith, 295. 
Plainfield, Caledonia, Vermont, Silas Williams, jun. 574. 
Plainfield, Windham, Conn. Ebenezer Eaton, 371. 
Plainfield, Otsego, N. Y. Ruggles Spoouer, 479. 
Plainfield, Essex, N. J. Samuel Manning, 224. 
Plattsburg, Clinton, N. Y. Caleb Nichols, 541. 
Pleasant Grove, Lunenburg, Virg. ISIerewether Hurt, 227. 
Pluckemin, Somerset, N. J. John Hunt, 202. 
Plumstead, Bucks, Penn. John Rodrock, 167. 
Plymouth, Grafton, N. H. Jonathan Robbins, jun. 580. 
Plymouth, Windsor, Vermont, Daniel Clark, 480. 
Plymouth, Plymouth, Mass. James Wan-en, jun. 474. 
Plymouth, Chenango, N. Y. Judah Bement, 384. 
Plymouth, Washington, N. C. John Armistead, 311.- 
Plympton, Plymouth, Mass. Nathan Fobes, 466. 
Pocotaligo, Beaufort, S. C. Jesse Kain, 602. 
Point Pleasant, Mason, Vii-g. George Newman, 444. 
Poland, see ISIinot. 

Poland, Trumbull, Ohio, Jared Kirtland, 311. 
Pomfret, Niagara, N. Y. Samuel Berry, 455. 
Pomfret, Windham, Conn. Lemuel Grosvenor, 370. 
Pompey, Onondaga, N. Y. Daniel Wood, 482. 
Poole's store, Montgomery, Maryland, Dennis Lackland, 34. 
Poolsville, Spartanburg, S. C. Fortunatus H. Legg, 540. 
Poplar Grove, 

or'M'Morries' store, Newbury, S. C. James M'Morries, 524. 
Poplar Springs, Ann Arundel, Maryland, Jos. Fitzpati-ick, 6Q. 
Poplar I'own, 

or Trap, Worcester, Maryland, James A. Collins, 185. 
Port Elizabeth, Cumberland, N. J. Stephen Willis, 194. 
Port Gibson, Clairbome, Miss. Ter. James Wood, 1187. 
Portland, Cumberland, Maine, James Wingate, 540. 
Foit Putmam, Jefferson, N. Y. Richard M. Esselstyn, 610c 



w 



v% 



LIST OF POST-OFFICIiS, &.c. 



OiRce at Port Republic, Rocking'.iam, Virg. J. Graham, 140 miles. 

Portroyal, Caroline, Virg. Newton Berryman, 70. 

Portroyal, Montgomer)', Tenn. Joseph Woolfolk, 787. 

Port's Fei-ry, Marion, S. C. John C. Davis, 436. 

Portsmouth, Rockingham, N. H. Mark Simes, 488. 

Portsmouth, Newport, R. I. Artemas Fish, 416. 

Portsmouth, Scioto, Ohio, John Browne, 462. 

Portsmouth, NorfoUc, Virginia, Jesse Nicholson, 233. 

Port Tobacco, Charles, ALiryland, Robert D. Semmes, 34. 

Port Watson, N. Y. 

Port ^Villiam, Gallatin, Ken. Henry Winslow, 602. 

Potsdam, St. Lawrence, N. Y. Caleb Hough, jun. 650. 

Potter's Mills, Centre, Penn. James Potter, jun. 183. 

Pottiesville, Louisa, Virg. George Pottie, 96. 

Pottsgi-ove, Montgomery, Penn. Jacob Di-inkhouse, 164. 

Poughkeepsie, Dutchess, N. Y. Levi M'Keen, 303. 

Poultney, Rutland, Vermont, Daniel Sprague, 441. 

Powelton, Hancock, Georgia, Sampson Duggai', 695. 

Powhatan c. h. 
or Scottsville, Powhatan, Virg. Thomas Scott, 157. 

Presque Isle, see Erie. 

Preston, New London, Conn. Daniel Briggs, 362. 

Price's Mills, Louisa, Virg. Otho W. Callis, 13b. 

Prince Edward c. h. Prince Edward, Virg. Joshua League, 210. 

Princess Ann, Somerset, ]\Iaryland, Littleton D. Teakle, 160. 

Princeton, Middlesex, N. J. Stephen Morford, 177. 

Pritchetts' store, Brunswick, Virg. John G. Rives, 199. 

Prospect, Hancock, INIaine, Samuel Shute, 675. 

Prospect Hill, Fairfax, Virg. William Wiley, 15. 
., Providence, Pro\'idence, R. L Benjamin West, 393. 
^. Providence, Luzerne, Penn. Benjamin Slocum, 275. 
W? Providence, Mecklenburg, N. C. James Wallis, 470. 

Provincetown, Barnstable, Mass. Joseph Atkins, 544. 

Pughtown, Chester, Penn. Matthew Law, 156. 
^. Pughtown, Frederick, Virg. William M. HoUiday, 37. 
' Pulaski c. h. Pulaski, Ken. William J. Sallee, 656. 

Pulaski, Giles, Tenn. Gabriel Bumpass, 787. 

Pultney, Steuben, N. Y. Joel Pratt, jun. 362, 

Pultneyville, Ontario, N, Y. Jacob W. Hallett, 476. 

Putnam c. h. Putnam, Georgia, Henry Branham, 660. 

Putney, V/indham, Vermont, Amasa Manley, 430. 

Putney's store, Northampton, N. C. Pilchard Pultney, 207. 

Quakertown, Bucks, Pennsylvania, William Green, 184. 

Quarlesville, Brunswick, Virginia, John Stith, jun. 192. 

queen Anns, Prince George, Maryland, Charles D, Hodges, 27, 

Queens c. h. see North Hemstead. 

queenstown, queen Anns, Maryland, N. M. Hobbs, 65. 

Quincy, Norfolk, Massaclmsetts, Richard Cranch, 433. 

quantico Mills, Somerset, ]Maryland, Geo. Malcolm, 128. ' 

Ragan's, Baldwin, Georgia, John Ragan, 680. 

Rahway, Essex, New Jersey, Richard Marsh, 202. 

Raines Tavern, Cumberland, Virginia, Tarleton Williams, 198. 

Raisin River, see Frenchtown, 

Raleigh, Wake, N. C. William Peck, 290. 

Ramapo Works, Rockland, New York, I. H. PiersOT|*231', 



m 



136 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

Office at Randolph, Orange, Vermont, William Nutting, 506 miles. 
Randolph, Norfolk, Massachusetts, William P. "VVhiting, 439. 
Randolph c. h. 

or Beverly, Randolph, Virginia, John M. Hart, 246. 
Randolph c. h. Randolph, N. C. Abel Cocks, 402. 
Randolph c. h. see Monticello, 

Ransom's Bridge, Halifax, N. C. Benjamin W. Lucas, 251. 
Rapide, Nachitoches, Orleans Ter. John Casson, 1499. 
Ravenne, Portage, Ohio, William Tappan, 378. 
Raymond, Cumberland, Mame, Stephen Swett, 566. 
Raysville, Columbia, Georgia, John I. Barnett, 617. 
Readfield, Kennebeck, Maine, Samuel Currier, 612. 
Reading, Faii-field, Connecticut, William Comstock, 290. 
Reading, Berks, Pennsylvania, John Walter, 193. 
Readyville, Rutherford, Tennessee, Chax-les Ready, 760. 
Reamstown, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Frederick Zeigler, 120 
Red Bluff, or 

Smith's old stand, Claibourne, Mississippi T. J. M'RaveDj 119'i 
Redfield, Oneida, New York, Aaron Butler, 460. 
Redhook, Dutchess, New York, Jacob Van Ness, 326. 
Red House, Caswell, N. C. George W. Jeffreys, 306. 
Reedy river Shoals, see Foi-k Shoals, 
Rehoboth, Bristol, Massachusetts, Rufus Rounds, 41S. 
Reid's store, Campbell, Virginia, John Reid, 248. 
Reidsvdle, Pendleton, S. C. Nathaniel Reid, 524. 
Reisterto\vn, Baltimore, Maryland, George Fisher, 55. 
Remsen, Oneida, New York, Stephen Hutchinson, 484. 
Rhea c. h. Rhea, Tennessee, Daniel Rawlins, 600. 
Rhinebeck, Dutchess, New York, William Jacques, 320» 
Riceboro', Liberty, Georgia, Alexander Forrister, 692. 
Richardson's Tavern, Edgefield, S. C. David Richardson, S^i 
Richfield, Otsego, New York, Ivory Holland, 435. .: * 

Richmond, Chittenden, Vermont, Moors Russel,. 555. 
Richmond, Washington, R. I. Samuel Clark, 3^. 
Richmond, Berkshire, Massachusetts, Cyprian Branch, 383^ 
Richmond, Northampton, Pennsylvania, John Bakei*, 215. 
Richmond, Henrico, Virginia, William Foushee, 125. 
Richmond, Madison, Kentucky, Robert Miller, 589. 
Richmond c. h. Richmond, Virginia, Benjamin Baughton, 12i 
Richmond c h. Richmond, N. C. John W. Cole, 401. 
Ridge, St. Mary's, Maryland, Matthias Clarke, 92. 
Ridge, Edgefield, S. C. William Norris, 539. 
Ridgefield, Fan-field, Connecticut, Timothy Keeler, 284. 
Ringo's, Hunterdon, New Jersey, Nathan Price, 175. 
Ripley, Huron, Ohio, 460. 

Ripton* (Parish), Fairfield, Connecticut, Charles De Forest, 29*. 
Rising Sun, Csecil, Maryland, Israel Reynolds, 106. 
Rising Sun, or 

Tunberlake's store, Fluvanna, Virginia, Sam. F. Monis, 16( 
River Head, New London, Conn. Jeremiah Comstock, 350. . 
Roadstown, Cumberland, New Jersej-, John Garrison, 176v 
Robbinson, Washington, Maine, John Brewer, 833. 
Robbstown, Westmoreland, Penn. Joseph Van Kirk, 247. 
Robert's store, Halifax, Virginia, James Eastham, 278. 
aochesterj Straffovd, N. H. JosepU Clark, 5io. ^ 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 137 

Office at Rochester, Plymouth co. Mass. Nathan Willis, 475 miles-. 
Rockaway, Morris, New Jersey, Joseph Jackson, 230. 
Rockford, Suny, N. C. Thomas W. Lester, 421. v^iv. 

Rockford, Nelson, "Virginia, Henry Bibb, 164. Vj -9^- 

Rock Hall, Kent, Maryland, Thomas Harris, 65. -V 

Rockingham, Windham, Vermont, Ed. R. Campbell 2d. 449, 
Rockingham c. h. see Hannsonburg. 

Rockingham c. h. Rockingham, N. C. Ambrose Peay, 309. 
Rocky Hill, Hartford, Connecticut, Eli Goodrich, 331. 
Rocky Mount, York, S. C. William Beckham, 480. 
Rocky Mount, Franklin, Virginia, Peter Saunders, jun. 298, 
Rocky Ridge, Christian, Kentucky, John M'Caughan, 796. 
Rocky River, Pendleton, S. C. James Thomson, 544. 
Rocky Springs, Rockingham, N. C. James H. Bearing, 329. 
Rogei's' store. Union, S. C. John Rogers, 520. 
Roger,sville, or 

Hawkins c. h. Hawkins, Tennessee, Francis Dalzell, 471-. 
Rome, Oneida, New York, Joshua Hatheway, 480. 
Romney, Hampshire, Virginia, John Jack, 123. 
Romulus, Seneca, New York, John Sayi-e, 389. 
Roscommon, Steuben, New York, Dennis O'Connor, 35S. 
Rose Creek, Tennessee, Reuben Thornton. 
Rossville, see Boatyard. 

Rough Creek Church, Charlotte, Virg. C. Burksdale, jun. 24^^ 
Roundbottom, see Charleston. 
Rowley, Essex, Massachusetts, James Smith, 460. 
Roxboro', or Person c. h. Person, N. C. John Williams, 325. 
Royalton, Windsor, Vermont, Zebulon Lyon, 498. 
Ru'inford Academy, King William, Virginia, Richard Hill, 122» 
Russel c. h. Russel, Viiginia, William Patton, 475. 
Russel's Tavern, Chester, Pennsylvania, Francis Russel, 125. 
Russia, Herkimer, New York, Hobart Graves, jun. 493. 
Russelville, Logan, Kentucky, Joseph Ficklin, 773. 
Rutherfordton, Rutherford, N. C. Tench Cox, jun. 484, 
Rutland, Rutland, Vermont, William D. Smith, 461. 
Rutland, Worcester, Massachusetts, Moses White, 422. 
Rutland, Jefferson, New York, John Read, 512. 
Rutledge, Granger, Tennessee, William Keith, 503. 
Rye, West Chester, New York, Henry L. Pennfield, 259. 
Ryegate, Caledonia, Vermont, James Whitelaw, 528. 
Sacarappa, Cumberland, Maine, Hezekiah Winslow, 547. 
Sacket's Harbour, Jefferson, New York, Hart Massey, 575. 
Saco, or Briddeford, York, Maine, John Cleaves, 525. 
Sag Habour, Suffolk, New York, Henry P. Bering, 335. 
Salem, Rockingham, N. H. Phineas Gordon, jun. 473. 
Salem, Orleans, Vermont, 560. 
Salem, Essex, Massachusetts, John Dabney, 433. 
Salem, Washington, New York, William Gray, 415. 
Salem, Salem, New Jersey, Thomas Jones, 165. 
Salem, Botetourt, Virginia, William Blain, 260. 
Salem, Columbiana, Ohio, John Sti-eet, 332. 
Salem, Fauquier, Virginia, William H. Hampton, 66, 
Salem, Stokes, N. C. Nathaniel Shober, 348. 
Salem, Wayne, Pennsylvania, Theodore Woodbl'idge, 235. 
Saletn, Salem, S. C. Hem-y Cassels, 507. 



138 LIST 0¥ POST-OFFICES, &c. 

Office at Salem, or Centreville, Livingston, Ken. S. C. Haskins, 800 
Salina, Onandaga, New York, Nehemiah H. Earll, 448. [miles. 
Saline, Illinois Tev. Leonard White, 850. 
Salisbury, Hillsboro', N. H. Moses Eastman, 519. 
Salisburj-^, Addison, Vermont, Jacob Linsly, 490. 
Salisbury, Essex, Massachusetts, Elijah Wadleigh, 469. 
Salisbury, Litchfield, Connecticut, Samuel Church, 338. 
Salisbury, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Henry F. Slaymaker, 128. 
Salisbury, Somerset, Pennsylvania, Peter Welfley, 176. 
Salisbury, Somerset, Maryland, Richard Lemmon, 148. 
Salisbuiy, Rowan, N. C. Andrew Balfour, 415. 
Salmon Creek, see Genoa. 

Sampson c. h. Sampson, N. C. Joshua Knowlton, 381. 
Sanbomton, Strafford, N. H. Thomas Kimball, 527. 
Sand Barr, Wilkinson, Georgia, Jonathan Sawyer, 790. 
Sandisfield, Berkshire, TNIassachusetts, George Hull, 376. 
Sandusky, Erie, Ohio, William Mathews, 479. 
Sandwich, Barnstable, Massachusetts, William Fessendon, 470. 
Sandy Hill, Washington, New York, Alpheus Doty, 419. 
Sandford, York, Maine, Ebenezer Linscott, 520. 
Sangerfield, Oneida, New York, David Norton, 4o0. 
Saratoga, Saratoga, New Yoi-k, A. Van Deusen, 399. 
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga, New York, Miles Beach, 405. 
Satauket, Suffolk, New York, Jonas Hawkins, 284. 
Satauket, see Drown Meadow. 

Saugatuck, Fairfield, Connecticut, Stephen Morehouse, 279. 
Saugerties, Ulster, New York, Asa Eigelow, 317. 
Saundersville, Washington, Georgia, James Walker, 682. 
Savannah, Chatham, Georgia, Philip Box, 657. 
Saybrook, Middlesex, Connecticut, Humphrey Pratt, jun. 330. 
Scarboro', Cumberland, Maine, Abraham Milliken, jun. 531. 
Scaroon Lake, or 

Crown Point, Washington, New York, Simeon Rawson, 457. 
Sehaghticoke, Rensselaer, New York, Munson Smith, 388. 
Schoharie Bridge, Schoharie, N. Y. Joseph C. Blanchard, 397. 
Schoharie c. h. Schoharie, New York. 

Schenectady, Schenectady, New York, Jacob Thiu-ston, 385. 
Sciota salt springs, Ross, Ohio, John Brander, 442. 
Scipio, Cayuga, New York, James Glover, 420. 
Scituate, Pljinouth, Massacliusetts, Augustus Clapp, 453. 
Scodic Falls, see Calais, 

Scotch Plains, Essex, New Jersey, David Osbom, 226. 
Scotland Neck, Halifax, N. C. James Smith, 268. 
Scottsburg, Halifax, Virginia, John B. Scott, 260. 
Scott's Jx! Roads, Fairfax, Virginia, John C. Scott, 12. 
Scottsville, see Powhatan c. h. 
Shuffletown, Laurens, S. C. 587. 
Scull Camp, Surry, N. C. Shelton Gentry, 402. 
Scuppemong, Tyrrel, N. C. Peter Wynne, 345. 
Seaconk, Bristol, Massachusetts, Phannel Bishop, jun. 
Selins Grove, Northumberland, Penn. P. F. Dering, 182. 
Sempronius, Cayuga, New York, Gershom Morse, 436. 
Sesscems Bridge, Edgeombe, N. C. Edmond D. M'Nair, 280. 
Seveir c. h. Seveir, Tennessee, Isaac Love, 570. 
Shackelford's, Kmg and Queen, Virginia, John Mann, 153. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 139 

Oflice at Shackelford's store, or 

Church Hill, Spartanburg, co. S. C. Wm. Shackelford, 544. 
Shade Works, Somnierset, Pennsylvania, 190. [miles. 

Shaftsbuiy, Bennington, Vermont, Property James, 414. 
Shandakan, Ulster, New York, Aaron Adams, 335. 
Shapleigh, York, Maine, Samuel Chapman, 537. 
Sharon, Litchfield, Connecticut, George King, jun. 333. 
Sharon, Windsor, Vermont, Oliver Lathrop, 498 
Sharon, or Durlock, Schoharie, New York, Zenas Pynneo, 412. 
Sharpsburg, Washington, Maryland, Gabriel Noiirse, 75. 

Shawangunk, Ulster, New York, Cornelius Louw, 288. 

Shawneetown, Illinois Ter. George Robinson, 800. 

Sheepscot, Lincoln, Maine, Andrew Peters, 602. 

Sheffield, Caledonia, Vermont, 530. 

Sheffield, Berkshire, Massachusetts, Wm. Buell, 347. 

Shchola, Wayne, Pennsylvania. 

Shelbyville, Shelby, Kentucky, Wingfield Bullock, 606, 

Shelbyville, Bedford, Tennessee, John Stone, 793. 

Sheldon, Franklin, Vermont, E. H. Wead, 554. 

Sheldon, Genesee, New York, Fitch Chipman. 

Shelton's store, Goochland, Virginia, John Shelton, jun. 228o 

Shepherdstown, Jelferson, Virginia, James Brown, 62. 

Shepherdsville, Bullet, Kentucky, James Porter, 640. 

Sherburne, Madison, New York, John Guthrie, 452. 

Sheshequin, Luzerne, Pennsylvania, Av(n-y Gore, 326. 

Shippensburg, Cumberland, Pennsylvania, David M'Clure, 1Q3. 

Shu-ley, Middlesex, Massachusetts, Thomas Whitney, 470. 

Shirleysburg, Huntingdon. Penn. Kimber A. Barton, 120. 

Shoals of Ogechee, Warren, Georgia, Wm. Bird, 768. 

Shoreham, Addison, Vermont, Reuben Baldwin, 463. 

Short Creek, Brook, Virginia, Samuel Chambers, 315. 

Shower's mills, Cumberland, Pennsylvania, 125, 

Shrewsbury, Rutland, Vermont, S. Gleason, 470. 

Shrewsbuiy, Worcester, Massachusetts, Joseph Stone, 413. 

Shrewsbuiy, Monmouth, New Jersey, Benjamin White, 223, 

Sidney, Delaware, New York, Abraham G. Siverly, 390. 

Sidney Grove, Randolph, Illinois Ten Benj. Stevenson, 915. 

Sill's store, see Bel ford. 

Silver Lake, Luzerne, Pennsylvania, Robert H. Rose, 348. 

Simsbury, Hartford, Connecticut, Noah A. Phelps, 345. 

Sinking Springs, Overton, Tennessee, Joseph H. Windle, 750^ 

Skancateles, Onondago, New York, Wm. I. Vredenburgh, 429. 

Skouheagen falls, Somerset, Maine, Jos. Locke, 1631. 

Skirinersville, Washington, N. C. John Rogers, 350. 

Slate C. I. Works, Montgomery, Ken. Andrew Biyan, 499. 

Slate Mills, Culpeper, Virginia, Gabriel Barboui*, 94. 

Smithfield, Madison, New York, 456, 

Smithfield, Trumbull, Ohio, Jeremiah Wilcox, 362. 

Smithfield, Johnson, (N. C.) W. W. Hopkins, 312. 

Smithfield, Isle of Wight, Virginia, John H. Purdie, 215, 

Smithland, Livingston, Kentucky, Joseph Woods, 875. 
, Smithsboro', Tioga, New York, Isaac S. Boardman, 345, 

Smith's store, Greenville, Virginia. 

Smith's store, Fauquier, Virginia, Hewes, 75. 

Snlitllto^vlJ, Suffolk, New York, Benjarain B. Blydenbure-, 2SQ. 



140 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &e. 

Office at Smithville, Brunswick co. N. C. John ConyerSj 446 iriiles:. 
SmjTna, Chenango, New York, Samuel Guthrie, 388. 
Smyrna, or Duck Creek, Kent, Del. Jacob Pennington, 150. 
Smyth's stand, Somerset, Pennsylvania, Philip Smyth, 193. 
Sneedsboro', Richmond, N. C. John M'Rea, 414. 
Snicker's Gap, Loudoun, Virginia, Levin Stephens, 61. 
Snow C. I. Works, Stokes, N. C. John Bishop, 383. 
Snowhill, Worcester, Mai-yland, Francis Rosse, 171. 
Snowhill, Worcester, N. C. Benjamin Evans, 380. 
Somers, West Chester, New York, Milton F. Cushing, 24j2; 
Somerset, Bristol, Massachusetts, Joseph Kellogg, 428. 
Somerset, Somerset, Pennsylvania, James Clark, 183. 
Somerset c. h. Somerset, New Jersey, John Meldrum, 193. 
Somer's Point, Gloucester, New Jersey, John Winner, jun. 197. 
Southampton, see Caledonia. 

Southampton, Suffolk, New York, Josiah Foster, 324. 
Southboro, Worcester, Massachusetts, Peter Fay, 409. 
South East, Dutchess, New York, Joseph C. Field, 290. 

Southfield, see Munroe. 

South Hadlev, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Ralph Snow, 385. 

.Southington,' Hartford, Connecticut, Rhoda Lewis, 318.^ 

5'Duth Kingston, 
or Tower Hill. Washington, R. I. William Nichols, 397. 

Southold, Suffolk, New York, John Franks, 336. 

South Qiiay, Nansemond, Virginia, John Dorlon, 216. 

.S'outhwick, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Enos Foote, 390.' 

5parta, Sussex, New Jersey, Stephen Hurd, 253. 

Aparta, Hancock, Georgia, John Abercrombie, 685. 

Spartanburg, Spartanburg, S. C. Abner Benson, 531. 

Speedsville, Tioga, New York, John J. Speed, 382. 

Speed and Wilson's store, Halifax, Virginia, Isaac Oliver, 2^0. 

Spencer, Worcester, Massachusetts, Isaac Jenks, jun. 379. 

Spencer, Tioga, New York, Lewis Beers,' 359. 

Spotsylvania, c. h. Spottsylvania, Virginia, Joshua Long, 72. 

Spread Eagle, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Edward Siter, 150. 

Springfield, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Daniel Lumbard, 357. 

Springfield, Otsego, New York, Samuel Brewer, 440. 

Springfield, Essex, New Jersey, Caleb Woodruff, 243. 

Springfield, Muskingum, Ohio, Increase Matthews, 404. 

Springfield, Champaign, Ohio, Robert Renick, 592. 

Springfield, Hampshire, Virginia, John Piper, 140. 

Springfield, Washington, Kentucky, John Calhoon, 628. 

Sprin.gfield, Robertson, Tennessee,' John Hutchinson, 771; 

Spring Hill, Jefferson, Georgia, John Welsh, 706. 

Spring Hill, Chesterfield, Virginia, James Moody, 151. 

Spring Hill, Lenoir, N. C. Joseph Ellieot^ 400. 

SpringtoT. n, Montgomery, Pennsylvania, David Connard, 15.8. 

Springville, Tvlontgomery, N. C Andrew Wade, 415. 
% Staatsburg, Dutchess, New York, Heni-y Ernes, 314. 

Stafford c. h. Stafford, Vii-ginia, James M. Ford, 45. 
Stafford springs, I'olland, Connecticut, Benjamin Hebb, 360. 
♦ Stafford, or ' 

Spotted tavern, Staflxjrd, Virginia, Thomas Aicock, 4"8/ 
.i'tagville. Orange, N. C. Duncan, Duncan Cameron, 2SX 
Stamford, Dek\vare5 N> Y. ]5'hyander Siriitli%, 387;, 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c- 141 

Office at StamforJ, Fan-field co. Conn. A. Davenport, 265 miles. 
•Stanardsville, Orange, Vir^nia, Henry F. Hume, 119. 
blandish, Cumberland, :Maine, William Lamson, 557. 
•Stamford, Lincoln, Kentucky, William A. Luckie, 635. 
.Statesburg, Clareraont, S. C. James Mun-ell, 491. 
5'tatesville, Iredell, N. C. James Irwin, 441. 
5'iaunton, Miami, Ohio, Cornelius Westfall, 598. 
Staunton, Augusta, Virginia, Laurence Tremper, 174. 
•Sterling, Worcester, Mass. John Robbing. 
■Sterling, Windham, Conn. Benjamin Tuckerman, 378. 
iSterlingville, Granville, N. C. Jones Allen, 267, 
•Steuben, Washington, Maine, Jacob Townsley, 753. 
iSteuben\nlle, Jefferson, Ohio, John Galbraith, 310. 
S'tevensburg, Culpeper, Virginia, Peter Hansbrough, jun. 80. 
iStewarttown, Grafton, N. H. Jeremiah Eames, 600. 
Stillwater, Saratoga, N. Y. Henry Metcalfe, 391. 
•Stockbridge, Berkshire, Massachusetts, Horatio Jones, 361. 
S'tockden's Valley, Cumberland, Kentucky, Robert Poage, 560, 
•Stockholm, St. Lawrence, New Yor'-;, William Staples, 619. 
■Stonesvillc, Greenville, S. C. Bannister Stone, 531. 
•Stoney Point, Abbeville, S. C. William Smith, 573. 
•Stonington, New London, Connecticut, George Hubbard, 36?. 
Stony Brook, see Satauket. 

•Stow, Middlesex, Massachusetts, Phineas Conant, 448. 
Stow, Portage, Ohio, Titus Wetinore, 396. 
•Stoyestown, Somerset, Pennsylvania, John Lehmer, 173. 
Strasburg, Franklin, Pennsylvania, George M'Clelland, 103. 
Strasburg^ Lancaster, Pennsylvania, John Caldwell, 125. 
Strasburg, Shenandoah, Virginia, Alexander Hite, 100. 
Stratford, Coos, N. H. Jared W. Daniels, 549. 
Su-attbrd, Fairfield, Connecticut, David Brooks, 290. 
•Strong's store, see Goose Pond. 

.Stroudsburg, Northampton, Penns^dvania, Peter Barker, 222i, 
St. Alban's, Franklin, Vermont, Horace Janes, 550. 
St. Alban's, Claiborne, Mississippi Ter. 
St. Charles, Fairfield, Louisiana Ter. Macky Wherry, 982. 
St. Clairsville, Belmont, Ohio, Mahlon Smith, 332. 
St. George's, New Castle, Delaware, John Sutton, 122. 
St. Genevieve, 

or Geneva, St. Genevieve, Louisiana Ter. E. A. Eliott, 908.- 
St. Inigoe's, St. Mary's, Maryland, William Tarlton, 87. 
St. James, (Santee) see Tib Winn. 

St. Johnsburg, Caledonia, Vermont, Amaziah D. Barber, 605; 
St. Leonard's, Calvert, Maryland, James M. SoUers, 82. 
St. Louis, Fairfield, Louisiana Ter. Rufus Easton, 961. 
St. Mary's Camden, Georgia, Archibald Clark, 784. 
St. Michael's, Talbot, Maryland, Richard Han-ington, 74. 
St. Tammany's, Mecklenburg, Virg. Ebenezer Macgowan, 251; 
Stuart c. h. see Dover. '*'*f 

Stuartsburg, Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, Robert Stuart, 235. 
Sturbridge, Woi-cester, Massachusetts, Simeon Burt, 398. 
Suckasunny, Morris, New Jersey, James Hinchman, 251, 
Sudler's X Roads, Queen Anns,'Marvland, John Kennedy, 155. 
Suffield, Hartford, Connecticut, William Gay, 343. 
ytlffolk, Nansemond, Virginia, Arthur Smith, 228. 



142 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

Office at SufFolk c. h. SuiFolk co. N. York, B. Brewster, 334 miles. 

Sullivan, Hancock, Maine, Paul D. Sargent, 739. 

Sullivan, Madison, New York, Solomon Beebe, 470. 

Sullivan c h. see Blountsville. 

Sulphur Springs, Adams, Petinsylvania, Nimrod Maxwell, 97. 

Sumtersville, Claremont, S. C. Gurshon Benbow, 505. 

Sunbury, Northumberland, Pennsylvania, Lewis Dewart, 192. 

Sunbury, Liberty, Georgia, Davis Carter, 690. 

Suri-y c. h. Surry, Virginia, David Price, 194. 

Sussex c. h. Sussex, Vii-ginia, James Pennington, 178. 

Sutton, Worcester, Massachusetts, Estes Howe, 396.. 

Swansboro', Onslow, N. C. Andrew Wilson, jun. 409. 

Swanton, Franklin, Vermont, William Brayton, 558. 

Swanzey, Bristol, Massachusetts, Reuben Chace, 423. 

Sweedsboro', Gloucester, New Jersey, Richard Tittermary, 149<. 

Sweet Springs, Monroe, Virginia, John Davis, 259. 

Taneyton, Frederick, Maryland, Daniel Boyle, 71. 

Tappahannock, Essex, Virginia, Laurence Muse, 117. 

Tappan, Rockland, New York, 252. 

Tarborough, Edgecomb, N. C. Daniel Redmond, 284, 

Tarlton, Fairfield, Ohio, Samuel Lybrand, 452. 

Tan-antsville, Barnwell, S. C. Benjamin TaiTant, 595. 

Tate's store, Halifax, N. C. Francis Oate, 248. 

Tattnall c. h. Tattnall, Georgia, James Periy, 750. 

Taunton, Bristol, Massachusetts, James L. Hodges, 439. 

Tawandee, Lycoming, Pennsylvania, Reuben Hale, 320- 

Tazewell, c. h. Tazewell, Virginia, 370. 

Tazewell, Clairborne, Tennessee, Hugh Graham, 517. 

Telicoj Blount, Tennessee, 580. 

Templeton, Worcester, Massachusetts, Lipha French, 464. 

Tensaw, Washington, Mississippi Ter. John Peirce, 1050- 

Thetford, Orange, Vermont, Thomas Hopkins, 498. 

Thomas', Christian, Kentucky, Shadrach Futrel, 808. 

Thomaston, Lincoln, Maine, James D. Wheaton, 628. 

Thompson, Windham, Connecticut, John Nichols, 377. 

Thompsontown, Mifflin, Pennsylvania, James Thompson, 174, 

Thornsburg, Spottsylvania, Vir^ia, Joseph Pollard, jun. 72. 

Thrasher's store, Loudoun, Virginia, Elias Thrasher, 55. 

Thurman, Washington, New York, Kitchel Bishop, 437. 

Tibwaynn, 
or St. James, (Santee,) Charleston, S. C. Elias Jones, 501. 

Timberlake's store, see Rising Sun. 

Tinslej'ville, Goochland, Virginia, John Tinsley, 173. 

Tioga, Lycoming, Pennsylvania, William Willard, 302. 

Tiverton, Newport, R. I. William Norton, 420. 

Tolland, Tolland, Connecticut, Elijah Smith, 352. 

Tolland, Hampshire, MassacJ usetts, Amos Phelps, 369. 

Tombstone, Bertie, N- C. Amasa Perin, 298. 
1^. ^, Tomhannock, Rensselaer, N. Y, Simon Newcomb, jun. 38^.. 
W' Tomlinson's, Allegany, Maiyland, 174. 

Topfield, Essex, Massachusetts, Nehem. Cleaveland, 452. 

Tower Hill, see South Kingston. 

Town Creek Mills, Edgefield, S. C. Charles Goodwin, 593, 

Townsend, Middlesex, Massachusetts, Moses Warren, 455. 

Townsend, Windhara, Vermont, Charles Phelps; 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 14S 

Office at Tracey's Landing, Ann Arundle co. Md. J. C. Weems, 44 
Trap, see Poplar Town. [miles'. 

Trap, Montgo iner J', Pennsylvania, Philip Beyer, jun. 164. 
Traveller's Rest, Greenville, S. C. Jesse Edwards, 556. 
Trent Bridge, Jones, N. C. Josiah Howai-d, 389. 
Trenton, Hancock, Maine, Abner Lee, 733. 
Trenton, Oneida, New York, John Billings, 478. 
Trenton, Hunterdon, New Jersey, Charles Ilice, 165. 
Trenton, Jones, N. C. William Neil, 389. 
Triadelphia, Montgomery, Maryland, Isaac Brigs, 35. 
Troupville, Ontario, New York, Wra. N. Lummis, 385. 
Troy, Bristol, Massachusetts, Charles Pitman, 430. 
Troy, Rensselaer, New York, Samuel Gale, 375. 
Trumansburg, Seneca, New York, Oliver C. Comstock, 380i 
Trumbull, Fairfield, Connecticut, Eliakim Beach, 290. 
Truro, Bai-nstable, Massachusetts, Sylvanus Nye, 535. 
Truxton, or Fabius, Cortland, New York, John Miller, 462. 
Tuckabatchy, Mississippi Ter. John B. Chandler, 980. 
Tuckerton, Bui-lington, New Jersey, Ebenezer Tucker, 190', 
Tunckhannock, Luzerne, Penn. Elijah Barnum, 279. 
Turin, Oneida, New York, Levi Collins, 507. 
Turner, Oxford, Maine, Alden Blossom, 615. 
TjTigboro, Middlesex, Massachusetts, I). Richardson, 454). 
Tyson's, Chatham, N. C. >lurdock M'Kenzie, 3 54. 
Tyson's store, Moore, N. C. William Tyson, 360. 
Ulysses, Tioga, New York, 368. 
Unadilla, Otsego, New York, Sherman Page, 422. 
« Unicom, Lancastei*, Pennsylvania, William White, 124'. 
Union, Lincoln, Maine, William White, 600. 
Union, Broome, New York, Joshua Whitney, 373. 
Union, see Monroe c, h. 
Union, c. h. Union, S. C. John Carson, 505. 
Union Mills, Frederick, Maryland, Ludwick Millei', 75. 
Union Springs, Cayuga, New Yoi-k, John Mosher, 420. 
Union Town, Fayette, Pennsylvania, John Campbell, 227. 
Union Village, 

or Phillipstown, Rensselaer, N. Y. Chester Griswold, 388. 
Unity, Kennebeck, Maine, Lemuel Bartlett, 625. 
Upper Blue Lick, Fleming, Kentucky, John Finley, 522. 
Upper "'lai-lboro, Prince George, Md. Dennis M. Burgess, l8. 
Upper Three Runs, Barnwell, S. C. James Chron, 607. 
Upperville, Loudoun, Virginia, Joseph Carr, 52. 
Urbanna, Champaign, Ohio, John Reynolds, 602. 
Urbanna, Middlesex, Virginia, John Darby, 145. 
Urquhai-t's store, Southampton, Vii-g. John Urquhart, 230. 
Utica, Oneida, New York, M. Hitchcock, 465. 
Uxbridge, Worcester, Massachusetts, Samuel Willard, 392. 
Vanceburg, Kentucky. 
Vanstown, Mississippi Ter. 1000. 

Vansville, Prince George, Maryland, G. G. Van Horn, 13. 
Van Syckle's, Hunterdon, New Jersej', Elijah Van Syckle, 175, 
Varennes, Pendleton, S. C. Thomas D. Baird, 540. 
Variety, Nelson, Virginia, Nathaniel Offutt, 179. 
Vassalboro' , Kennebeck, Maine, Thomas Odiorne, 611; 
Vergennes, Addison, Vermont, Abel Tomlinson, 493. 



144 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &*i 

Office at Vernon, Sussex co. New Jersey, Wm. VVinans, 262 mile? 
Vernon, Oneida, New York, Benjamin Pierson, 475. 
Versailles, Woodford, Kentucky, EdmondF. Vawter, 568. 
Vevay, Dearborne, Indiana Ter. John F. Dufour, 970. 
Vielieboro', Caroline, Virginia, James Samuel, jun. 71 = 
Vienna, Kennebeck, Maine, Elisha Johnson, 623. 
Vienna, Trumbull, Ohio, 350. 
Vienna, Dorchester, Marj'land, James Horner, 120. 
Vienna, Abbeville, S. C. James Bickley, 588. 
Vincennes, Knox, Indiana Ter. William Prince, 758. 
Vineyard, Mecklinbui-g, Virginia, James Wilson, 223. 
Virgil, Courtland, New York, Zophir Moore, 419. 
Vosses, Montgomeiy, Virginia, Cliai-les G. Lewis, 286. 
Waddell's ferry, Randolph, N. C. Edmund Waddell, 410. 
Wadesboro', Anson, N. C. John Lawrence, 428. 
Waggonnei-s' Gap, Cumberland, Penn. 120. 
Wakefield, Straftbrd, N. H. Joshua G. Hall, 526. 
Walden, Caledonia, Vei-mont, 570. 
Waldoboro', Lincoln, Maine, John Head, 611. 
Walkersville, Lincoln, Georgia, John H. Walker, 620. 
Walkerton, King and Queen, Vu-g. Joseph Temple, jun, 120, 
Wallingford, Rutland, Vermont, Lent Ives, 455. 
Wallingfoi-d, New Haven, Conn. James Carrington, 313. 
Wallkill, Orange, N. Y. Charles Monell, 274. 
Walnut Cove, Anderson, Ten. Sampson David, 582. 
Walnut Hills, WaiTen, Miss. Ter. 1070. 
Walpole, Cheshire, N. H. Oliver Allen, 440. 
Walton, Delaware, N. Y. Gabriel North, 390. 
Wappengers Creek, Dutchess, N. Y. Nazareth Brewer, 303^ 
Wards, Cabell, Virg. 

Wardsboi-o', Windham, Vermont, James Tufts. 
Ward's Bridge, Orange, N. Y. Thomas M'Neal, 284. 
Wareham, Plymouth, Mass, Benjamin Fearing, 457. 
Warehouse Point, Hartford, Conn. Charles Reynolds, 344. 
Warminster, Amherst, Vu-g. John Higginbotham, jun. 168,, 
Warm springs, see Bath c. h. 

Warm springs, Buncombe, N. C. William Neilson, jun. 554^ 
Warren, Lincoln, Maine, Jesse Page, 622. 
Warren, Bristol, R. I. Samuel Randall, 418. 
Wan-en, Herkimer, N. Y. Robert Rusk, 460. 
Warren, Albermarle, Virg. William P.rown, 156, 
Warren, Trumbull, Ohio, Simon Perkins, 341. 
Warren c. h. Warren, Tenn. Joseph Colville, 760. 
Warrensbui-g, Green, Tenn. Hugh D. Hale, 490. 
Warrenton, Warren, N. C. William Ruffin, 233. 
Warrenton, Warren, Georgia, George Hargroves, 660, 
Warrentown, Jefferson, Ohio, James Galbraith, 312. 
Warsaw, Genesee, N. Y. Chauncey Sheldon. 
Warwick, Hampshire, Mass. WiUiam Cob, jun. 412. 
Warwick, Orange, N. Y. Benjamin S. Hoyt, 259. 
Washington, Orange, Vermont, John Stone, 547. 
Washmgton, Cheshire, N. H. Reuben Farnswortb, 500; 
Washington, Litchfield, Conn. Chauncey Camp, 307. 
Washington, Morris, N. J. David Miller, 207. 
Washington, Washington, Penn, Hugh Wylie, 275,' 



LIST OF POSy-OFFICESj &ft 145 

Office at Washington, Muskingum co. Ohio, S. Beymer, 367 miles. 
Washington, Northumberland, Penn. Samuel Hutchison, 220» 
Washington, Culpeper, Virg. Jeremiah Strother, 109. 
Washington, Beaufort, N. C. John G. Blount, 334. 
Washington, AVilkes, Georgia, James Wingfield, 642. 
Washington, Mason, Ken. William Murphy, 496. 
Washington, Adams, Miss. Ter. Samuel L. Winston, 1264. 
Washington city, Washington, Columbia, Thomas Miinroe, 
Waterboro', York, Maine, Andrew Burley, 563. 
Waterbury, Chittenden, Vermont, Calvin Deming, 542. 
Waterbui-y, New Haven, Conn. William K. Lamson, 218. 
Waterford, York, Maine, Eli Longley. 

Waterford, or Littleton, Caledonia, Vermont, Luther Pike, 599. 
Waterford, Saratoga, N. Y. John T. Close, 380. 
Waterford, or Le Buef, Erie, Penn. Charles Martin, 400. 
Waterford, Mifflin, Penn. Enoch Anderson, 206. 
Waterford, Loudoun, Virg. Daniel Stone, 42. 
Waterford, Washington, Ohio, David Pardee, 32'6. 
Watertown, Litchfield, Conn. Benjamin De Forest, 224. 
Watertown, Middlesex, Mass. Edwavd Lowd, 409. 
Watertown, Jefferson, N, Y. Joseph Clark, 548. 
Water\'ille, Kennebeck, Maine, Asa Redington, 619. 
Watkins' store, Elbert, Georgia, Robert H. Watkins, 6&r. 
Watkinsville, Clark, Georgia, John Hopkins, 683. 
Waylands, Augusta, Virg. Joseph Wayland, 164. 
Wayne, Kennebeck, Maine, Moses Wing. jun. 620. 
Wayne c. h. Wayne, Ken. Anthony Dilrel, 650. 
Waynesborough, Greene, Penn. James Wilson, 287. 
Waynesborough, Augusta, Virg. William Tutwell, 162. 
Waynesborough, Wayne, N. C. Nicholson Washington, 342, 
Waynesborough, Burke, Georgia, Samuel Sturges, 617. 
Waynesburg, Franklin, Penn. Michael Stoner, 92. 
Waynesville, Warren, Ohio, Samuel Heighway, 560. 
Weathersfield, Windsor, Vei-mont, Darius Jones, 46r. 
Wellfleet, Barnstable, Mass. Reuben Arey, 527. 
Wells, York, Maine, Matthew Lindsey, 507. 
Wellsboro', Tioga, Penn. Samuel W. Morris, 285. 
Wenham, Essex, Mass. Thomas Barnes, 446. 
Wentworth, Grafton, N. H. Caleb Keith, 510. 
West Alexandria, Washington, Penn. James Stephenson, 291. 
Westboro', Worcester, Mass. Nathan Fisher, 419. 
West Bridgewater, Plymouth, Mass. Asa Whitman, 441. 
West Brookfield, Worcester, Mass. Daniel Merriam, 380. 
West Cambiidge, Middlesex, Mass. William S. Brook, 418. 
West Castle, Caswell, N. Y. Isaac West, 329. 
West Chester, Chester, Penn. Job B. Remington, 141. 
Westerly, Washington, R. I. Paul Rhodes, 366. 
Western, Worcester, Mass. Joseph Field. 412. 
Western Port, Allegany, Marjland, William Price, 149. 
West Farms, West Chester, N. Y. John B. Gillespie, 283y 
Westhampton, Suffolk, N. Y. John M. Howell, 308. 
West Haven, Rutland, Vermont, Samuel Francis, 451, 
Westfield, Hampshire, Mass. Charles Douglas 361, 
Westfield, Essex, N. J. Joseph quinbys 220. 
Westford. Ess^x-, Vermont, 635. 
I 



146 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 

Office at Westford, Middlesex county, Mass. John Abbot, 455 mifcs. 
West Liberty, Ohio, Virg. Alexander Benyhill, 298. 
West Middletown, Washington, Penn. David Craig, 288. 
Westminster, Windham ,Vermont, Aaron Wales, 438. 
Westminster, Worcestei-, Mass. Daniel Bartlett, 471. 
Westminster, Frederick, Maryland, James M'Haffie, 75. 
Westmoreland, Cheshire, N- H. John Bowen, 428. 
Westmoreland, Oneida, N. Y. Noah Leavens, 476. 
Westmoreland c. h. Westmoreland, Virg. John W. Jones, 110> 
West Port, Plymouth, IVlass. 460. 
Westraysville, Nash, N. C. Thomas Philips, 251. 
West Simsbury, see Canton. 

West Springfield, Hampshire, Mass. JeiTe Stebbins, 355. * 

West Stockbridge, Berkshire, Mass. Amasa Spencer, jun. 367= 
West Union, Adams, Ohio, William Russell, 472. 
Westville, Broome, N. Y. Joseph Waldo, 370. 
Westward Mills, Brunswick, Vermont, James Wyche, 220, 
Wethersfield, Hartford, Conn. James L. Belden, 334. 
Weymouth, Norfolk, Mass. Cotton Tufts, 436. 
Weymouth Furnace, Gloucester, N. J. William Irwin, 176. 
Whatley's Mills, Morgan, Georgia ,Wilson Whatley, 711. 
Wheeler's Springs, Prince Edward, Virg. Wm. M'l^inneyj 
Wheeling, Ohio, Vii-g. Richard M'Clure, 310. 
Wheelock, Caledonia, Vermont, Thomas E. Edgerly, 560. 
Whipple city, see Greenwich. 
White c. h. White, Tenn. Edmond Harrison, 709. 
White Chimnies, Caroline, Virg. James Guy, 93. 
White Hall, Washington, N. Y. Gideon Taft, 440. 
White Hall, Mecklenburg, N. C. Daniel Gallent, 459. 
White Haven, Somerset, Maryland, Littleton Aires, 140. 
White Horse Tavern, Lancaster, Penn. Joseph Showalter. 
White Lake, Sullivan, N. Y. John Lindsley, 464. 
Whitelysburg, Kent, Delaware, William Whileley, 117. 
WTiite Marsh, see Flowertown. 

White Plains, West Chester, N. Y. William Baldwin, 249. 
White Plains, White, Tenn. William quarles, 657. 
Whitestown, Oneida, N. Y. Eliezur Moseley, 499. 
White Sulphur Springs, Greenbriei*, Virg. James Frazer, 253. 
Whitefield, or Balltown, Lincoln, Maine, Abram Choate, 614. 
Whiting, Addison, Vermont, Amos E. Walker, 470. 
Wickford, Washington, R. I. Daniel E. Updike, 414. 
Wicomico, Somerset, Maryland, Jeremiah Alvey, 134. 
Wilkes, Wilkes, N. C. William P. Waugh, 417. 
Wilkesbarre, Luzerne. Penn. Jacob Cist, 252. 
Williamsboro', Greenville, N. C. James Sneed, 253. 
Williamsburg, Huntingdon, Penn. William W. Hanis, 173, 
Williamsburg, James City, Virg. Jesse Cole, 155. 
Williamsburg, Clermont, Ohio, Nicholas Sinks, 479. 
Williamsburg, see Fort Blount. 

Williamsport, Lycoming, Penn, Samuel E. Grier, 232. 
Williamsport, Washington, Maryland, Jacob T. Towson, 77. 
Williamston, Martin, N. C Samuel HjTnan, 304. 
Williamstown, Oi-ange. Vermont, Eliphalet Marsh, 518. 
Williamstown, Berkshire, Mass, Heni-y C. Brown, 394, 
WiUi^msYille, Person, N. C. Currie Baraett, 29S. 



LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c. 147 

Office at Wllliesburg, Charlotte co. Virg. William Wylie, 246 miles. 
Willingboro', Luzerne, Penn, Charles Dimon, 313. 

Wiilington, Abbeville, S. C. Waddel, 575. 

"VVillink, see Clarence. 

Williston, Chittenden, Vermont, Noah Corning, 522. 
Willsboro', Essex, N. Y. Levi Higby, 513. 
Willtown, (Parish), Fairfield, Conn. Aaron Hvatt, 287. 
"Willtown, Williamsburg, S. C. James Zuill, 456. 
Wilmington, Windham, Vermont, Samuel Thompson, 429. 
Wilmington, New Castle, Del. Joseph Bringhurst, jun. 108. 
Wilmington, New Hanover, N. C. John Bradley, 433. 
Winchendon, Worcester, Mass. Amos Goodhue, 443» 
Winchester, Litchfield, Conn. Horace Higley, 358. 
W^inchester, Frederick, Virg. William Davidson, 78. 
Winchester, Clark, Ken. Mordecai Gist, 572. 
Winchester, Franklin, Tenn. John Davidson, 746. " 
Windham, Cumberland, Maine, Charles Johnson, 558. 
Windham, Rockingham, N. H. Andrew Park, 477. 
Windliam, AVindham, Conn. Charles Taintor, 361. 
Windham, Greene, N. Y. Sandford Hunt, 365. 
Wind Gap, or Gapton, Northampton, Penn. Jacob Heller, 204. 
Windsor, Windsor, Vermont, Thomas Leverett, 470. 
- Windsor, Hartford, Conn. William Howard, 339. 
Windsor, Bertie, N. C. James W. Warburton, 290. 
Windsor, Trumbull, Ohio, Solomon Griswold, 361. 
Winnfield, Marlboro', S. C. Robertson CarIoss,412. 
Winsboro', Fairfield, S. C. James Bai-kley, 525. 
Winslow, Kennebeck, Maine, Hczekiah Stratton, jun. 618. 
Winthrop, Kennebeck, Maine, Silas Lambert, 613. 
Winton, Hertford, N. C. William Duer, 249. 
Wiscasset, Lincoln, Maine, William Bowman, 592. 
Woburn, Middlesex, Mass. John Wade, 437. 
Womelsdoi-f, Berks, Penn, Conrad Stonch, 205. 
Wood c. h. or NewT)ort, Wood, Virg. John Stephenson, 326. 
Woodbridge, Middlesex, N. J. James Jackson, 205. 
Woodbury, Litchfield, Conn. Daniel Huntington, 325. 
Woodbury, Gloucester, N. J. Charles Ogden, 145, 
Woodroof's, Amlierst, Virg. David Woodroof, 214. 
Woodsboro', Frederick, Maryland, Brooke Baker, 57. 
Woodstock, Windsor, Vermont, John Carlton, 484. 
Woodstock, Windham, Conn. William Bowen, 372. 
Woodstock, Shenandoah, Virg. John Thompson, 103. 
Woodstock, Hyde, N. C. Seth Hovey, 354. 
Woodstown, Salem, N. J. Israel R. Clawson, 165. 
Woodxnlle, Culpeper, Virg. John Turner, 100. 
Woolcott, Orleans, Vermont, Thomas Taylor, jtm. 550. 
Woolwich, Lincoln, Maine, Samuel Trott, 583. 
Worcester, Worcester, Mass. James Wilson, 406. 
Worthington, Hampshire, Mass. William Ward, 400. 
Worthington, Franklin, Ohio, William Robe, 467. 
Wrentham, Norfolk, Mass. Samuel Druce, 405. 
Wrightsboro', Columbia, Georgia, John Hardin, 627. 
Wyahising, Luzerne, Penn. John Hollenback, 303. 
Wysox, Luzerne, Penn. David P^idgway, 318. 
Wythe, Wythe, Virg. George Oury, 342. 



148 LIST OF POST-OFFICES, &c 

Office at Xenia, Greene, Ohio, James Fowler, 574 tm!^. 
Yanceyville, Louisa, Virg. David Johnson, 134. 
Yarmouth, Barnstable, Mass. Henry Thacher, 486. 
Yellow Banks, Ohio, Ken. John Leman, jun. 741. 
Yonkers, West Chester, N. Y. Aaron Vark, 242. 
York, York, Maine. Nathaniel Sargent, 496. 
Yoi-k, York, Penn, Jacob Spangler, 87. 
York c. h. York, S. C. John Feemster, 478. 
Yorktown, York, Virg. Peyton Smith, 187. 
Youngstown, Trumbull, Ohio, Charles Button, 329. 
Young's store, Laurens, S. C. Archibald Young, 595. 
Yox Glades, Allegany, Maryland, William Armstrong, 173. 
Zanesville, Muskingiun, Ohio, Jeffrey Price, 402. 
Zelienople, Butler, Penn. Andrew M'Lure, 285. 



tlccidents, Earthquakes, Famines, Fires, 
Frosts, Inundations, Storms, Tem- 
pests, &c. 

ABBEVILLE, in France, nearly destroj'ed by an explosion of gun- 
powder, when 150 of the inhabitants perished, and 100 houses 
were destroyed ; the loss sustained was estimated at 472,917 livres, 
November, 1773. 

Amphion frigate was blown up at Plymouth, September, 22, 1796, 
when all the crew perished. 

Amphitheatre at Fidonia fell in, and killed 50,000 people, A. D. 26 ; 
the ruins of it now remain at Castel Ginbelio. 

Amsterdam opera-house burnt, 150 persons lost their lives, 1772. 
The Admiralty house, and its valuable stores, were destroyed by 
fire, July 6, 179]. 

Archangel, in Russia, damaged by a dreadful fire, 1763; had 200 
houses destroyed by a fire, October 16, 1777; its cathedral and 
other public edifices burnt, June 29, 1793, making altogether 3000 
dwellings. 

Archindschan, in Turkey, destroyed by an earthquake, when 12,000 
inhabitants were buried in the ruins, 1784. 

Arsenal, the, at Corumia in Spain, destroyed by fire, when 60 per- 
sons were killed, and 50 wounded, March 11, 1794. 

Astley's theatre and 19 houses destroyed by fire, August 17, 1794; 
again September 2, 1803, when 40 houses were burnt. 

Attaquia, in Syria, was destroyed by an earthquake, with 3000 inha- 
bitants. May 5, 1796. 

Bahama Isle received immense damage among the shipping by a 
storm, in October 1796; again from a storm and inundation July 
22, 1801. 

Balbec totally obliterated by an earthquake, December 5, 1759. 

Ballow, in Russia, had 458 houses destroyed by fire, 1803. 

Banbury, in Oxfordshire, had its church and tower to fall down fov 
want of repair, December 16, 1790. 

Barbadoes had two dreadful fires, May and December, 1796, and Oct. 
10, 1784; a peregrination of the earth destroyed several babita- 



ACCIDENTS, EARTIiqUAKES, &c. &e. 149 

tions, mills, &c. damaged by a storm, September 2, 1786; and an 
inundation, in November, 1795. 

Bath stage waggon burnt on Salisbury plain, with its valuable la- 
ding, by the wheels taking fire, May 20, 1758. 

Bayoiuie, in Ki'ance, the chapel of the new castle at, was blown up 
by gunpowder, and 100 persons lost their lives, July 10, 1793. 

Berghen, in Norway, had 1660 families burnt out of their dwellings, 
1756. 

Bon, the palace of the electoral prince of Cologn there, was burnt, 
January 15, 1777, to the value of 200,0001. 

Boston, in New England, sustained a loss by fire of its courthouse 
and records, December 23, 1747 ; again, of above 100,0001. March 
20, 1760; again in 1761, 1763, and 1775; again, April, 20, 1787, 100 
houses burnt ; again, July 23, 1794, when it received damage to the 
amount of 200,0001. again in December, 1797. 

Bourbon-les-bains, in Bassigni, in France, had the vault under the 
church give way during the celebration of mass, which occasioned 
the death of 600 persons, September 14, 1778. 

Boyne man of war, of 98 guns, was destroyed by fire at Portsmouthj 
when great mischief was done by the explosion of the magazine, 
on May 1, 1795. 

Bremen greatly damaged by an explosion of gunpowder, when 1000 
houses were destroyed, and 40 persons killed, September 10, 1739. 

Brest magazine, 400 yards long, was destroyed by fiire, to the value 
of 7,000,0001. in stores, besides the building, Jan. 19, 1744; Mai-ine 
Hospital burnt, with 50 galley slaves, December 1, 1766; maga- 
zine, &c. destroyed by fire, July 10, 1784, to the value of 1,000,0001. 

Bridge-town, Barbadoes, destroj^ed by a fire, April 18, 1668; had 160 
dwelling houses destroyed by a fire, February 8, 1756; again, 120, 
February 14, 1758; again. May 14, 1766; again, December 27, 
1767. 

Bury, in Lancashire, had its playhouse, containing upwards of 300 
persons, fall down, during the performance, and buried the au- 
dience under its ruins; five were killed on the spot, and many 
had their limbs broken, July 1, 1787. 

Cairo, Grand, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, and 40,000 inhabi- 
tants lost, June 2, 1754. 

Caissar, m Turkey, was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, and 6000 
inhabitants lost, in April, 1794. 

Caledonia East-Indiaman accidentally burnt. May 29, 1804. 

Calmar, in Sweden, 150 houses, and many inhabitants of, burnt, Au? 
gust, 1800. 

Carenton, in Germany, had 100 houses burnt, in July 1800. 

Carlscrone, in Russia, had 1087 houses, two churches, all the mer- 
chants' houses, except two, and all their magazmes, destroyed by 
fire, June 17, 1790. 

Charlestown, in New England, greatly damaged by a storm, 1761 ; 
burnt by the Enghsh troops, June 17, 1775. 

Charlestown, in South Carolina, infested with worms, June, 1751 ; 
destroyed by a hurricane, September 15, 1753 ; had 250 dwellings, 
besides out-houses burnt, to the amount of 100,0001. sterling, Janu- 
ary 15, 1778 ; taken by the British forces. May, 1779; 300 houses 
destroyed by fire, June I3, 1796. 

Charlotte, the Royal, of 100 guns, was burnt by accident near Leg' 
hora, March 16, 1800, whqn only 150 persons were saved. 
12 



150 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, &c. &c. 

Christiana, in Denmax-k, had one quarter of that place destroyed by 
fire, April 9, 1787, to the value of 100,000 rixdoUars, or 13,0001. 

Colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake, 214 years before 
Christ; it weighed 720,0001b. 

Colurabo, the British troops at, murdered in cold blood by the Adi- 
gaar of Candy, June 6, 1803. 

Constantinople had above 12,000 houses and 7000 inhabitants des- 
troyed by a fire, September 27, 1729 ; again, which burnt 5 days, 
May 31, 1745; again, 12,000 houses, Januaiy 29, 1749-50; again, 
near 10,000, in June 1750 ; again, 4000, and the plague 7000 persons, 
in 1751 ; nearly destroyed by an earthquake, and 3000 inhabitants 
killed, September 2, 1754; had 500 houses burnt, 1756 ; had 15,000 
houses, and 1000 persons burnt, July 5, 1756 ; considerable havoft 
made, in 1761, 1765, 1767, 1769, 1771; 600 houses were burnt, 
February 19, 1782 ; June 10th following, 7000 ; and August 22d fol- 
lowing, there were 10,000 houses, 50 mosques, 100 corn-mills, &c. 
destroyed. On August 5, 1784, 10,000 houses, Sec. were destroyed ; 
had 2000 houses burnt, September 4, 1778 ; and 7000 houses in Ju- 
ly, 1782. Another destroyed 10,000 houses, August, 4, 1784; 
32,000 houses were destroyed by fire between March and July, 1791 ; 
7000 houses were destroyed, September, 1792 ; and the same number 
were destroyed, August, 1795. The suburb of Pera had 1300 houses 
and several magnificent buildings, burnt down, March 13, 1799. 

Copenhagen burnt, 1728, when 77 streets were destroyed. Had its 
royal palace, with all its rich furniture, destroyed by fire, Febru- 
ary, 26, 1794, to theamoimt of twenty millions of i*ix dollars, equal 
to 4,500,0001. sterling : above 100 persons lost their lives. Its arse- 
nal, admiralty, &e. with near 50 streets, having 1363 houses, were 
destroved by fire, Jime 5, 1795 ; it raged 48 hours. Bombai*ded 
by the English, July 18, 1807. 

Corah, Dathan, and Abiram, swallowed up by the earth, 1480 years 
before Christ. 

Corfu, a magazine at, was destroyed by a fire, when 72,000 pounds 
of powder, and 600 bomb-shells blew up, and killed 180 men, 
March 11, 1789, 

Cotton manufactory at Durham, totally consumed by fire, Jan. 7, 1804-. 

Cotton's wharf, London, burnt, 40,0001. damage, August 12, 1751. 

Covent-garden church burnt, September 17, 1795. 

theatre burnt down, September 20, 1808. _ 

Cuba greatly damaged by an earthquake and storm of rain, June 21, 
1791, where 3000 persons, and 11,700 cattle of various kinds, pe- 
rished, of which 3700 were hox-ses. 

Damas, in Barbary, nearly destroyed by an earthq^iake, with 60,000 
of the inhabitants, December 3, 1759. 

Dearth, 1194; so great in England and France, that a quarter of 
wheat was sold for 20s. almost as much as 61. now; followed by a 
pestilential fever, 1193, 1194, 1195; another, 1222; another with 
a murrain, when wheat sold for 40s. a quarter, as much as 81. now, 
1315; wheat sold for 31. a bushel, 1316; another great one, with 
araiu-rain, 1385; two others, 1348, and 1353; again, when bread 
was made m many places of Fei-n roots and Ivy herries, 1438 ; 
2,000,0001. was paid for corn imported in a dearth, 1565 ; and 
1,200,0001. in 1748. 

Delphos, temple of, burnt, 548 before Christ. 

Deluge of Deucalion, in Thessaly, 1529 before Cliris,to 



ACCIDENtS, EARTHQUAKES, &c. &c. 151 

Deluge, general, threatened, in the 5'ear of the world 1536— began, 
November 25, 1656, i.e. 2348 before Christ. It continued 377 days. 
Noah left the ark on Friday, December 18, 2347 before Christ. 

Diana, temple of, at Ephesus, burnt, 1148 before Christ. 

DoUort sea, between Groniugen and East Friseland, formed by an 
inundation, 1277. 

Domingo, St. Isle of, nearly destroyed, and the town of Port-au- 
Prince nearly burnt down by the revolting negroes, October, No- 
vember, and December, 1791; given up by Rochambeau, the 
French governor, to the black troops, November 19, 1803. 

Dort, sea broke in at, and drowned 100,000 people, 1421. 

Douglas castle, near Edinburgh, burnt, December 11, 1758. 

Drontheim, in Norway, had 62 houses and 12 magazines destroyed 
by a fire, December'3, 1788, to the amount of 67,5001. loss. 

Drury-lane theatre, with near 60 houses, destroyed by a fire, Jan. 
1671-2. Pulled down and rebuilt in 1791. Burnt a second time, 
Februaiy 24, 1809. 

Dublin house of Commons, &c. destroyed by fire, February 27, 1792 ; 
was built, 1731, at the expense of 40,0001.— since the union, con- 
verted to a national bank. The city greatly damaged by an in- 
undation of the Lifley, December 2, and 3, 1802. 

Duke of Clarence, the ship, lost in the gulph of St. Lawrence, 1803. 

Durham had 25 houses burnt, 691. 

Earthquake, one in Asia that overturned 12 cities, A. D. 17 ; Herctf- 
laneum buried by one, 79 ; 4 cities in Asia, 2 in Greece, and 3 in 
Galatia, overturned, 107; Antioch destroyed, 115; one that swal- 
lowed up Nicomedia, and several cities, 120 ; one in Macedonia, 
swallowed up 150 cities, 357 ; at Nicomedia, in Bythinia, 358 ; at 
•Terusalem and Constantinople, S^S ; in Italy, 369 ; Nice destroyed, 
370 ; a general one, 377 ; one from September to November, swal- 
lowed up several cities in Europe, 394 ; five in different parts of 
Eurojie, 400 ; one swallowed up several villages of the Cimbri, 417 ; 
one in Palestine, 419; one at Constantinople, 434; at Constanti- 
nople, Alexandria, and Antioch, 446 ; one that destroyed Antioch, 
September 14, 458 ; one at Constantinople that lasted 40 days, 480 ; 
one at Antioch, that destroyed that and other cities, 526 ; another 
at Antioch, that swallowed up 4800 inhabitants, 528 ; Pompelopo- 
lis, in Mysia, swallowed up, 541 ; one almost universal, 544 ; one 
at Constantinople, 552 ; one at Rome and Constantinople, 557 ; 
city of Beritus destroyed, the isle of Coos shaken, and Tripolis and 
Bilbus damaged, 560 ; at Daphne and Antioch, 581 ; 600 cities de- 
stroyed, 742 ; in Palestine and Syria, where thousands lost their 
lives, 746 ; at Mecca, where 1500 houses and ninety towers were 
thrown down, 867; Constantinople overthrown, and Greece sha- 
ken, 986 ; one at Batavia, 1021 ; at Worcester and Derby, 1043 ; 
one on Api-il 8, 1076, in England; and again in 1081, and 1089; 
one throughout England, followed by a scarcity, 1090 ; one in 
Shropshire, 1110 ; one which overwhelmed Liege and Gottenburg, 
in Sweden, 1112; one in December at Antiochia, which destroyed 
several cities and towns, and overturned the castle of Trialeth, 
and the cities of Mariseiun and Mamistria, 1114 ; in Lombardy for 
forty days, 1117; one that overthrew the church of Lincoln, and 
others, 1185; at Calabria, in Sicily, a city, with its inhabitants, 
lost in the Adriatic sea, 1186 ; Verona greatly damaged, 1187 ; in 
Sortiersetshixe, 1199 ; at Brisa, m Lombardy, where 2000 lives were 
13 



52 ACCIDENTS, EARTHqUAKES, &c. &c. 

lost, 1222; general one, that threw down St. Michael's on the hill, 
without Glastonbury, 1247 ; the greatest ever known in England, 
November 14, 1318 ; a dreadful one in Germany, 1346 ; several 
churches thrown down. May 21, 1382 ; a very dreadful one, accom- 
panied with thunder and lightening, September 28, 1426 ; one in 
Naples, when 40,000 persons perished, 1456; in Italy, 1510; in the 
isle of Cuba, 1530 ; at Ryegate, Croydan, and Barking, in Surry, 
May, 1551; in China, 1556; in Herefordshire, which overthrew 
Kingston chapel, &c. Februai-y 17, 1571 ; in Yorkshire, Worcester- 
shire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, &;c. February 26, 1574 -, in 
London and Westminster, when part of St. Paul's, and the Temple 
churches fell, it was felt at Sandwich, and Dover, in Kent, April 6, 
1580 ; in Peru, 1581, 1582; in Dorsetshire, where it i-emoved a 
considerable piece of ground, Jan. 13, 1583; in Bohemia, Moravia, 
and Hungary, 1590 ; in Japan, where several cities were swallow^ 
up, 1596 ; in Kent, where the hills became vallies full of water, 
1596 ; at Peru, Quito, and Arequipa, 1600; at Banda, in the East 
Indies, 1621 ; at Manilla, 1637 ; in Calabria, in Italy, March 27, 
1638 ; at Mechlin, in Gei-many, 1640 ; in Nox'way, May 24, 1657 ; 
in France, June, 1660 ; at Ragusa, in Illyrium, near 6000 inhabi- 
tants were lost, and several towns in Dalmatia and Albania, April 
6, 1667 ; in China, 1668 ; in Staffordshire and Derbyshire, 1677-8 ; 
in Oxfordshire and Staffordshire, 1679 ; at Oxford, 1683 ; at Na- 
ples, where a third part of that city and much shipping were de- 
stroyed, June 6 and 7, 1668 ; Smyrna destroyed, July 10, 1688 ; 
Lime in Dorsetshire nearly destroyed, 1689; Port-Royal, in Jamai- 
ca, destroyed, and 3000 people lost, September, 1692 ; IVIessina, in 
Sicily, overturned in a moment, 18,000 persons perished, and in 
the island, 60,000, Januaiy, 1693 ; a dreadful one in the island of 
Teneriffe, December 24, 1704; one at China, June 19, 1718; Pa- 
lermo, in Sicily, nearly swallowed up, September, 1726 ; at Boston, 
in New England, October 29, 1727 ; the whole kingdom of Chili 
swallowed up, wth St. Jago, July 30, 1730 ; at Aynho, in North- 
amptonshire, October 10, 1731 ; one at Naples, 1731 ; another, in 
the city of Avelino, which it destroyed, and Oriana in great part, 
November 29, 1732 ; in Calabria, where the ten-itory of Nova Casa 
sunk twenty-nine feet, without destroying a building, April 18, 
1733; at Arundel and Shoreham, Oct. 25, 1734; in Ireland, which 
destroyed 5 churches and above 500 houses, Aug. 1734 ; in Hun- 
gary, which turned round a mountain, Oct. 23, 1736 ; at Smyrna, 
April, 1739 ; at Palermo, whicli swallowed up a convent, but the 
monks escaped, February 4, 1739-40 ; at Leghorn, January 5 and 6, 
1742; in Somersetshire, June 15, 1745; a terrible one at Lima, 
which destroyed that city, and 5000 persons lost their lives ; there 
were 74 churches, 14 monasteries, and IS hospitals thrown down, 
and the loss in effects reckoned immense, from October 27 to No- 
vember 20, 1746 ; it extended itself to Calloa, which was destroyed, 
with about 5000 of its inhabitants ; in London, February 8, and 
March 8, 1750 ; at Liverpool, Chester, and Manchester, April 2, 
1750; at Fiume, in the Guiph of Venice, February 5, 1751; the 
greatest part of the city of Adrianople destroyed, August 22, 1752; 
Grand Cairo had two thirds of the houses and 40,000 of the inha- 
bitants swallowed up, September 2, 1754 ; the city of Quito, in 
Pei-u, destroyed, April 24, 1755 ; the island of Meteline, in the Ar- 
chipelago, when 2000 houses were overthrown,. May, 1755, which 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, &c. &c. 153 

did considerable damage at Oporto, in Portugal and Seville, in 
Spain, but more particularly at Lisbon, where, in about eight 
minutes, most of the houses and 50,000 inhabitants were destroy- 
ed, and whole streets swallowed up ; the cities of Coimbva and 
Bruga suffered, and St. Ubes was swallowed up ; at Faro 3000 in- 
habitants were buried ; great part of Malaga was destroyed ; one 
lialf of Fez, in Morocco, and 12,000 Arabs were swallowed up, and 
above half of the island of Madeira destroyed; it extended 5000 
miles ; at tlie Azores isles, where 10,000 were buried in the ruins, 
and the island divided in two, July 9, 1757; at Bourdeaux, in 
France, August 11, 1758 ; at Tripoli, in Syi-ia, which extended 
near 10,000 miles, when Damas lost 6000 inhabitants, and several 
other cities, with the remains of Balbec, were destroyed, between 
October and December 1759 ; Truxillo, in Peru, was swallowed up 
in November, 1759; in Syria, October 30, 1760; in the Molucca 
islands, 1763; one at Constantinople that buried 880 persons, May 
22, 1766 ; at Martmico, August, 1767, where 1,600 lost their lives ; 
and at St. Pierre, 1767; at Comora and Buda, June 28, 1768 ; one 
in the Brazils, 1772 ; in the Archipelago, 700 houses and 100 inha- 
bitants were lost, in December, 1770; one at Fez, in Morocco, 
May 6, 1763 ; in Kerry, in Ireland, June, 1773 ; Gautimalia, in 
New Spain, entirely swallowed up, and many thousand inhabi- 
tants perished, December 15, 1773 ; at Radicofani, near Florence, 
in Italy, great damage was done, October 5, 1777; at Smyrna, 
June 25, ^c. 1778, which destroyed great part of that city ; at Tau- 
ris, in Persia, where 15,000 houses were thrown down, and great 
part of the inhabitants perished, March 3, 1780 ; at Calabria, and 
in the isle of Sicily, 1783— again, 1784, which totally destroyed 
Messina, &c. at Archindschan, when it destroyed the town and 
12,000 inhabitants, July 18, 1784; Arequipo destroyed, 1785; in 
the north of England, August 11, 1786 ; at Iceland, and some parts 
of Germany, Nov. 1784 ; at Barbadoes, Oct. 1784 ; in Calabria, in 
Italy, April 10, 1785; in Scotland, and different parts of the north 
of England, August 11, 1786; in Mexico and other parts of New 
Spain, April 18, 1787 ; Bergo di-San-Sapoloro, in Tuscany, had its 
cathedral, bishop's palace, &c. destroyed, September 30, 1789, with 
the adjacent town of Castello, &c. and Borgo had 150 houses 
destroyed, and 30 houses, &c. swallowed up by an opening of the 
earth ; in Westmoreland, at Arnside, March 6, 1790 ; in Scotland, 
in October, 1791 ; in Sicily and Calabria, October, 1791, particularly 
at Mileto and Monte Leone ; at Lisbon on the 27th of November, 
1791, when many chimneys were thrown down, and much damage 
done ; at Zant, in the Adriatic sea, where many buildings were 
thrown down, and above 60 persons perished, December 2, 1791 ; 
in the counties of Bedford, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, &c. 
March 2, 1792; at Domingo, where 32 houses were overthrown at 
the Cape, April, 1793 ; at Shaftesbury and Salisbury, on Sept. 29, 
1793 ; but no very material damage done ; in Turkey, where three 
towns, containing 10,000 inhabitants were lost, July 3, 1794 ; near 
Naples, where the city of Torre del Greco was nearly destroyed, 
June 13, 1794 ; in different parts of the north of England, Novem- 
ber IS, 1795 ; at Sumatra, in the East Indies, great damage was 
done, and above 300 persons perished, February 20, 1797. The 
whole of the country between Santa Fee and Panama destroyed 
by an eartliquake, including the cities of Cuzco aud G^uito, with 
14 



154 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, See. &c. 

40,000 inhabitants, in Feb. 1797 ; there were several violent shocks 
in the West India islands in the same month ; at Sienna, in Italy, 
when 50 persons lost their lives by the faU of buildings, May 25, 
1798 ; at Constantinople, October 26, 1800, which destroyed" the 
royal palace, and an immensity of buildings ; it extended into Ro- 
mania and Wallachia, to Bucherest and Adrianople. June 12, 
1802, an earthquake nearly destroyed Crema in Upper Italy ; Min- 
guin was entii-ely swallowed up hi a lake ; Brescia had 3 chui*ches 
and 12 houses destroyed; so violent a shock in Holland, as to cause 
the^chandeliers in JNiaaslin church to vibrate two or three feet, in 
Januaiy, 1804 ; the church of La Tour, and most of the houses in 
Lucerne, partly destroyed by an earthquake, April, 1808. 

Edinburgh burnt, 1544; great fire there, in the Lawn-market, 1771 ; 
again, 1795. 

Etna has had eruptions in 1169, 1329, 1408, 1444, 1447, 1536, 1564, 
1669, and 1694, when the city of Catanea, with the adjacent coun- 
try, was destroyed, and 18,000 people perished; again, in 1699 and 
1787. 

Ezerghan, on the confines of Armenia, desti'oyed by an earthquake, 
with 6,300 inhabitants, July 28, 1784. 

Famine which lasted seven years, 1708 before Christ ; at Rome, 
when many people threw themselves into the Tiber, 440 before 
Chiist ; in Britain, so that the inhabitants ate the barks of trees, 
272 after Christ; one in Scotland, where thousands were starved, 
306 ; in England and Wales, where 40,000 were starved, 310 ; all 
over Britain, 325 ; at Constantinople, 446 ; in Italj', where pai-ents 
ate their children, 450 ; in Scotland, 576 ; all over England, Wales, 
and Scotland, 739 ; another in Wales, 747 ; in Wales and Scotland, 
792 ; again in Scotland, 803 ; again in Scotland, when thousands were 
starved, 823 ; a severe one in Wales, 836 ; in Scotland, which lasted 
four years, 954 ; famines in England, 864, 974, 976, 1005 ; in Scot- 
land, which lasted two years, 1047 ; in England, 1050, and 1087 ; in 
England and France, from 1193 to 1195; in England, 1251, 1315, 
1318, 1335, 1348 ; in England and France, called the dear summer, 
1353 ; in England, 1389, and 1438, so gi'eat that bread was made 
of Fern-roots ; in 1565, two millions were expended on the impor- 
tation of com ; one in 1748 ; another in 1798. 

Fires in London, one which destroyed great part of that city, 982 ; 
again in 1087, 1132, and 1136; on London-bridge, which destroyed 
2000 persons, July 10, 1212 ; one at Leadenhall, 1484 ; Whitehall 
palace burnt in part, April, 1690— totally consumed, Jan. 5, 1698 ; 
the remarkable tire that burnt down 113,000 houses, the city-gates, 
Guildhall, &c. 86 churches, amongst which was St. Paul's cathe- 
dral, and 400 streets— the ruins of this city were 436 acres, extend- 
ing from the Tower to the Temple church, and from the North- 
east gate to Holborn-bridge and Fleet-ditch; it broke out near 
the monument, September 2, 1666, and burnt four days and nights ; 
Drury-lane playhouse and near 60 houses were burnt, Jan. 1671-2 ; 
in South wai'k, 600 houses, 1676 ; in the Temple, Januaiy 26, 1679; 
Gray's Inn, February 7, 1680 ; Thames street, January 24, 1715 ; 
150 houses were burnt down in Nightingale-lane, Wapping, Dec. 4, 
1716 ; Limehouse, 1716 ; Custom-house burnt, 1718 ; Billingsgate, 
in 1718, and January 13, 1755 ; Shadweil had 50 houses burnt, Sep- 
tember 10, 1736 ; Inner-temple, January 5, 1736-7 ; Lincoln's-inn- 
square, June 27, i7f 3 ; KJDg-streefj Covent-garden, had 50 houses 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHqUAKES, &c. &c. 155 

burnt, 70,0001, damage, December 23, 1759 ; Covent-garden, No- 
vember 10, 1772 ; in the Tower, Jantiary 31, 1774 ; at the Savojr, 
TNIarch 2, 1776 ; Greenwich hospital, January 2, 1779 ; at Hermi- 
tage-stairs, which destroyed 31 houses besides other buildings, 
March 16, 1779; at Horsley-down, Api-il 30, 1780, of near 30 
houses, besides warehouses, and shipping; near Finsbury-square, 
Moorfields, at a timber-yard, with a loss of 10.0001. July 28, 1792; 
at Hawley's wharf, Hermitage wharf, which did 10,0001. damage, 
by destruction of sugar, December 2, 1793 ; in Duck-lane, near 
Wardour-street, 13 houses were burnt down, December 13, 1793 ; 
at Limehouse-hole, where many houses were burnt, June 18, 1794 ; 
at Wapping, where upwards of 630 houses were destroyed, toge- 
ther with an East-India warehouse, in which 35,000 bags of salt- 
petre were destroyed, July 22, and 23, 1794; the whole loss was 
estimated at above 1,000,0001. sterling; there was 40,0001. worth of 
sugar in one sugar house ; the whole is said to be the most dread- 
ful accident of the kind since the fire of London, in 1666. At 
Astley's theatre, near Westminster-bridge, which destroyed to 
the value of near 30,0001. together with 19 other houses, August 
17, 1794; the elegant church of St. Paul's, Covent-garden, was 
burnt down by the carelessness of workmen employed in its re- 
pair, September 17, 1795. The water-works at Shadwell, which 
conveyed water from the Tower to Limehouse, and raised 903 
gallons in a minute, were burnt down in one hour and a half, on 
December 12, 1797. The king's bench piison had 50 apartments 
destroyed by an accidental fire, July 14, 1799. Near the custom 
house, three large warehouses of West-India goods, valued at 
300.0001. destroyed, February 11, 1800; at Wapping, where 30 
houses, besides "warehouses, value 80,0001. were burnt, and many 
lives lost, October 6, 1800. At the printing office of Mr. S. Ha- 
milton, in Fleet-street, where a great deal of valuable literature 
was burnt, February 2, 1803. Eight persons burnt in Adam-street, 
Edgware-road, January 27, 1805. Covent-garden theatre totally 
destroyed by fire, September 20, 1808. The south-east wing o'f 
of St. James' palace burnt down, January 21, 1809. Drury-lane 
theatre completely destroyed, February 24, 1809. 

Eire- works, at the Parisian, exhibited in honour of the dauphin's 
marriage, the passages being stopped up occasioned such a crowd, 
that the people, seized with a panic, trampled upon one another 
till they lay in heaps ; a scaffold erected over the river also broke 
down, and hundreds were drowned ; near 1000 persons lost their 
lives. 

Flaxley Abbey, built in the reign of Henry I. totally destroyed by a 
fire, April 1, 1777, with 70001, loss. 

Eloor of an apartment, at Clermont Ferrard, in France, gave way 
during a theatrical entei-tainment, when 36 persons were killed, 
and 57 had their limbs broken, or were severely wounded, Decem- 
ber, 1791. 

Flushing, in Zeeland, damaged by fire, and the prince of Orange's 
house burnt, January, 1748-9. 

Font-hill, near Salisbuiy, burnt down, valued at 30,0001. February 
12, 1765. 

Frampton, in Dorset, was nearly destroj-ed by fire, April 20, 1796. 

Frost, the Mediterranean was frozen ovei*, and the merchants passed 
with their merchandise in carts, in 1234; the Cattegat, or sea 



156 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, &c. &c. 

between Norway and Denmark, was frozen, and that from Oxslo, 
in Norway, they travelled on the ice to Jutland, in 1294 ; the seS, 
between Norway and the promontory of Scagernit frozen over, 
and from Sweden to Gothland, 1296 ; the Baltic was covered with 
ice 14 weeks, between the Danish and Swedish islands, in 1306 ; 
the Baltic was passable for foot passengers and horsemen for six 
weeks, in 1323 ; the sea was frozen over, and passable from Stral- 
sund to Denmark, in 1349; the Baltic was quite frozen over, 
from Pomerania to Denmark, in 1402; the whole sea between 
Gothland and Geland was frozen, and from Restock to Gezoer, in 
1408 ; the ice bore riding on from Lubec to Prussia, and the Baltic 
was covered with ice frum Mecklenburg to Denmark, in 1423, 
1426, and in 1459. The sea between Constantinople and Iskodav 
was passable on ice, 1620; in 1785, which lasted 115 days; in 1788, 
which lasted only from November to January, 1789, when tlie 
Thames was crossed opposite the custom-house, the Tower, Exe- 
cution-dock, Putney, Brentford, &c. It was general through 
Europe, particularly in Holland, at the same time ; the most 
severe, on December 25, 1796, that had been felt in the memory 
of man. 

Gabel, in Bohemia, a large town totally destroyed by fire, May 11, 
1788. 

Geneva destroyed by fire, 1321, and greatly damaged in 1333, and 
1430. 

George, Prince, man of war, burnt off Lisbon, when 435 of her 
crew perished, 1758. 

George, the Royal, of 100 guns, overset at Portsmouth, by which 
misfortune admiral Kempenfelt, with the crew, were lost ; there 
were near 100 women and 200 Jews on board, June 28, 1782. 

George's, St. town, in Grenada destroyed by a fii-e, November 1, 1775. 

Gera, near Leipsic, in Germany, totally destroyed by a fire, Sep- 
tember 3 8, 1780. 

Ghergon, the capital of Assam, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 
when several thousand persons perished, 1803. 

Gibraltar nearly destroyed by a storm, February 3, 1766 ; had the 
royal battei-y destroyed by fire, though more than 1400 feet above 
the level of the sea, in November, 1800. Plague at, in 1804, and 
1805. 

Goslar mines, in Lower Saxony, caught fire, whicli penetrated to the 
depth of 750 feet, April 1800. 

Gottenburgh had a fire which destroyed 120 houses, February 4, 
1794; again, December 22, 1802, which destroyed the cathedral, 
palace, post-office, and several public buildings, together with a 
fourth part of the city, to the value of 2,000,000 dollars. 

Gravelines had 3000 people killed by an explosion from a magazine, 
1654. 

Grenada, a dreadful fire there, 1775, when the town of St. George 
was totally destroyed; May 16, 1792, the Carenage was destroyed 
by fire to a very considerable loss. 

Grenelle, near Paris, an explosion at, occasioned by the blowing up 
of powder-mills, when near 3000 persons lost their lives, and all 
the adjacent buildings were nearly destroyed, Septembers, 1794. 

Guardian frigate miraculously preserved from shipwreck, on an 
island of ice, December. 1789 ; arrived a;t the Cape of Good Hope, 
February 554, IT^O, 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, Sec. &e. 153 

Guildford tower fell town, April 24, 1740. 

Hadiiam, in Oxfordshire, had sixty houses burnt, April 5, 1760. 

Hail storm, a dreadful one in the Hay-market, and two or three ad- 
joining streets, without the least appearance of hail in the rest of 
London ; a fire-ball fell in Oxendon-street, which tore up the pave- 
ment, June 9, 1803. 

Handworth Park house, the fine seat of the duke of St. Albans, was 
destroyed by fire, March 26, 1797. 

Hastings burnt, 1377. 

Herculaneum suffered first by an earthquake, February 5, 63 ; to- 
tally overwhelmed with Pompeium, by an eruption of mount 
Vesuvius, November 1, 79 ; discovered 1730; 150 volumes of MSS. 
found there in a chest, December, 1754. 

Houses, 60 blown up, including a tavern full of company, opposite 
Barking church. Tower-street, by the accidental blowing up of 
some barrels of gunpowder, at a ship chandler's, January 4, 1649 ;- 
a child in a cradle was found unhurt on the leads of the clmrch. 

Hugh de Beauvois, with 40,000 foreigners, coming to the assistance 
ot king John perished in a storm, 1115. 

Inundations— The Thames destroyed a great number of the inhabi- 
tants of its banks, 9 years after Christ ; another which destroyed 
all the inhabitants in Feme island, seven miles S. W. from Holy 
island, 323 ; an eruption oi the sea in Lancashire, 330 • an inundation 
of the Tweed, 336 ; above 5000 people lost in Cheshii-e by an irrup- 
tion, 353; another of the Dee which drowned 40 fomilies, 415; an 
irruption of the sea in Hampshire, 410 ; an inundation of the sea in 
Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, 575 ; an inundation at Edinburgh, 
which did great damage, 730 ; an inundation at Glasgow, which 
drowned above 400 families, 738 ; an inundation of the Tweed, 
which did immense damage, 836 ; an inundation of the Medway, 
861 ; one in the Humber, 864 ; an inundation of the Dee, 885 ; an 
inundation at Southampton, which destroyed many people, 935 ; 
an inundation of the Severn, which drowned abundance of cattle, 
1046 ; the sea overflowed 4000 acres of earl Godwin's land, in 
Kent, since called Godwin sands, 1100; a great part of Flanders 
overflowed by the sea, 1108 ; an inundation of the Thames for 
above six miles at Lambeth, &c. 1243 ; a considerable one in Fries» 
land, 1220; anothei-, since named the DoUert sea, 1277; at Win- 
Chelsea above 300 houses were overthrown by the sea, 1280; 120 
laymen, and several priests, besides women were drowned by an 
inundation at Newcastle upon Tyne, 1339 ; at the Texel which 
first raised the commerce of Amsterdam, 1400 ; the sea broke in 
at Dort, and drowned 72 villages and 100,000 people, and formed 
the Zuyder Sea, 1421 ; in February 1735, at Dagenham, and upon 
the coast of Essex, which carried away the sea walls, and drowned 
several thousand sheep and black cattle ; in Spain, and did 3,000,000 
livres damage, at Bilboa, April, 1762 ; at Venice, at Naples, vvhere 
it carried away a whole village, and drowned 200 of the inhabi- 
tants, November 10, 1773 ; in Spain, Navarre, September, 1787, 
where 2000 lost their lives, all the buildings of several villages 
carried away by the currents from the mountains ; a terrible inun- 
dation by the Liffey, in Ireland, which did very considerable da- 
mage in Dublin and its environs, November 12, 1787; at Kirk- 
wald in Scotland, by breaking the Dam-dykes, October 4, 1788, 
which neaVly dfestvoyed the town ; almost tm-oughout England by 



ISS- ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, &c. Sec. 

the melting of the snow, and the greatest part of the bridges 
were either destroyed or damaged, February 1795; at St. Domin- 
go, which destroyed 1400 persons, October, 1800 ; on the coast of 
Holland and Gei-many, November, 1801 ; in Dublin and parts adja- 
cent, December 2 and 3, 1802 ; in various parts of England, 1808. 

Jamaica, earthquakes at, June 7, 1692 ; hurricane, August 20, 1722, 
September 1, 1734, and October, 1744; another, which did 300,0001. 
damage, August 10, 1751; in 1781, and July 30, 1784, and 1790; 
had a violent storm of hailstones which measured three inches and 
a half in circumference, April 25, 1793. 

Jews, sixty-six, were killed by a floor giving way at the celebration 
of a wedding, at Mantua, among whom were the bride and the 
biidegroom's mother, June 3, 1776. 

John's St. monastery, near Smithfield, burnt by Wat Tyler's rabble, 
1381. 

John's town, St. Antigua, destroyed by a storm, August 17, and 31, 
1772 ; by a fire, 1769. 

King's bench prison had 50 apartments destroyed by fire, July 13, 
1799. 

Kingston, in Jamaica, had 500,0001. damage done by a fire, Febru- 
ary 8, 1782. 

mtts, St. greatly damaged by fire, 1768, 1776 ; greatly damaged by 
a storm, and the town of Basseterre by fire; the damage immense, 
September 5, 1775. 

Koningsberg, in Prussia, nearly destroyed by lightning in 1764 : and 
by fire, 1769. 

Leyden the most magnificent part of, blown up by the accidental ex- 
plosion of a vessel Ijong in the Rapenburg canal laden with gun- 
powder, January, 1807. 

Lightning, a flash'of, penetrated the theatre at Venice, during the 
representation; 600 people were in the house, several of whom 
v/ere Killed; it put out the candles ; melted a lady's gold watch- 
case ; the jewels in the ears of othei-s, which were compositions, 
and split sevei-al diamonds, Auga t, 1769. 

and thunder, so dreadful, as to throw down several churches, 

February, 1222 ; it thundered 15 days together, with rain and floods 
that destroyed the fruits of the earth, 1233 ; destroyed many men, 
beasts, houses, &c. 1360. See storms. 

Lima and Callao, in Peru, swallowed up by an earthquake, October 
29, 1746. 

Lintz, the capital of Upper Austria, had 70 houses, the palace, &c. 
burnt, August 13, 1800. 

Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake in 1531; totally overturned, 
November 1, 1755; the custom house burnt. May 31, 1766; the 
royal palace was burnt down, November, 1794. 

Little theatre in the Haymarket, London, 15 persons were trodden 
to death at the, by endeavoring to get admission to see the per- 
formance, on February 3, 1794, and several others greatly bruised, 
of whom some died. 

Liverpool had its exchange, &c. burnt, January 18, 1795 ; suffered 
immense damage, January 19, ' 802 ; and on September 14th follow- 
ing, the warehouses and goods, valued at one million, were de- 
stroyed at France's wharf. 
London-bridge burnt, 1136; burnt by a fire at both ends, and 3000 
people lost they: lives, 1212 ; a fire oa it, February 11, 1632 ; ano- 



ACCroENTS, EARTHQUAKES, &c. &c. 159 

ther, September 8, 1725; the teraporaiy one burnt, April 11, 
1758. •r J ) i- 5 

London East Indiaman run down by t)ie Russel man of war, when 
she sunk, and 110 persons perished, December 28, 1778. 

Lubec, in Poland, two synagogues and a great number of houses at, 
were totally destroyed, all the windows in the town were broken, 
and above 90 persons killed or dangerously wounded, by the axle- 
trees of ten carriages takijig fire, that were conveying gunpowder 
to the army, occasioning a dreadful explosion, June 23, 1792. 

Madras, fire at, consumed 1,000 houses, February 14, 1803. 

Madrid had 80 houses destroyed by a fire, January 15, 1790. 

Malta had its observatory, with its valuable apparatus and manu- 
script observations, destroyed by fire, April 6, 1789. 

Manchester calico manufactory, valued at above 100,0001. destroyed 
by fire, March 15, 1792. 

IMassacre, at Constantinople, of 32,000 persons, 532 ; at Milan, of 
300.000, by the Goths, 539 ; of Danes, by the English on St. 
Bnde's day, 1002 ; the Sicilian Vespei-s, 1282 ; at Paris, 1418 ; at 
Ambois, 1560 ; at Paris, August 24, 1572 ; of Amboyna, 1624 ; of 
Ireland, when 40,000 English protestants were killed, October 
1641 ;. of Glencoe, February 13, 1693 ; at Batavia, 12,000 Chinese 
were killed by the natives, October, 1740 ; at Cape Francois, June 
18, 1703, 10,000 white inhabitants were massacred by the negroes, 
and the town burnt down. 

Messina afilicted with the plague, 1743 ; destroyed by an earthquake 
in 1783 and 1784. 

Molesworth, lady, aaid lier three children, burnt in her house, 1764. 

Montego bay, ni Jamaica, had 400,0001. damage by fire, June 14, 
1795. b } , , 

Montpellier, in France, had a booth wherein a play was performing, 

fall, and killed 500 persons, July 31, 1786. 
IMontreal was greatly damaged by a fire in 1765 and 1768 ; the Epis- 

copalian church, the Jesuit's college, and the prison burnt, June 

6, 1803. 
Mortality, great ones, 1094; again among men, cattle, and fowls, 

1111 : among men at Oxford, 1471 ; among youth, 1589; at York, 

when 11,000 persons died, August, 1691. 
Moscow had 2000 houses destroyed by a fire, July, 1736 ; again, 1750, 

1752, when 18,000 houses were burnt. 
Munich palace destroyed by a fire, February 5, 1749-50 ; again, and 

200 houses, April 28, 1762. 
Munroe, lady, of Foulis, and her three servants, drowned in bathing, 

August 3, 1803. 
Naias Transport, lost by striking on the rocks on the coast of New- 
foundland, October 23, 1805. 
Nantz, a powder magazine at, blew up, May 28, 1800, which de- 
stroyed many persons and houses. A four pound camion was 

thrown to a great distance. 
Naples nearly destroyed by an earthquake, April, 1731 ; again, July 

26, 1805, when the town of Isernia was reduced to ruins. 
Newbem, in North Carolina, had 160 houses destroyed by fire. Sen- 

tember 21, 1791. j j ? t- 

Newcastle burnt by accident. 1349 ; received 10,0001. damage by 

fire, August 28, 1750. 
ISTewfoundland had a considerable tratJt of its woads burnt near St. 

John's, 1789. 



160 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, &c. &c. 

Newgate damaged by a fire in the Press-yard, September 5, 1752 ; 

burnt by the riotei-s, 1780. 
Newmarket had lOOOl. damage by a flood, June 10, 1755. 
Newport, Shropshire, had 20 houses burnt, September 3, 1749 ; and 
in 1791 had 17 dwellings and 20 barns with corn, and many out- 
houses, destroyed by fire. 

New York, the government house burnt, December 29, 1773 ; great 
part of the city burnt by the provincials, November 20, 1776; 
an accidental fire destroyed 300 houses, August 7, 1778 ; set fire 
to by mcendiaries, and had 70 houses destroyed, December 8, 
1796 ; suiFered a damage of 100,000 doUars by fire, 1800 ; May, 
1811, upwards of 100 houses burnt. 

Old Bailey, 28 persons killed in the, at the execution of Mi*. Steel's 
murderers, February 23, 1807. 

Palermo, in Italy, destroyed by an earthquake, August 21, 1726. 

Pantheon, Oxford street, London, entirely destroyed by fire, to the 
value of 60,0001. January 16, 1792. 

Paris consumed by fire 558 ; the Conciergerie burnt, Januarj', 1776. 

Paul's, Saint, London, burnt, 964 ; the steeple fired by lightning, 
1443 ; burnt 1631 ; again, 1666. 

Petersburg had 2000 houses destroyed by a fire, August 12, 1736 ; re- 
ceived damage to the amount of 1,000,000 of rubles, by an inun- 
dation and storm, September 23, 1777, and to the amount of 
2,000,000, by a fire on August 26, 1780 ; again, November 28, it had 
11,000 houses destroyed by a fire occasioned by lightning; on June 
7, 1796, it had a large magazine of naval stores, and between 90 
and 100 vessels in the harbour destroyed. 

Philadelphia damaged by a fire which broke out at the circus, De- 
cember 28, 1799. 

Phillippoli, in Romanio, had 4000 persons destroyed by an earth- 
quake, February 1749-50. 

Pierre, in Martinico, had 700 houses burnt, October, 1752. 

Plague— the whole world visited by one, 767 before Christ ; in Rome, 
when 10,000 persons died in a day, 78 ; in England, 762 ; in Chi- 
chester, when 34,000 died, 772; in Canterbury, 788; in Scot- 
land, which swept awav 40,000 inhabitants, 954 ; in England, 
1025, 1247, and 1347; in England, vA'hen 50,000 died in Lon- 
don, 1500 in Leicester, &c. ; in German}', which cut off 90,000 
people, 1348 ; in Pai-is and London, very dreadful, 1367 ; again, 
1379 ; in London, which killed 30,000 pei-sons^ 1407 ; again, when 
more were destroyed than in 15 years war before, 1477; again, 
when 30,000 died in London, 1499 ; again, 1548 ; again, 1594 ; 
which carried off in London a fourth part of its inhabitants, 1604; 
at Constantinople, when 200,000 persons died, 1611 ; at London, 
when 35,417 died, 1625 and 1631 ; at Lyons, in France, died 60,000, 
1632 ; again, at London which destroyed 68,000 persons, in 1665 ; 
at Messina, February, 1743 ; at Algiers, 1755 ; in Persia, when 
80,000 persons perished at Bassorah, 1773 ; at Smyrna, that carri- 
ed off about 20,000 inhabitants, 1784 ; and at Tunis, 32,000, 1784; 
in the Levant, 1786 ; at Alexandria, Smyrna, 8z;c. 1791 ; in Egypt, 
in 1792, where near 800,000 died ; the yellow fever destroyed 
2000 at Philadelphia, in 1793 ; on the coast of Africa, particularly 
at Barbary, 3000 died daily ; at Fez, 247,000 died in June, 1799 ; 
1800 died at Morocco, in 1800, in one day ; in Spain and at Gi. 
braltar, where great numbers died iu 1804 and 1805. 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, Sec. &C 161 

Plagues, ten of Egypt, 1494 before Christ. 

Port Royal, in Jamaica, destroyed by an earthquake, June 7, 1692; 
by a fire, in 1703 ; and by a hurricane, August 28, 1722 ; again, 
by a storm, October 20, 1744; had 100,0001. damage by a fire, 1750; 
by a terrible storm, July 30, 1784. 
Port-au-Prince, in St. Domingo, had 150 houses burnt, June 29, 1784; 
nearly the whole town was burnt by the rioters, December 1, 1791. 

Portsmouth dock-yard received 400,0001. damage by a fire, July 3, 
1760; again, July 27, 1770, which did 100,0001, damage; and a 
thii-d fire, December 7, 1776, when 60,0001. damage was done. 

Portsmouth, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, May 11, 
1779. 

Posing, in Hungaiy, destroyed by a fire, to the number of 107 
houses, September 7, 1784 ; again, in Apiil 1803, when 283 houses 
were burnt. 

Potsdam had its magnificent and venerable cathedral of St. Nicholas 
destroyed by fire, September 4, 1795. 

Quito, in Peru, sAvallowed up by an earthquake, April 24, 1755. 

Rain— a continual rain in Scotland for five months, 918 ; a violent one 
in London, 1222 ; again, 1233 ; so violent, the harvest did not be- 
gin until Michaelmas, 1330 ; so heavy that the corn was spoiled, 
1335 ; fi-cm the beginning of October to December, 1338 ; from 
midsummer to Christmas, so that there was not one day or night 
dry togethei-, 1348 ; in Wales, which destroyed 10,000 sheep, Sep- 
tember 19, 1752 ; in Languedoc, which destroyed the village of 
Bar le due, April 26, 1776 ; in the island of Cuba, on the 21st of 
June, 1791, whffli 3000 persons and 11,700 cattle of various kinds 
perished, by the torrents, occasioned by the rain- 

Richmond, in Virginia, had one hundred houses, valued at 100,0001. 
destroyed, December 17, 1786. 

Rome burnt by Nero, 65 ; the capitol burnt, 13 before Christ ; Pom- 
• pey's theatre burnt, 250. 

Rosbach, in the Upper Circle of Saxony, totally disappeared, in 
October, 1792, supposed by an earthquake. 

Royal cu-cus, in St. George's-fields, destroj^ed by fire, Aug. 12, 1805, 

Ruppin, in Brandenburgh, destroyed by fire, when 600 houses were 
burnt, September, 1787. 

Sadler's wells, 18 persons trodden to death at the theatre, October 
15, 1807. 

Saltzburg forest, burnt to the extent of 10,000 acres, August, 1800. 

Saragossa, in Spain , had 400 of its inhabitants perish by a fire, that 
burnt down the play-house, December, 1778. 

Savannah, in South Carolina, damaged by fire, July 4, 1758. 

Scutari, near Constantmople, containing 3000 houses, totally con- 
sumed by fire, August 12, 1797. 

Shadwell water-works destroyed by fii-e. They raised 903 gallons a 
minute, and were destroyed in one hour and a half, 1797. 

Sienna was ne£\fly destroyed by an earthquake. May, 1798. 

Smyrna nearly destroyed by an earthquake, April, 1730 ; and by a 
fire, June 20, 1742 ; had the plague, 1743, 1752 ; the Armenian 
quarter burnt. May 14, 1753 ; had the plague, 1758, 1760 ; dreadful 
fires in 1763 and 1772 ; and earthquakes and fire, in 1778 ; in 
March, 1796, which desti-oyed 4000 shops, two large mosques, 
two public baths, and all the magazines and provisions, to 
the value of teu imllipns of crowns. A riot there by the Sclayo- 



1§2 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, &c. &Cr 

nians, occasioned the Janissaries to destroy the theatre, and pro- 
party of the Christians, to the amount of 100,0001. when between 
12 and 1300 persons lost their lives. May, 1797. 

Snow for eleven days, 1762 ; remarkably deep, in 1731 and 1736 ; 
7000 Swedes perished in a storm of snow upon the mountains of 
Rudel and Tydel, in their march to attack Drontheim in 1719. 

Sodom burnt, 1897 years before Christ, and 65th of Lot's age. 

Solway Moss began to flow, December 16, 1772. 

Storms, one in Canterbury, threw down 200 houses, and killed seve- 
ral families, 234 ; in London, which killed several people, 277 ; at 
Winchester, 301 ; hail-stones, much larger than hen's eggs, 344 ; 
420 houses in Carlisle, blown down, and many people killed, 349 ; 
great part of Colchester destroyed, and several people killed, 416 ; 
in York, which blew down several houses, and killed many people, 
458 ; hailstones fell, in most parts of Britain, above three inches 
diameter— killed many men, and much cattle, 459; in London, 
which threw down many of the houses, and killed 250 inhabitants, 
549 ; at Lincoln, which threw down above IGO houses, 701 ; de- 
stroyed above 40 houses in Cambi-idge, 919; in London, wliich 
threw down 1500 houses, 944 ; Southampton nearly destroyed in a 
storm by lightning, 951 ; near 400 houses in London blown down, 
1055 ; many lives were lost, houses overthrown, and the com in 
the fields destroyed, by hail as large as hens' eggs, 1205 ; the chim- 
ney of the chamber where the queen of king Henry III. and her 
children lay, was blown down, and their whole apartments at 
Windsor shaken ; many oaks in the park were rent asunder, and 
torn up by the roots, accompanied with such thunder and light- 
ning as had not been known in the memoiy of man, 1251 ; as king 
Edward I, and his queen were talking together in their bed-cham- 
ber, a flash of lightning struck in at the window, passed by them, 
killed two of their servants who waited upon them, but did their 
majesties no hurt, 1285; when Edward III. was on his march, 
within two leagues of Chartres, there happened a storm of pierc- 
ing wind that swelled to a tempest of rain, lightning, and hail- 
stones, so prodigious, as instantly to kill 6000 of his horses and 
3000 of his best troops, 1359; when Richard II.'s first wife came 
from Bohemia, she had no sooner set foot on shore, but such a 
storm immediately aix)se as had not been seen for many years, when 
several ships were dashed to pieces in the harbour, and the ship 
in which the queen came over was shattered and broken; and 
which was the more observable, because his second wife brought a 
storm with her to the English coast, in which the king's baggage 
was lost, and many ships of his fleet cast away, 1389 ; the leads of 
the Grey-friars church, and the whole side of a street, called the 
Old Exchange, London, beat down, November 25, 1413 ; in Italy, 
a storm of hail destroyed all the fish, birds, and beasts of the 
countiy, 1510 ; a violent one in Denmark, which rooted up whole 
forests, and blew down the steeple of the gi-eat church at Copen- 
hagen, January 1, 1515 ; a storm of hail in Northamptonshire, 
when the stones measured fifteen inches in circumference, July, 
1558 ; hail-stones fell at Dox'chester seven inches in circumference, 
on August 23, 1651. The day that Oliver Cromwell died, one was 
so violent and terrible, that it extended all over Europe, Septem- 
ber 3, 1658 ; 200 sail of colliers and some coasters were lost, with 
all their crews, in the bay of Crcroer. in jVorfolk. in 1696 ; a stvfm 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, &c. &c. 1.63 

of hail in Cheshire and Lancashire, &c. which killed fowls and 
small animals, and knocked down horses and men, some of the 
stones weighing half a pound, A\ni\ 29, 1697; the same year, May 
4, in Hertfordshire, hailstones fell 14 inches in circumference, de- 
stroyed trees and corn in a dreadful manner; the most terrible one 
that had ever been known in England, attended with flashes of 
lightning, November 27, 1703, which unroofed many houses and 
churches, blew down several chimneys and the spires of many 
steeples, tore whole groves of trees up by the roots, and the leads 
of some churches were rolled up like scrolls of parchment, and 
several vessels, boats, and barges were sunk in the '1 hames— but 
the navy suffered the greatest damage, being just returned from 
the Mediterranean, one 2d i-ate, four 3d rates, four 4th rates, and 
many others of less force, were cast a^\ ay upon the coast of Eng- 
land, and above isoo seamen lost, besides those that were cast 
away in the merchants' service— in London onlj-, the damage was 
estimated at a million. Pon-Royal, in Jamaica, destroyed, Aug. 
28, 1722; again, October 20, 1744 ; Cavolina was gi-eatly damaged 
by storms, August, 1722, 1728 ; Cheltenham, in Gloucestershire, 
received 20001. damage, June, 1731 ; at St. Kitts, where 20 ships 
were lost June 30, 1733 ; .at Jamaica, 1734 ; at the mouth of the 
Ganges, in India, when 20,000 vessels of different kinds were cas,t 
away, eight English East-India ships, and 300,000 people were lost, 
and t'>e water rose forty feet higher than usual, October 11, 1737 ; 
a violent one on the coast of England, November 1, 740 ; at Can- 
terbury, Sept. 8, 1741 ; in Yoi-kshire, where the hailstones were 
five inches round, INlay, 1745 ; one at Nantz, where 66 vessels and 
600 sailors were lost, March 7, 1751 ; at Jamaica, which did 300,OOOJ-. 
damage, August 10, 1751 ; at Cadiz 100 ships lost, December 8, 
1751 ; at Barbadoes, August 23, 1758 ; at Charleston, South Caro- 
iina, where the ships lost were worth 20,0001. IMay 4, 1761 ; at St. 
Jago, where it did great damage, and the hailstones were as larg** 
as oranges, J^ily 10, 1772 ; a most teriible one near Boston, in Au- 
gust, and at Cuba, in July, 1773 ; at Alencon, in France, whei-e 
the hailstones measured eighteen inches round, Augusts, 1774; 
at London. September 30, and December 5, 6, 7, 1774, which did 
great damage to the shipping ; in the north of England, 4 Dublin, 
packets foundered, October 19, 1775 ; at Antwerp, &:c. in Holland, 
where the hailstones were as large as hens' eggs, and weighed 
three quarters of a pound, killed several horses &c. and destroyed 
the fruits of the earth, June 11, 1776 ; in the West Indies, the se- 
verest ever known, September 6, 1776 ; in all the "West India 
islands, particularly at Savanah la Mar, in .Jamaica, and a.\. Barba- 
does, in October, 1780 ; a violent hail storm at ISIadrid, which did 
60001. damage to the glass windows, some stones weighed a pound, 
on July 26, 1782 ; at Surat, in the East Indies, which destroyed 
7000 of the inhabitants, on April 22, 1782; in France, where the 
hailstones weighed eight ounces, June 17, 1782; great damage 
done in America, particularly in New England, 1784 ; at Iran, in 
the Pyrenees, on the borders of France and Spain, hailstones fell as 
large "as hens' eggs, which weighed 23 ounces each, July 18, 1784; 
in tlie channel, when the Halswell Indiaman, &c. was lost, January, 
1586 ; at Ferrara, in Italv, where the hailstones were as large as 
liens' eggs, July 17, 1786 ;'the same jnonth, a storm at Highbicking- 
ton-. in Devonshire, removed thirteen clra trees upwards of l^^ o 
K 



164 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAICES, ScC. &c. 

hundred yards from their original spot, and they remained stand* 
iny upright in a flonrishing state— a rock, at the same place, was 
divided upwards of eight feet asunder, and all the poultry and 
com for several miles were destroved, by the thunder and light- 
ning ; at Barbadoes, August 11, 1786 ; and at North Shields, where 
the hailstones were as large as pigeons' eggs, August 16, 1786 ; in 
Normandy, where the hailstones were as large as hens' eggs, Aug. 
4, 1787 ; in different parts of England, the same month, 1787; in 
the West Indies, where great damage was done, particularly in the 
French islands, July, 1787 ; considerable damage done to Tower- 
ditch, at London, where the ground on Little Tower-hill was 
trenched near twelve feet deep, June 20, 1788 ; at St. Germain en 
Laie, in France, hail fell as large as a quart bottle, and all the trees 
from Vallance to Lisle were torn up by the roots, July 13, 1788 ; al- 
most all over the kingdom, which did very considerable damage, 
Dec. 23, 1790; a violent hail storm in Italy, in June, 1791, andiu 
several parts of England the same month ; in September, 1791, a 
violent hail stoi-m fell in Calabiia, near Naples, when some of the 
hailstones weighed an English pound, which destroyed all hopes 
of a vintage ; the church of Speldhurst, in Kent, was destroyed by 
lightning, and the bells were melted, and other damage done at 
Raynham, October 25, 1791— also in Sussex, where the hailstones 
were four inches in circumference; at Waterford, in Ireland, 
April 4, 1792 ; in different parts of Kent, April 13, 1792 ; in the 
north of England, July (6, 1792 ; at Whitehaven, which did gi-eat 
damage, when the tide rose six feet above its usual height, Mai-ch, 
1793; at Thornton, in Leicestershire, when the hailstones mea- 
sured from four to six and a half inches in circumference, and did 
great damage, August 3, 1793 ; at Savanah !a Mar, in Jamaica, 
hailstones as large as pigeons' eggs fell, June 2, 1793; almost uni- 
versal through Great Britain, by which great damage was done, 
January 16, 1794 ; a most violent stoi-m of rain in Norfolk inimda- 
ted many towns, particularly Norwich, Nov. 1794 ; a most violent 
storm on the eastern coast of England, when much damage was 
done to the shippmg, October 6, 1794 ; at Petersburgh upwards of 
90 vessels and a large magazine of naval stores were destroyed, 
June 7, 1796. The stones in a hail stoi-m over London, measured 
an inch and a half in circumference, May 6, 1797 ; hailstones fell 
at Lewes, in Sussex, which measured three inches in circuit, and 
some weighed three ounces each, June 5, 1791 ; at Halifax, in Nova 
Scotia, 100,0001. damage was done by a storm, Sept. 25, 1798; at 
Heyford, in Oxfordshire, in-egular pieces of ice the size of a hen's 
egg fell, Aug. 19, 1800 ; the same storm did ^-eat damage in Bed- 
fordshire, where hailstones of eleven inches m circumference fell 
and killed the hares and patridges in the fields ; November 8, the 
same year, great damage was done in London, and throughout al- 
most all England ; a iiolent hurricane of wind did great damage 
in Devon and Cornwall, January 19, 1804 ; another blew down a 
gai-den wall at Shenfield place, Kent, of 300 feet in length on Jan. 
22, 1804 ; a dreadful storm at Kingston upon Thames, July 6, 1805 ; 
a terrific thunder storm in Somersetshire, where the hailstones mea- 
sured from six to seven inches in circumference, July 15, 1808. 

Suffolk, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, May, 1779. 

Swan sloop of war lost off Waterford, 130 persons perished, August, 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, &c. &c. 165 

Sweating sickness, that canied off great numbers, first observed in 
England, in 1481; again, 1483; in September, 1485 ; again, 1506; 
again, so that in some towns half the people died— in others, one 
third, 1517; again, 1528, 1529, 1548, and 1551. 

Thaw, dreadful accidents occasioned by a sudden, in various parts 
of England, January and Februaiy, 1809. 

Theatre at cape d'lsti-ia, in Italy, fell, and crushed the performers 
and audience to death, February 6, 1794. 

' at Mentz was destroyed by fire during the performance, on 

the falling in of which many were crushed to death, and above 70 
were burnt, Aug. 1796. 

Thomas, St. the island of, had 900 stores or warehouses burnt, value 
6,000,0001. Nov. 22, 1805. 

Tiverton, 200 housos burnt down, June 5, 1731 ; 26 on May 27, 1762; 
and between 60 & 70, April, 1785 ; and above 200 houses were de- 
stroyed by fire, June 30, 1794. 

Trichinopoli, in the East Indies, blown up by the magazine of gun- 
powder taking fire— 300 of the inhabitants lost their lives— 340,000 
ball cartridges were destroyed ,and the whole foundation shaken, 
1772. 

Tripoli nearly destroyed by an earthquake, December 13, 1759. 

Trusty, the ship, lost on a rock between Bristol and Cork, Jan. 17, 
1809. 

Twickenham, the French ambassador's' house and valuable furniture 
burnt, June 14, 1734. 

Union Packet of Dover lost off Calais, Jan. 28, 1792— a similar acci- 
dent had not happened for 105 years before. 

Venice nearly reduced to ashes, 1101. 

Vesuvius, eruptions of, 79, when two cities were buried in burning 
lava, with 250,000 people; 203, 272, 472, when all Campania was 
destroyed ; 512, 685, 993, 1036, 1043, 1048, 1136, 1506, 1538 ; at 
Puzzoii, 1631, 1632, when 4000 persons and a large tract of land 
were destroyed, 1660, 1682, 1694, i7Ci, 1704, 1712, 1717, 1730, 1737, 
1751, 1754, 1760, 1766, 1767, 1770, 1771, 1779, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1794. 

Volcano, in the isle of Ferro, broke out, September 13, 1777, which 
threw out an immense quantity of red water, that discoloured the 
sea for several leagues. 

Warasdin, the capital of Croatia, had 600 houses reduced to ashes 
by a fire, April 25, 1776. 

Waterford, in Ireland, experienced a violent storm, when the tower 
of its exchange was carried away, April 4, 1792. 

Wellinglwrough, m Northamptonshire, burnt, August 14, 1731; 
again, July 28, 1738—800 bouses destroyed. 

West Indies much damaged by a hurricane, September 6, 1776. 

Whirlwind, a violent, at Falmouth, which stiiped the roof of every 
house in its way, tore up several trees, and threw a vessel ly'uig in 
the harbour on her beam ends, so that her keel appeared in sight, 
Jan. 1, 1803. 

William, Prmce, eldest son of Henry I. with two of his sisters, and 
180 of the nobility, shipwrecked and lost, in coming from Nor- 
mandy, in 1120. 
Windsor forest had several miles of the heath burnt, and the ti-ees 

damaged, April 17, 1785. 
Winster. in Derbyshire, near 60 persons were met at a puppet-show, 
when the upper floor of the house was blown up with gun-powdei-j 
jaiid no hurt done to the people below, January 25, 1735, 



16^ IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

^Vorcester city and castle bumt, 1113 ; a stack of chimneys feH on 
the court-house, and killed several persons, March, 15 1757; 
greatly damaged by an explosion of gun-powder, August 11, 1762 ; 
received 12,0001. damage by a fire, November, 1791. 

Yellow-fever raged in the West Indies with uncommon mortality, in 
1794 ; in Philadelphia, 1793-1798, 

Youghail, in Ireland, had its barracks blown up by accident, in Sep- 
temljer, 1793, when the face of Mr. Armstrong, the quai-ter-master, 
V as so burnt that the wlmle of its skin was scorched ; but it was 
singular that he was much marked with the small-pox before the 
accident happened, and on getting a new skin it became perfectly- 
smooth, without any remains of the small-pox marks. 



ImproTcments, Biscoxcries in JlvlSf Me- 
venucSf &e. &c. 

ADMIPvAL, in France, 1286— the first in England, 1297. 

Agaric of the oak fir^t known as a styptic, June, 1750. 

Agriculture introduced, 1600 years before Christ. 

Aineguilla mines, in New Spain, discovered, 1770. 

Air balloons invented by B. Gusnido, a Jesuit, 1729, and revived in 
Jb'rance by mons. Montgolfier, 1783, and let off at Paris, Aug. 27 ; 
introduced into England, and Mr. Lunardi ascended from Moor- 
fields, Sept. 15, 1784; Mr. Blanchard and Dr. Jefferies went from 
Dover to Calais in about two hours, Jan. 7, 1785. Mr. Gamerin 
performed a great number of successful serial voyages in 1803. 

Air guns invented, 1646. 

Air pumps invented, 1654, by Gueruke of I^Iadgeburg. 

Aldermen first appointed, 882. 

Ale-houses were in Eng^land in 723 ; ale invented, 1404 before Chinst. 

Algebra was introduced into Europe in 1300 ; in general use in 1590. 

, numerical, invented 950 ; first known in Europe, 1494 ; let- 
ters first used, 1590. 

AluiTi first discovered in mines in Tuscany, 1460 ; first brought to 
perfection in England, 1608 ; discovered in Ireland, Oct. 22, 1757; 
in Anglesea. in 1790. 

Altars first used at Rome, 135 ; consecrated, 271 ; the first in Britain, 
634 ; Noah built an altar 2348, before Christ. 

Ambassador, the first sent by the Czar of Russia to England, 155S; 
the first sent to Turkey from England, 1606 ; the first that arrived 
from India in Europe, was from Tippoo Saib to France, June, 1778, 
The first ambassador from the Ottoman emperor arrived in Lqb« 
don, December, 1793. 

American coinage took place in 1792. 

Anabaptist meeting-house, first in England, established 1640. 

Anathema first used by the church, 387. 

Anatomy restored in 1550— of plants, discovered, 1680. 

Anchors invented, 587. 

Annuities or pensions first granted, 1512, when 201. was given to a 
lady of the covtrt, for services done— and 61. 13s. 4d. for the mainte- 
nance of a gentlewoman, 1536— and 131. 6s. 8d. as a competent sum 
to support a gentleman in the study qf the law. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 167 

Anointing first used at the coronations in England, 872; in Scotland, 

1097. * 

Anthems first used, 386. 
Apothecaries first mentioned in profane histor>% 1345. Apothecaries 

mentioned by Solomon in Ecclesiastes, 977 before Christ. 
Appeals first made to Rome from England, 1138 ; abolished, 1532. 
Arches of stone, St. Paul's church built on ; a manner of building 

formerly unknown in England, 1187. 
Archdeacon, the first appointed in England, 1075. 
Argand's lamps introduced into general use in London, 1785. 
Arithmetic introduced into Europe from Arabia, 991. 

— decimal, introduced into Europe, 1402. 

Arms, coats of, introduced into England, 1100. At first used to dist 

tinguish noblemen in battle. 
Arms of England and France were first quartered by Edward Ilf. 

1358. 
Army, the first standing one in modem times, established in France 

in 1445, by Charles VII. 
Arundelian tables made 264 before Christ; discovered 1610. 
Assajdng gold and silver legally established in England, 1 299. 
Assay-master fii'st appointed at Sheffield and Birmingham, 1773. 
Assignats first ordered by the national assembly of France, April 17, 

1790. 
Assiento, or contract for supplying America with slaves from Jamaica 
began 1689 ; vested in the South-sea company 1713 ; given up to 
Spain by the peace, 174S. 
Assize of bread first appointed, 1528 ; every alteration of a farthing, 
in increase or decrease of the price for a quartern loaf makes the 
difference of 22001. in the sum expended for bread within the bills 
of mortality of London (exclusive of Westminster) in one week. 
A quartern loaf sold for Is. 6d. 3-4 each, March, 1800, when new 
bread was forbid to be sold till twenty-four hours old. 
Astronomical observations first made at Babjlon, 2234; celebrated 
tables made, 1253 before Christ. Astrometer, for finding the rising 
and setting of stars, invented at Edinburgh, 1806. 
Astronomy and geography brought to Europe by the Moors of Bar- 

bary and Spain, 1201. 
Attraction, the first idea of, taken up by Kepler, 1605. 
Auction, the first, in Britain was about 1700, by Elisha Yale, a go- 
vernor of fort George, in the East Indies, of the goods he brought 
home with him. 
Aurora Borealis, or the northern lights, first observed, March 6, 

1715-16. Electicity of them discovered, 1769. 
Baize manufacture first introduced into England at Colchester, 

1660. 
Baking of bread invented, 1400 before Christ— became a profession, 

170 before Christ. 
Bands for lawyers, first used by judge Finch, 1615— for clergymen, 

about 1652. 
Bankers.— Mint used formerly by merchants to lodge their money in, 
till the king made free w'ith'it in 1640 ; after which, trusting to 
servants, till too many ran to the army, they lodged it with gold- 
smiths, whose business was to buy and sell plate, and foreign 
coins ; they at first paid four pence per cent, per diem, but lent it 
to others at higher interest, and so became the first bankers, 1^45. 
K2 



16» IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

Bank of England.— The dividend on its stock reduced from eix to 
five and a half per cent. 1727. Capital increased, 1728-29. Paid 
off 1,000,0001. 1738. Capital enlarged, and privileges prolonged, 
1742 to 1765. Capital increased, 1746. Contract renewed, 1764. 
Issued small notes, 1759. Discontinued paying their notes in cash, 
Februaiy 25, 1797, when they were possessed of property to the 
value of )7,597,280l. and the notes issued amounted to only 
13,770,3901. not including 11,786,8001. lent to government. Issued 
20s. notes and dollars in payment, March 9, 1797— called in soon 
after. The bank-notes in circulation on the 25th of February in 
the following years respectively, were, 

1793 . . . . L. 11,451,180 

1794 10,965,330 

1795 13,539,160 

1796 11,030,110 

1797 8,640,250 

House built 1732, enlarged 1770, and considerably improved and 
insulated in 1796. 
Banks first began in Italy by Lombard Jews, 808— that of Venice, 
1157— of Genoa, 1345— of Amsterdam, 1609— of Hamburgh, 1610— 
of Rotterdam, 1635— of England, 1640 ; established, 1694— in the 
East Indies, 1787— in America, 1791. 
Bank stock three per cent. ann. created, 1726 ; three per cent, con- 
sol do. 1731 ; three per cent, reduced do. 1746 ; tlu-ee per cent. ann. 
payable at the South-sea house, 1751 ; thi-ee and a half per cent. ann. 

ditto, 1758 ; long ann. 1761 ; four per cent, consol. ditto, 1762 

Old Scotch bank created" 1695— Royal ditto, 1727. The name is 
derived from banco, bench ; benches being erected in the mai-ket- 
place for the exchange of money, &c. Payment in cash by the 
bank of England, pursuant to an order of council, Feb. 26, 1797. 
Bank of the United States, incorporated, March 2, 1791. Capital, 
10,000,000, in 25,000 shares of 400 dollars each.— 2,000,000 held by 
the United States, and paid in 10 equal annual installments.— 2493 
shares sold by the United States, in 1796-7, at advance of 25 per 
cent; 287 more in 1799, at 20 per cent, advance, and 2220 in 1802, 
at 45 advance ; making, exclusive of dividends, a profit of 671,860 
dollars to the United States. About 18,000 shares are held by fo- 
reigners, who do not vote ; the resident stockholders in the United 
States who have the exclusive control over the bank, hold only 
7000 shares, being little more than one fourth of the capital. 

There are 25 directors of the bank itself, which is established at 
Philadelphia: the branch banks are at Boston, New York, Balti- 
more, Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, City of Washington, and 
New Orleans. The dividends, since the establishment of the bank, 
have averaged 8 3-8 per cent, a year. 
Cr. 

Debts due to the bank, 1809, viz. 
Six per cent, stock of the United States, . . D. 2,230,000 
Loans, in notes at sixty days, 
or bonds, &c. taken to se'cure debts, . . • 15,000,000 

Due by state banks, . • 800,000 

Specie in the vaults, 5,000,000 

Cost of lots and buUdiiigs, . , * • • - 480,ooo 

Total Cr. 23,510,000 



IMPROVEMENTS, &t 



169 



Original capital stock, 10,000,000 

Amount ofdeposits by government or individuals, . 8,500,000 
Bank notes in ciiculation, 4,500,000 

Total Dr. 23,000,000 

Balance, being the amount of undivided profits, 510,000 

from which it appears, to use the language of the secretary of the 
treasury, that the affairs of this bank, considered as a monied in- 
stitution, have been wisely and skilfully managed. The charter 
expired, 11th of March, 1811. 

LIST OF BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
Nmne. Capital. 

North America, instituted, 1780, Pennsylvania, . . 750,000 
Massachusetts, 1784, Massachusetts, . . . 400,000 

New York, 1784, New York, 950,000 

United States, and eight branches, 1791, Penn. . 10,000,000 

Pennsylvania, and two branches, 1792, Penn. . 2,000,000 

Maryland, 1790, Maiyland, 400,000 

Providence, 1791, Rhode Island, .... 400,000 

Albany, 1792, New York, 170,000 

Bank of South Carolina, 1792, S. C 675,000 

Union Bank of Boston, 1792, Mass. . . . 1,200,000 

New Hampshire Bank, 1792, N. H 400,000 

Alexandria, 1792, Columbia, .... 500,000 

Columbia, 1793, Cobimbia, .... 1,000,000 

Wilmington, 1795, North Carolina, . . . 110,000 

Hartford, 1792, Comiecticut, 500,000 

Union Bank, New London, 1792, Conn. . . 500,000 

New Haven Bank, 1796, Connecticut, * . . 400,000 

Norwich Bank, 1796, Connecticut, . . . 180,000 

Middletown, 1795, Connecticut, .... 400,000 

Newbui-yport, 1795, Massachusetts, . • • 225,000 

Manhattan, 1799, New York, .... 2,000,000 

Essex Bank, Salem, 1792, Massachusetts, . . 125,000 

Rhode Island Bank, Newport, 1795, R. I. . . 100,000 

Baltimore, 1795, Maryland, 1,200,000 

Gloucester Bank, Cape Ann, 1796, Mass. . . 60,ooo 

Washington Bank. Westerly, 1800, R. I. . . 50,000 

Bristol, Rhode Island, 1800, R. 1 80,000 

Exchasige Bank, Providence, 1801, R, I. . , 135,000 

Farmers' Bank, Lansingburg, 1802, N. Y. . . 75,000 

State Bank, South Carolina, 1801, S. C. . . 800,000 

Pacific Bank, Nantucket, 1804, Mass. . . • 75,000 

Newbern, 1805, North Carolina, .... 200,000 

Merchants' Bank, 1805, N. Y 1,250,000 

Haverhill Bank, 1804, N. H. • . . . . 50,000 

Keene Bank, 1804, N. H. • 100,000 

Farmers' Bank, 1804, N. H. • . . . . 150,000 
Boston, 1804, Massachusetts, .... 1,800,000 

Potomack, 1804, Columbia, • . . . . 500,000 
Virginia Banlt, and three branches, 1804, Vii-g. . 1,500,000 

Union Bank of Man^land, 1804, Maryland, . . 3,000 000 
K5 



170 IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

Farmers' Bank, and two branches, 1804, Maryland, 1,000,000 
Wilmington Bank, 1804, North Carolina, . . 250,000 
Jersey Bank, 1804, New Jersey, .... 800,009 

Exeter Bank. 1804, N. H 100,000 

Dover Bank, 1804, N. H 100,000 

Portsmouth Bank, 1804, N. H. .... 200,000 

Boston Exchange, 1804, jNIass 500,000 

The foregomg are only the banks instituted previous to 1805, 
since which, they have increased to one hundred and six in num- 
ber, with capitals exceeding sixty millions. 
Barbers introduced to Rome from Sicily, m 229 before Christ. 
Bark, Jesuits', virtues of discovered, 1500 ; first brought to Europe 

1650. 
Barometers invented, 1626; wheel barometers contrived, 1668,; pen- 
dant ditto, 1695 ; marine ditto, 1700 ; phosphoric, 1675. 
Barons first summoned to parliament, 1388. 

■ first created in England, 1205. 

Baronets first instituted, 1611 ; of Nova Scotia, 1625. 

Barristers first appointed by Edwai-d I. 1291. 

Bath springs discovered, 871 before Christ; the baths of the Romans 

discovei-ed under the Abbey-house, 1755. 
Batteruig-ram invented, 441 before Christ. 

Bayonets invented at Bayonne, 1670 ; first used in England, Sep- 
tember 24, 1693. 
Beer first introduced into England, 1492 ; in Scotland, as early as 
1482. By the statute of James I. one full quart of the best beer or 
ale was to be sold for one pemiy, and two quarts of small beer for 
one penn3% The duties on beer for years 1783, 84, 85, ap.d 86, pro- 
duced 7,308,6551.— On malt, for the same years, yielded 6,156,2061. 
In 1788, the duties on beer were 1,666,1521. 

The following quantities of porter wei-e brewed in London, from 
midsummer, 1796, to the same period in 1799, by twelve principal 
brewers : 





1796. 


1797. 


1798. 




barrels. 


barrels. 


baiTcls. 


Whitbread, 


202,000 


192,740 


131,500 


Thrale, 


137,800 


141,590 


180,446 


GifFord, 


110,700 


119,620 


132.519 


Meux, 


96,600 


117,180 


183.440 


r. Calvert, 


97,500 


101,760 


111,792 


Trueman, 


109,100 


194,750 


109,727 


GoodAvin, 


97,500 


93,400 


34,176 


Calvert, 


67,000 


70,090 


72,483 


Clowes, 


55,700 


58,680 


58,489 


Elliott, 


58,200 


$5,800 


51,541 


Philips, 


42,100 


46,100 


45,863 


Cox, & CO, 


45,800 


45,810 


43.163 



A porter cask, at messrs. Meux, & co.'s. Liquor-pond street, Is 
sixty-five and a half feet in diameter, twenty-five and a half high, 
and has fifty-sis hoops, from one ton to three tons each— contains 
twenty thousand barrels of porter at thirty shillings each ; ccmsists 
of three hundred and fourteen staves, of English oak, two and a 
half inches thick ; has been four years buildhig, and cost 10,OOOL 

Bfheading of noblemen first introduced into England, 1074. 

Bellmen first appointed in London, 1556. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &.c. 171 

Bellows invented, 554 before Christ. 

Bells invented by Paulinius, bishop of Nola, in Campania, about 400 ; 
first known in France, 550 ; first used in the Greek empire, 864 ; 
were introduced into monasteries in the seventh or eighth century. 
Pope Stephen III. placed three bells in a tower on St. Peter's, at 
Rome. In the churches of Europe they were introduced in 900. 
They were first introduced into Switzerland, 1020. The first 
tuneable set in England were hung up in Croyland Abbey, in 
Lincolnshire, 950 ;— used to be baptized in churches, 1020. 

Bible first translated into the Saxon language, 939 ; into the English 
language, by Tindal and Coverdale, 1534 ; first translated by the 
king's authority, 1536; first translated into the Indian tongue, 
and printed at Cambridge, Massachusetts, about 1663. The most 
elegant miniature edition extant is that of J. Hagerty's, printed 
by B. W. Sower, & co, on a Diamond type cast for the purpose 
by S. Sower, & co. Baltimore, 1811. See Religious Institutions. 

Bills of exchange first mentioned, 1160; used in England, 13©7. 
The only mode ot' sending money from England by law, 1381. 

Bills of mortality for London began, 1538. 

Bishop, the first that suffered death in England by sentence of th"e 
civil power, 1405. 

Bishop of Nova Scotia fii^st appointed, August 11, 1787. 

Bishop in America, the first was Dr. Seabury, consecrated Novem- 
ber 14, 1784. 

Bishopricks in Germany first founded by Charlemagne, 800. 

removed from villages to great towns in England, 1070. 

Blackwell-hall first appointed for a repository for woollen cloth, 
1515. 

Blankets first made in England, 1340. 

Blister-plasters invented, 60 before Christ. 

Blue, Prussian, discovered at Berlin, 1704. 

Blood, circulation of, through the lungs, first made public by Mi'- 
chael Servetus, a French physician, in 1553 ; Cisalpinus published 
an account of the general circulation, of which he had some 
confused ideas, and improved it afterwards by experiments, 1569; 
but it was fully confirmed by Harvey, 1628. 

Boats, flat-bottomed, invented in the conqueror's I'eignj who used 
them in the isle of Ely ; steam-boats invented by Robert Fulton, 
of New- York, and introduced into the United States, 1808. 

Bombs, first invented by a man at Venlo, 1588 ; first used in the 
service of France, 1634. 

Bomb-vessels invented in France, 1681. 

Bones the art of softening them found out, 1688. 

Books, in the present form, were invented by Attalus, king of Per- 
gamus, 887. 

s.ale by catalogue, began 1676. 

the first supposed to be Avritten in Jab's time; 30,000 burnt 

by order of Leo, 761 ; a very large estate given for one on Cosmo- 
graphy, by king Alfred; were sold from lOl. to 301. a piece, about 
1400 ; the first printed one was the Vulgate edition of the Bible, 
1462; the second was Cicero de officiis, 1466 ; Cornelius Nepos 
published at Moscow, being the first classical book printed ia 
Russia, April 29, 1762. 
Book-keeping first used after the Italian method in London, 1569. 
Boots were invented, 907 before Christ. 
K 4 



172 IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

Sounties, first legally granted in England for raising naval stores 
in America, 1703. For exporting com, 1689. 

Brass exported in 1799, amounted to 77,033 cwt. 3qrs. 16 lb. at 71. 
14s. 8d. per cwt. amounted to 595,7281. 15s. 5d. 

Brazil diamond mines discovered, 1730. 

Bread first made with yeast by the English, about 1650. 

Bread-fruit plants, first introduced into the West Indies by captain 
Blith, January, 1793. 

Breeches first introduced into England, 1654. 

Breviaries first introduced, 1080. 

Bribery first used in England, 1554. 

Bricks first used in England by the Romans. The size ordered, 
1625, by Charles I. 

Bridge, the first of stone in England, was at Bow, near Stratford, 
1087. 

Broad seal of England first used, 1050. 

Buckles were invented about 1680. 

Building with stone brought into England by Bennet, a monk, 670 : 
with biick first introduced by the Romans into then- provinces ; 
first in England about 886 ; introduced here by the earl of Arun- 
del 1600, London being then almost built with wood was a very 
ugly city. The increase of buildings in London prohibited, and 
within three miles of the city gates, by queen Elizabeth, and that 
only one taraily should dwell in one house, 1580. The buildings 
from High Holbom, north and south, and Great Queen-street, 
built nearly on the spot where stood the Elms or the ancient Ty^ 
burn, in the reign of Edward III. were erected between 1607 and 
1631. The number of houses in London and its suburbs, in 1772, 
were computed at 122,930 ; but in 1791 they amounted to above 
200,000. In St. George's fields near 7000 have been erected with- 
in the above period. 

Bull-baiting, first at Stamford, Lincolnshire, 1209 ; at Tutbnn.'^ 
StafFordsliire, 1374. 

Bull-fights in Spain first used, 1560, 

Bull-running, at Tutbury, in StaiFordshire, instituted, 1374. 

Bullets of stone used instead of iron ones, 1514; of iron first men- 
tioned in the Faedra, 1550. 

Bullion of gold and silver, first method of assaying, 1354. 

Burgesses were first constituted in Scotland, 1326. 

Burial-place the first Christian one in Britain, 596. 

Burials, first permitted in consecrated places, 750 ; in chureh-yards, 
758. 

Burning glass and common mirrors, the discovery attributed to 
Tshernhausen, a Lusatian baron, 1680. 

Burj-ing in woollen first began, 1666. 

Butter annually sent to I>ondon from Yorkshire, Cambridge, and 
Suffolk, amounts to 210,000 firkins. 

Buttons covered with cloth prohibited by law, 1721, 

Cables, a method of making them invented, by which 20 men are en- 
abled to do the work of 200. The machine is set in motion by 16 
horses, for the cable is of the dimensions for the largest ships, 1792. 

Cabinet council first instituted, April, 1670. 

Calendar established by Julius Caesar 45 before Christ ; reformed by 
pope Gregoiy XIII. J 582. 

Caliber instrument invented at Nuremberg; 1540. 



IMPROVE^IENTS, &c. 173 

Calico first imported by the East India company, 1631. 

Calico-printing, and the Dutch loom engine, first used, 1676. 

Calicoes were first made in Lancashire, in 1772. 

Camera obscura invented, 1515. 

Canal of Languedoc, wliich joins the Mediteranean and Cantabrian 
seas, began by Lewis XIV.— 64 leagues long, supported by 104 
sluices. 

of Briere, or Burgundy, communicating with the Seine and 

Loire, finished by Lewis XIII. and has 42 sluices. 

of Orleans, began 1675, between the Loire and Seine, has 20 

sluices. 

of Bourbon, lartely began, 1790, between the Oise and Paris. 

of the lake Ladoga, in Russia, began 1719, between the Baltic 

and Caspian sea. 

in China, goes from Canton to Pekin in a straight line up- 
wards of 806 miles, having 75 locks, and 41 large cities on its ban&, 
with above 10,000 vessels on it ; finished in 980 ; 30,000 men were 
employed 43 years in making it. In 1355 a canal was dug in Per- 
sia, 100 miles' long. The Russian canal began by Peter the Great 
in 1708, between the Caspian sea and the Baltic, was not entirely 
completed till 1780. The canal from the frontiers of China to 
Petersburgh is 4472 miles long; that from Astracan to Peters- 
burgh 1434 miles long ; both of which wei-e began by Peter the 
Great, who also began some others. The canal of Orleans in 
France, was began in 1678 ; the canal of Langeudoe was began in 
1666, and finished 1681. The canal from Calais to Gravelines was 
began in 1681; and many more are marked out in France, but 
not finished. In Spain the canal of Arragon was began in 1785. 
In Sweden a canal was made from Stockliolm to Gottenburgh, 
175;. In Ireland one from Dublin to the Shannon, 1762. The 
canal from Brussels to Antwerp was began 1531 ; finished 1560. 
That which joins the Baltic and North sea, at Kiel, was open to 
all nations, May 14, 1785. Navigable rivers, and canals to joia 
i-ivers first made in England by Henry I. 1 134, when the Trent 
was joiuexl to the Witham. The Thames made navigable to Ox- 
ford, by act of parliament, 21 James I. 1624. The new river 
canal was begun in 1608, and finished 1613, running 36 miles. 
The Kennet, from Reading to Newburry, 2 George I. 1715. The 
river Lea made navigable from Hertfoixl to Ware, and so to Lou- 
don, 12 George II. 1739. Tlie duke of Brldgewater's navigation 
began 1758, and was opened June 17, 1761. Northamptonshire 
navigation began August 7, 1761. Trent and Mersey canal was 
finished, 1772, extending 90 miles ; since which time have been 
the following, viz.— 

Canal from Belfas' to Loughneagli, was began 17^58. 

from Droitwich to the Severn, 1756, 

in Caermaerthenshire, 1756. 

from the Severn, near Tilton-bridge, 1765. 

from Wilden ferry, in Staffordshire, 1766. 

from the Forth to the Clyde, in Scotland, 1768. 

from Birmingham to Bilston, 1768. 

from Oxford to Coventry, 1769; completed January, 1750. 

from Leeds to Liverpool, 1770. 

from the Dee to Nantwich, 1772. 

■ '•-■■■ from Skipton, 1773, to Oxford, 177?. 



174 IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

Canal, first made in England, by Henry I. in 1130. 

■^ from Stroud-water to the Severn, 1775 ; and from Stroud to 

the Thames, began 1783. 

from Appledale, 1775. 

— from Stourbridge, 1776. 

from Hider's Green, 1766. 

from Chesterfield to the Trent, finished 1777. 

from the Trent to the Mersey enlarged, 1783. 

' from the Thames to Leachlade, 1783. 

■ of Leeds and Liverpool consolidated, 1783. 

■ from the Lea to Limehouse, 1770. 

from the Severn to Leachlade, completed in 1789. 

■ from Glasgow to Bowling bay, in the Clyde, July, 1790. 

over the Tame near Bii-mingham, and the Coventry canal, 

with the Birmingham, 5z;c. completed, by which the inland navi- 
gation between London, Bristol. Liverpool, and Hull was opened, 
July, 1790. 

■ from Hereford to Gloucester, had 50,0001. subscribed, July 

1791 ; began November following. 

from Paddington to the grand junction canal, began 1798. 

' The Kennet and Avon was opened, July 7, 1799. 

Thames to Fenny Sti-atford, opened May 28, 1800. 

■ great Caledonian canal, to extend from the Murray Frith to 

the Frith of Mull, began 1803. 

Principal Canals in America. 
Little Falls, Potomack, Maryland. 
Great Falls, ditto, ditto. 
James River, Virginia. 
New York Western, New York. 
Delaware and Schuylkill, Pennsylvania. 
Chesapeake and Delaware, Delaware. 
Santee, South Carolina. 
Blodgets, New Hampshire. 
Middlesex, Massachusetts. 
South Hadley, Connecticut. 
Norfolk, Virginia, 
Susquehanna, Maiyland. 
> , Pennsylvania. 

Candles, tallow, so great a luxury, that splinters of wood were ustd 
for light.— No idea of wax candles, 1300. 

of tallow, first began to be used, 1290. 

Canonization first used by papal authority, 993. 

Cards invented in France, first used for Charles VI. amusement, 
1380 ; they were forbid the use of in Castile in 1387 ; 128,000 
packs were stamped in England in 1775. 

Cards for carding cotton and wool ; manufactoi-y of, in England, ex- 
portation to America prohibited after the revolution, when the 
manufactoi-y was carried on in several parts of the United States— 
and about 1800, an American citizen discovered a method of cut- 
ting and stamping holes in the leather, bending, cutting and fix- 
ing in the teeth, by machinery, so that the cards, excepting the 
wood-work, drop completely finished from the machine. 

Carriages introduced into Vienna, 1515; into England, 1580, 

Catalogues of English printed books were first publish^ in 1595; 
in Ireland in 1632. 



IMPROVEIVIENTS, 8te. 175 

Celestial sphere, first seen in Greece, brought from Egypt 368 
before Christ. 

Chain-shot invented by Admiral de Witt, 1666. 

Chairs, sedan, first used in London ; a fourteen years patent for 
selling them granted to Duncombe, 1634. 

Charity-schools first began in England, March 25, 1688 ; 6000 chil- 
dren met at St. Paul's, May 2, 1782 ; 160 schools within London, 
Westminster, and the bills of mortality, established between 1688 
and 1767, inclusive. 

Charters were first granted to different cities in England, 1179. 

Cheese, in 1783, there were 4475 cwt. exported from England, be- 
sides the home consumption. 

Cheltenham mineral spring discovered, 1740. 

Chemistry and distillery introduced into Europe by the Spanish 
Moors, who learned it of the African Moors, and these of the 
Egyptians, 1150. Hydraulic chemistry was invented in 1746. 

Cherries brought from Pontus by Lucullus to Rome, 70 ; apiicots 
from Epirus, peaches from Persia, the finest plums from Da- 
inascus and Armenia, pears and figs from Greece and Egypt, 
citrons from Media, pomegranates from Carthage, about 114 
years before Christ. 

Cherry-ti-ees first planted in Britain, 100 before Christ; brought 
from Flanders and planted in Kent, with such success, that an 
orchard of 32 acres pi-oduced in one year lOOOl. 1540. 

CJiesapeake Bay explored, 1608. 

Chess, the game of, invented, 608 before Christ. 

Chest, at Chatham, for the relief of seamen, instituted, 1588. 

Chiaro-obscuro, the art of printing in, with three plates, to imitate 
drawings, first used, 1500. 

Chimes on bells invented at Alost in 1487. 

Chimnies first introduced into buildings in England, 1200 ; only in 
the kitchen, or large hall, smoky, where the family sat round a 
large stove, the funnel of which passed through the ceiling, 1300. 

Cliina made in England at Chelsea, in 1752 ; at Bow, in 1758 ; and 
in several parts of England in 1760 ; by Mr. Wedgewood, 1763 ; 
at Dresden, in Saxony in 1706, 

<-———, first voyage to, from the United States, 1784. 

porcelain first spoken of in histoiy, 1591. 

Chivalry began in Europe, 912. 

Chocolate inti-oduced into Europe from Mexico in 1520. 

Cinnamon trade first began by the Dutch, 1506 ; but had been 
known in the time of Augustus Caesar, and long before. 

Cinque ports vested in barons for the security of the coasts, 1078 ; 
first x-eceived their pinvileg-es, 1215. 

Circuits, judges of the, first appointed, 1176. 

Circumnavigators of England were, Drake, undertaken in 1577; 
Cavendish, 1586; Cowley, 1683; Dampier, 1689; Cooke, 1708; 
Clipperton and Shelooek, 1719; Anson, 1740; Byron, 1764; Wal- 
lis, 1766 ; Carteret, 1766 ; Cook, 1768, 1772, 1776— continued by- 
King, .780, and since, by Portlocke, &c. in 1788. First that en- 
tered the Pacific Ocean was Magellan, a Spaniard, 1520. Other 
Spanish circumnavigators were, Gi'oalva, 1537; Avalradi, 1537; 
Mendana. 1567 ; Quiros, 1625. The Dutch circumnavigators were, 
Le Maii-e, 1615; Tasman, 1642; Roggewin, 1721. M. Bougain- 
. villc, the Frenchman's voyage v.as 1770, and several others since. 



176 IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

Cities first incoi-porated, 1201. 

Cities and boroughs first represented in parliamentj 1366i. , 

Civil law revived in Italy, German)^, &;c. 1127. 
Clock-niakers, three from Delft, first in England, 1568. 
Clocks, called water-clocks, first used in Rome, 158 before Christ ; 
clocks and dials first set up in churches, 913 ; clocks made to 
strike by the Arabians, 801 ; by the Italians 1300 ; a striking clock 
in Westminster, 1368 ; the first portable one made, 1530 ; none in 
England that went tolerably, till that dated 1540, maker's name 
N. O. now at Hampton-court palace ; clocks with penduliuns, &e. 
invented by one Froraantil, a Dutchman, about 1656 ; repeating 
clocks and watches invented by one Barlow, 1676. Till about 
1631, neither clocks nor watches were general. 
Cloth, coarse woollen, introduced into England, 1191 ; first made at 

Kendal, 1390 ; medleys first made, 1614. 
Coaches first used in England, 1580 ; an act passed to prevent men 
ridmg in coaches, as effeminate, in 1601 ; began to be common in 
London, 1605 ; hackney coaches began in 1634, when capt. Baily 
set up four in number ; were prohibited in 1635 ; fifty hackney 
coachmen only were allowed in 1637 ; limited to two hundred in 
1552; to three hundred in 1654 ; to four hundred in 1661 ; to se- 
X'en hundred in 1594, when they were first licensed ; to eight hun- 
dred in 1710 ; to one thousand in 1771. In the year 1793 the num- 
iror of coaches made in this kingdom amounted to 40,000, one half 
of which, and upwards, v/ere exported. By the duty on coaches 
it appeared, in 1778, 23,000 were kept in England, wjien their duty 
amounted to n7,Oo6l. The duty on coaches ui 1785, was 154,9881. 
in England; and in Scotland, only 90001. In 1770, only one stage 
coach to London, and one to Liverpool. Thei*e are now twenty- 
seven which run from Manchester, of which, eighteen start every 
day; eight three times a vreek.— In 1754, a. Jlying-coach was adver- 
tised, and it promised, however incredible it might appear, it 
would actually arrive in Loudon in four days and a half after leav- 
ing Manchester ; the distance is 185 miles, and is now performeJ 
in thirty and sometimes twenty hours. 
Coals discovered near Newcastle, 1234 ; first dug at Newcastle by a 
charter granted the town by Henry III. first used, 1280; dyers, 
brewers, 8cc. in the reign of Edward I. began to use sea-coal for 
fire, in 1350— in consequence of an application from the nobility, 
}fcc. he published a proclamation against it, 1398, as a public nui- 
sance; imported from Newcastle to London in any quantity, 1350; 
ip geneyal use in London, 1400 ; 600,000 chaldrons used in London, 
1773; and 766.880 chaldrons, in 1788; in 1792, there were 841,330 
. chaldrons ; cinders, 6270 chaldrons ; and Scotch coals, 2449 tons ; in 
1793, there were 800,510 1-2 ; in 1794, 788,744 1-2; in 1795, 887,759 
chaldrons, besides cinders, &c. Their duty yields the duke of Rich- 
mond 23,(;00l. per annum; and in 1791, the quantity of 450,000 
chaldrons, Newcastle measure, was cleared out in 4956 vessels, for 
(.•\Tr-sea and coast-ways ; in 1791, there were 334,513 1-2 chaldrons, 
besides cinders, &c. The duties on coals carried coast-ways, be- 
sides those in London, amounted in 1783, to 182,7451. 15s. l-2d. 
nt 5s. 6d. per chaldron. Those brought to London pay 10s. 8d. 
per chaldron. All the duties on coals in 17S3, was 445,8111. and 
•n 1784, was 462,5501. in England, and in Scotland, for both th^se 
years, only 30001. The whole of the duties in 17^3, \\'as a'ODyT^Sl. . 



IMPROVEMENTS, &e. 177 

The dally consumption of coals is about 2300 chaldrons, in London, 

Cock-fighting instituted by the Romans, after a victory over the 
Persians, 476 before Christ. 

Coffee-house, the first, in England was kept by Jacob, a Jew, at the 
sign of the angel, in Oxford, in 1650. Mi*. Edwar'ds, an English 
I'urkey merchant brought home with him a Greek servant, who 
kept the first house for making and selling coffee in London, 1652. 
The Rainbow coffee-house, near Temple-bui-, was, in 1657, repre* 
sented as a nuisance to the neighbourhood. 

Coffee first brought to England by Mr. Nathaniel Conopius, a Cretan, 
who made it liis common beverage, at Baliol college, Oxford, 1641 ; 
coffee first brought to Marseilles in 1644. 

Coffee-trees wei-e conveyed from Mocha to Holland in 1616; were 
carried to the West Indies in the year 1726; first cultivated at 
Surinam, by the Dutch, 1718 ; its culture encouraged in the plan- 
tations, 1732. 

Coif, the seijeant's, was originally an iron scull-cap, worn by knights 
under their helmets. Blackstone says it was introduced before 
1259, to hide the tonsure of such renegado clerks as chose to re- 
main as advocates in the secular courts, notwithstanding their 
prohibition by canon. 

Coin.— Silver first coined by Phidon king of Argos, 869 before Christ; 
silver money coined at Rome, 269 before Christ— before then bi-ass 
money only was used, a sign of no correspondence with the east, 
where gold and silver were used long before ; coin first used in 
Britain, 25 before Christ ; iii Scotland of gold and silver, 223 after 
Christ ; coin was first made round in England in 1101 ; silver half- 
pence and farthings were coined in the reign of John, and pence, 
the largest current coin ; gold first coined in England, 1087 ; groats 
first coined m Bohemia, 1301 ; copper money used only in Scotland 
and Ireland, 1399 ; gold next corned in England, 1345 ; groats and 
half-groats, the largest silver coins in England, 1531. In 1347, a 
pound of silver was coined into twenty-two shillings, and in 1352, a 
pound of silver was coined into twenty-five shillings ; in 1414, they 
were increased to thirty shillings ; and in 1500, a pound of silver 
was coined into forty shillings ; in 1530, they were extended to 
sixty-two, which is the same now. The money, in Scotland, (till 
now the same as in England) began to be debased, 1354 ; gold first 
coined in Venice, 1476 ; sliillings first coined in England, 1068 ; 
crowns and half-crowns first coined, 1551 ; copper money intro- 
duced into France by Heniy III. 1580 ; tlio first legal copper coin 
introduced, which put an end to private leaden tokens, universal- 
ly practised, especially in London, 1609 ; copper money introdu- 
ced into England by James I. 1620 ; milling coin introduced, 1662 ; 
half-pence and farthings first coined by government, August 16, 
1672 ; guineas were first coined, 1673 ; silver coinage, 1696 ; broad 
pieces of gold called in by government, and coined into guineas, 
1732 ; five shillings and three-pemiy pieces in gold were issued in 
1716, and 1761— one million were coined in 1710 from French 
louis d'ors. Half-pence issued from the isle of Man, by England, 
1786. Dollars were issued by the bank at 4s. 9d. each, March 4, 
1797. Seven shilling pieces were issued in December, 1797. 

The whole money coined in England since the beginning of the 
reign of queen Elizabeth, including the debased silver of the thre© 
preceding reigns, up to the year 1793, was as follows : 



irS IMPROVEMENTS, &e. 

By Queen Elizabeth, .... 5,832,932 

King James L 2,500,000 

Charles I. 10,499,544 

Cromwell, 1,000,000 

Charles II 7,524,105 

James II. . . . . , . 3,737,637 

Before the revolution, 30,094,218 

By Kin^ William III. 

including re-coinage, . . . 10,511,963 
Queen Anne, .... 2,691,626 

King George I. .... 8,725,921 

King George II 11,966,576 

Before the present reign, 59,896,086 

Total during the present reign, 
till the 25th of March, 1793, 

including re-coinage, 51,073,362 

Total coined from the year 

1558 to 1793, being 235 years, . . . 117,063,666 
Of this 117,053,6661. sterling-, there were 32,000,0001. in silver, 
long before the revolution. The whole gold coinage did not exceed 
six millions, all payments, till then, being mostly made in silver; 
and so much is the nature of our coinage changed, that, during 
the reign of George III. the whole silver coinage only amount- 
ed to 63,1011. 

The coinage of gold and silver in four ytars amounted to 
6,191,8251. 
Of whkh was coined in 1793 . . . 2,747,430 6 

in 1794 .... 2,553,894 12 
in 1795 . . . 497,711 5 6 

in 1796 only . . . 391,789 2 
in 1797 . . . 2,000,297 O 

8,192,122 O 
Davenant estimated the coin in the kingdom in 171 1, to be about 

12,000,0001. Anderson estimates it in the year 1762, at 16,000,0001. 

and Mr. Chalmers supposes it, in 1786, to amount to 20,000,0001. 

and in 1799, to 44,000,0001. 

The gold com brought into the mint by proclamation, in 1773, 

1774, and 1776, amounted to 15,563,5931. 10s. 8d. The expence 

attending the loss in collecting, melting, &c. to government, was 

754,0191. 19s. 6d. 
Coin in bullion first legally permitted to be exported, 1663. 
Coining with a die first invented, 1617 ; first used in England, 1620. 
Comedy, the first acted in Athens, on a scaffold, by Susarian and 

Dalon, 562 before Christ ; those of Terence first acted, 154 before 

Christ ; the first in England, 1551. 
Comets had their parabolic cubics demonstrated in 1680. 
Companies, twelve, first established in London, 1194. 
Compass, seaman's, invented in China, 1120 before Christ ; said 

to be used at Venice, 1260 ; improved at Naples, 1302 ; its variation 

observed by Columbus, Sept. 14, 1492 ; its dippmg, 1576. 
Concert, the first subscription one, was at Oxford, 1665; the first 

in London was 1673. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 175 

Coniinei*ce of the United States, 



Tears. 


Exfioiis. 


Imports. 


Seamen. 


Tonnage, 


1774 


6,100,000 


7,000,000 


15,000 


198,000 


1784 


10,150,000 


11,000,000 


18,000 


250,000 


i7go 


16,000,000 


17,500,000 


25,000 


486,890 


1791 


18,399,202 


19,000,000 


28,000 


502,698 


1792 


21,005,568 


22,000,000 


30,090 


567,628 


1793 


26,011,783 


26,000,000 


33,060 


627,670 


1794 


33,043.725 


34,000,000 


39,900 


628,617 


1795 


46,855,856 


48.000,000 


45,000 


747,964 


1796 


67,064,097 


68,000,000 


51,500 


831,900 


1797 


51,294,710 


52,000,000 


60,200 


876,912 


1798 


61,327,411 


63,000,000 


62,300 


893,329 


1799 


79,665,522 


79,500,000 


63,500 


920,000 


1800 


78,971.780 


71,800,000 


64,000 


972,000 


1801 


93,020,515 


88,900,000 


65,000 


947,576 


1802 


71,957,144 


73,000,000 


63,000 


1,003,002 


1803 


55,800,033 


56,000,000 


63,000 


1,107,323 


1804 


77,699,074 


80,000,000 


64,000 




1805 


95,000,000 


96,000,000 


66,000 


1,443,453 


1806 


103,787,236 


104,000,000 


67,000 


1,397,265 


1807 


108,373,225 


107,000,000 


69,000 




1808 


22,433,000 


36,000,000 


50,000 


1,227,000 


1809 


52,200,000 


54,000,000 


55,000 


1,250,000 



Conic sections, the first idea of, given 240 years before Christ. 
Consul, the English, first one by that name in Italy, 1485 ; in Per;' 

tugal, 1633. 
Convicts first sent to Botany Bay, 1787. 
Copper first imported from Vii-ginia, October, 1730. 
Copper money first coined in Scotland by order of Parliament; 
1466; in Ireland, 1399; in France, 1580 ; in England, the first 
legal, 1689. 
Copper mines first discovered in Sweden, 1396 ; in England, 1561 ; 
revived in England, 1689. Foimd in New York. 1722. The 
Paris copper mine in Anglesea, has a bed of copper ore 40 feet 
thick, and supplies between 29 and 30,000 tons annually, 1790. 
The quantity exported in 1799, was 97,125 cwt. 2 qrs. 7 lb. at 61. 
9s. per cwt. amounted to the value of 626,4591. I9s. 6d. See 
Brass and Plated Ware. 

Account of the quantity and prices of the different articles of 
copper purchased for the use of his majesty's navy, from the 29th 
of April, 1799, to the 17th of March, 1800 ; and also of old cop- 
per delivered in payment for the same, with the piices, as far 
as it can be made up : 

Tons. cwt. qrs. lbs. 
Copper sheets, 615 15 131 , . 

Copper bolts and rings, 123 9 3 25 I ,na <!o/: i4 « 
Copper nails, 15 17 2 23 f 128,>i25 14 1 

Mxed metal nails, 158 14 12J 

Old copper returned to the contractors 
in part payment for the new, .... 37,596 2 11 

L. 90,759 11 8 



ISO IlVlPROVE^ffiNTS, &:c. 

Cotton wool used in the English manufactures in 1787, was valued 

at 7,500,0001, and >veighed 22,600,000 lbs. The quantity manufac 

tured in 1791, was 32,148,906 lbs. One pound of cotton-weol, 

%vhen spun, has bein worth five pounds sterling ; and when wove 

mto muslin and ornamented in the tambour, is worth 15 pounds, 

yielding 5,9001. per cent, on the raAV material. Again, one pound 

of cotton has produced 205 hanks, each hank, when extended, 

measured 203,000 yards. In this manufacture, in 1787, there 

were in England and Scotland 143 water-mills, which have 

c^ost L. 715,000 

And 550 mule jennies, of so spindles each, worth 19,250 

20,070 hand jennies, of 80 spindles each, worth 140,490 

Buildings, carding machines, &c. worth 125,260 

Money employed in the manufacture L. 1,000,000 
"»i'hich gives emplojnnent to above 60,000 persons for spinning, and 
with its subsequent stage for preparation, employs near 360,000 
men, women, and children. 

The increase of this manufacture is as follows : 

Pounds Wt. Value. 

iji the year 1783 . - 9,546,179 . . 3,200.000 

1734 . . . 11,280,236 . . , 3,950,000 

1785 . . 17,992,888 . . 6,000,000 

1786 . . . 19,151,867 . . . 6,500,000 

1787 . . 22,600,000 . . 7,500,000 
The quantity imported was : , lbs. 

From the British islands 6,600,000 

French and Spanish settlements . . 6,000,000 

Dutch settlements 1,700,000 

East Indies 100,000 

Smyrna and Turkey 5,700,000 

Portuguese settlements .... 2,700,000 

22,800,000 
And was applied as follows: 

To the candlewick branch 1,500,000 

To the hosierv branch 1,500,000 

To silk and linen mLxtures 2,000,000 

To the fustian branch 6,000,000 

To calicoes, muslins, &c;^ 11,600,000 

22,600,000 

Counties, first division of, in England, 900. 

Cows, there were, in 1795, 8,500 kept near London, which yielded 
about 28,713,000 quarts of milk, which sold to the milk people for 
one penny three farthings a quart, and j-ielded 209,3651. 12s. 6d. 
or 241. 13s. 0.5d. per animm per cow, at about nine quarts a day. 
The consumers paid three pence per quart, which amounted to 
358,9121. 10s. yielding a profit of 149,5471. 17s. 6d. 

Cow-pox, inoculation by, as a security against the small-pox, in- 
troduced by Dr. Jenner, 1800. 

Couriers, or posts, invented by Charlemagne, 808. 

Crayons, art of fixing them, discovered, 1748. 

Crockery-ware invented, 1309 before Christ. 

Crowi, the first Roman that wore one was Tarquin, 616 befoi-e 



IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 181 

Chiist ; first used in England, 872 ; the first tiara, or triple one, 
used by the popes, 1364 ; the first single one used by them was in 
553; the first double one, in 1303. 
CrowTi-Iands in England, valued at per annum, 102,6261. 14s. Id, 
ordei-ed by parliament to be sold, whose leases are between 3 and 
Si years unexpired, 1786. 
Croisades to Palestine first began, 1095. 

Customs on exports and imports first collected in England, about 
979; first granted, 1274; amounted to but 14,000l. in 1580; 
farmed 'or many j-ears for 20,0001. till 1590 ; to 50,0001. in 1592 ; 
to 148,0001. in 1614; to 168,0001. in 1622; to 300,0001. in 1642: 
farmed fijr 390,0001. 1616; amounted to 557,7521. in 1688; from 
1700 to 1714, the net amount was 20,291,4681. which on a medium, 
was 1,352,7641.; to 1,555,6001. in 1720; to 1,593,0001. in 1721; to 
1,904,0001. in 1744; to 2,000,0001. in 1748; to 4,609,0001. in 1786; 
to 4,965,0001. in 1787; to 4,867,0001. in 1786; and to 6,890,0001. ia 
1790. The total produce of the duties of customs, excise, stamps, 
and incidents for two years, viz. from the 10th of October, 1793, 
to the 10th of October, 1794 ; and from the 10th of October, 1794, 
to the 10th of October, 1795: 

Tear ending Oct. Tear ending Oct* 

10, 1794. 10, 1795. 

Total produce of cus- 
toms . . 4,044,923 15 6.25 3,413,255 6 8.5 
Ditto of excise . 7,541,965 2 5.75 8,739,013 U 9.75 
Bittoofstampduties 1,420,867 11 10 1,609,006 19 3 
Ditto incidents . 2,368,839 5 10.5 1,940,231 13 0.75 

L. 15,376,595 15 8.5 

Exceeding rerenue, 1795, 324,911 15 1.5 



L. 15,701,507 10 10 L= 15,701,507 10 10 

Its officers deprived of voting for members of parliament, 1782 ; 

seizures at the custom-house amounted to 26,0001. in 1742. In 

1790, the tonnage of foreign vessels cleared out from London was 

precisely double what it was in 1751. In 1795, this tonnage was 

more than one third greater than in 1790. 
Cutting for the stone was first performed on a criminal, at Paris, in 

1474, with success. 
Custom-house, London, first in England, 1559; burnt down and 

rebuilt, 1718. 
Cyder, called wine, first made in England, 1234. 
Cypher, digits, or figures in arithmetic, invented by the Arabic 

Moors, 813. 
Dancing by cinque paces introduced into England, from Italy, 1541 ; 

incorporated into France in 1659. 
Decimal arithmetic introduced, 1602, by Simon Steven, of Bruges. 
De Courcy had the privilege of standing covered before the kings of 

England, granted by John, 1203. 
Dedications to books introduced in the time of Meccenas, A. D. IT. 
Deeils in Old English, in Rymer's Fcedra, 385. 
Degrees, academical, first introduced at Paris, before 1213. 
Delft earthen ware invented at Eirenza, 1450. 
Depredation''; of which the following are said to be coiBLmittCf? 



132 I»<PROVEMEUTS, fed, 

annually in London. Among the small thefts are included pewlef 

pots, stated at 55,0001. 

Small thefts, 710,000 

Thefts on rivers and quays, . . . 500,000 

In dock-yards, &e. on the Thames, . 300,000 

Buglaries, high-way robberies, &c. . . 220,000 
Coining base money, . . i . 200,000 

Forging bills, swindling, &c. . , . 70,000 



L. 2,000,000 

Diamonds first polished and cut at Bruges, 1489. 

Diamond mines discovered in Brazil, 1730; that at Coulour, in the 
East Indies, 1640; that at Golconda in 1584; one sent from. 
Brazil for the court of Portugal weighed 1680 carats, or 12 ounces 
and a half, valued at 224 millions sterling. Governor Pitt's weigh- 
ed 127 carats, and 106 after cutting, and sold for 135,0001. to the 
king of France. That which belonged to Aureng Zebe weighed 
793 carats. The Mogul's weighed 279 cax-ats, worth 779,2441, 
The grand duke of Tuscany's weighed 139 carats. 

Dice invented, 1500 before Christ ; 3000 pair stamped in England 
in 1775. 

Dieu et mon droit, first used as a motto by Richard I. on a victory 
over the French, 1194. 

Dominical letter.— The first seven letters of the alphabet— A, B, C, 
D, E, F, G, were made use of in the Julian calendar, to represent 
the days of the week— and after the Christian sera, they were 
termed the Dominical, or Sunday letters— and one of them was 
made to represent all the Sundays in the year : — Thus, if A be the 
dominical letter, the first day of January is Sunday, and the 31st 
of December following is Sunday; then the first day of the next 
year is Monday, and, having A against it, G is the Sunday letter 
ibr the next year. 

Previous to the Gregorian, or new style, the seven letters were 
used in the calendar for eveiy year, but since the improvement, 
as in the following account, only one letter is used in common 
yeai's, and two in leap-years, 

ACCOUNT OF THE GREGORIAN, OR NEW STYLE. 

Pope Gregoiy XIII. made a reformation of the calendar. The 
Julian calendar, or old style, had, before that time, been in general 
use all over Europe. The year, accoi-ding to the Julian calendar, 
consisted of 365 days and 6 hours; which 6 hours beuig one-fourth 
part of a day, the common year consisted of 365 days, and every 
fourth year one day was added to the month of February, which 
made each of those years 366 days— they are usually called leap- 
years. 

This computation, though near the ti-uth, is more than the solar 
year by 11 minutes, which in one hundred and thirty-one years 
amounts to a whole day: by which the vei-nal equinox was antici- 
pated ten days, from the time of the general comicil of Nice, held 
in the year 325 of the Chiistian sera, to the time of pope Gregory; 
who, therefore, caused ten days to be taken out of the mouth of 
October, in 1582, to make the equinox fall on the 21st of March, 
as it did at the time of that council And to prevent the like fa- 



IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 183 

riation in future, he ordered that three days should be abated ui 
every four hundred years, by reduciug the leap-years at the close 
of each century, for three successive centuries, to common years, 
and retaining the leap-years at the close of each f buith century, 
only. 

This was at that time esteemed as exactly conformable to the 
true solar year; but Dr. Halley makes the solar year to be 365 
days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 54 seconds, 41 thirds, 24 fourths, and 
31 fiftlis: according to which, in four hundred years, the .lulian 
year of 365 days, 6 hours, will exceed the solar by 3 days, 1 hour, 
and 55 minutes, which is near two hours, so that in fifty centuries 
it will amount to a day. 

Although the Gregorian calendar, or new style, had long been 
used throughout the greatest part of Europe, it did not take place 
in Great Britain and America, until the 1st of January. 1752; and 
in September following, the eleven days were adjusted, by calling 
the 3d. day of that month the 14th, and continuing the rest in this 
order. 



' 








1700 


1800 1900 


2000 








^ 

f"-*! 




2100 


2200 2300 


2400 
2800 








5Si 




2500 


2600 2V00 










Centuries. 


2900 


300013100 


3200 










3300 


3400 


3500 


3600 








g 

^ 




3700 

c 


3800 
E 


3900 


4000 
B a! 




Odd Years. 








1 


29 


57 


85 


B 


D 


F 


G 








<» 


2 


30 


58 


86 


A 


C 


E 


F 








:S 


3 


31 


59 


87 


G 


B 


D 


E 




t 




to 


4 


32 


60 


88 


F E 


AG 


C B 


DC 




\ 




s* 


5 


33 


61 


89 


D 


F 


A 


B 




A 




"£. 


6 


34 


62 


90 


C 


E 


G 


A 




\\ 




7 


35 


63 


91 


B 


D 


F 


G 




\\ 


^ 


Is 


8 


36 


64 


92 


AG 


C B 


ED 


FE 




\\ 




So 


9 
10 


37 

38 


65 
66 


93 
94 


F 
E 


A 

G 


C 
B 


D 
C 




vA 


•-^ 


11 


39 


67 


95 


D 


F 


A 


B 




' \ 


g 




12 


40 


68 


96 


C B 


ED 


GF 


AG 




\ 


"e 


13 


41 


69 


97 


A 


c 


E 


F 






« 


14 


42 


70 


98 


G 


B 


D 


E 










15 


43 


71 


99 


F 


A 


C 


D 








16 


44 


72 


— 


ED 


GF 


BA 


C B 










17 


45 


73 


— 


C 


E 


G 


A 








18 


46 


74 


— 


B 


D 


F 


G 








Q 


19 


47 


75 


— 


A 


C 


E 


F 








20 


48 


76 


— 


GF 


B A 


DC 


ED 






<» 


21 


49 


77 


— 


E 


G 


B 


C 








to 


22 


50 


78 


— 


D 


F 


A 


B 








■^ 

8 

^ 


23 


51 


79 


— 


C 


E 


G 


A 








24 


52 


80 


— 


B A 


D C 


FE 


GF, 








25 


53 


81 


— 


G 


B 


D 


E 








26 


54 


82 


— 


F 


A 


C 


D 








^ 


27 


55 


83 


— 


E 


G 


B 


c 








28 


55 


ii 


— 


DC 


FE 


AG 


BA 





ft4 IMPkOVEMENTS, &c. 

Distaff spinning first introduced into England by Bonavera, aa 
Italian, 1505. 

Bistilling first practised in Spain by the Moors, 1150. 

Distillation of spirituous liquors began in the 12th century ; in Ire* 
land in 1590. 

Distillery in 1786 yielded in England 421,1931, Is. 3.5d. and in 1794, 
it yielded 680,5731. 16s. 8d. If the tax on malt apid the product of 
the Scotch distilleries are included, it will be 900,0001. Os. 9d. 

Divorce, the first at Rome, 229 before Christ. 

Dresden China invented, 1702. 

Duelling, the first public one, 1096; with small swords introduced, 
1588. 

Dying and dipping their own clothes, the English so little skilled 
in, 1608, that they were usually sent white to Holland, and re- 
turned to England for sale. 

Earthen vessels first made by the Romans, 715 before Christ; the 
first made in Italy 1710 ; the present improved kind began in 1763, 
by Mr. Wedgewood. 

East India voyage, the first from England, 1591, 

— — old company began December, 1600; united with the 

new in 1700. 

Electricity, first idea of, given by two globes of brimstone, 1467 ; elec- 
tric spark discovered at Leyden, 1746 ; first known it would fire 
spirits, 1756 ; that of the aurora borealis and of lightning in 1769. 

Ell, or yard, in measure, fixed by the length of Henry I. arm, 1101. 

Emigrants, French, resident in Great Britain, including laity and 
clergy, made from the registers of the alien office, Feb. 28, 1800 : 
Laity (including 530 domestic servants), . 4,153 
Clergy, 5,621 

9,774 

England, the first geographical map of it, 1520. 

— ' first so named by Egbert, 829; first divided into counties, 

tythings, and hundreds, 890, Agreeablj^ to the quota for raising 
sailors in 1795, it was estimated that 2d. in the pound on the rent 
of all the houses (according as rated in the parish books, their 
annual rent is 28,854,0001.) and the amount of the tax 240,4501. of 
which every man was at 251. each. The net value at 30 years 
purchase is 577,000,0001. A calculation of it in 1793, supposed it 
to contain 73,285,628 acres, whose annual rent is near 50,000,000l. 

Stock on the land, L. 145,000,000 

Cash in Great Britain, 50,000,000 

Tonnage of shipping in London, . . . • 175,000,000 

Ditto in Great Britain, besides, 7,124,283 

The merchandise imported, 35,711,400 

The royal navy, without ordnance, .... 5,000,000 
Manafactures, ....... 20,000,000 

Houses and other buildings, 2,000,000 

Annual rent of the corn lands, .... 2,000,000 

Rent of pastures, meadows, &c. . . • . . 7,000,000 
Annual produce of cheese, butter, and milk, . . 2,560,000 

Of horses, yearly bred, full, 300,000 

Of hay consumed annually by horses, . . . 7,400,000 

The amiual gross produce of England from lands and 
anjmaU is, ....... . 70,600,000 



IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 18S 

England contains eight million inhabitants, and nea rly seventy-Four 
million acres of land, of which thirty million are inclosed in pas- 
ture, and eleven million are arable ; but it is thought that the 
land really employed in tillage does not exceed ten million five 
hundred thousand acres. The whole cultivation of wheat in 
England will not allow each person eleven ounces of bread per 
day. The produce of the pasture land, including veal, beef, 
lamb, mutton, pork and pig, bacon, fowl, fish, &c. and dairy 
supplies thrown into meat, amount to I4,000,000,000lb. or for each 
person per day, seven ounces and a half of meat. After dividing 
the nation into (bur distinct classes, the following is supposed to 
be the real consumption and supply : 

Consumption. Bread. Flesh. 
First class, lb. 638,750,000 lb. 592,125,000 
Second class, 593,125,000 501,875,000 
Third class, 410,625,000 2"3,750500O 
Fourth class, 357,500,000 31,250,000 
32,500,000 26,000,000 
390,000,000 57,250,000 

2,032,500,000 1,426,000,000 

Supply. Bread, Flesh. 
lb. 2,000,000,000 
Veal, . . .... lb. 108,000,000 

Beef, ....... 600,000,000 

Lamli, 81,000,000 

INIutton, ....;. 360,000,000 

Pork and Pig, . . ; . . 122,000,000 

Bacon, . . . . • . = 80,000,000 

Fowl, fish, Ste 10,000,000 

Daily supplies thro%vn into meat, . . . 39,000,000 
By importation in live beasts ; 

stock 30,000 ; 10,000 hogs, .... 26,000,000 

By importation in corn and flour • 

more than exported, . 32,500,000 1,426,000,000 

2,032,500,000 

It is computed that the cultivation of the waste lands would 
yield to the nation an income of above twenty millions a year. 
For more, see Sheep, Manufactories, Wool, Cotton, Poor Rates, 
Waste Lands, &c. 

The following was delivered by the committee of agriculture, 
being a general view of the extent of the island of Great Britain, 
and the proportion between the waste and uninclosed, and the 
cultivated part thereof. 

Uncultivated. Cultivated.^ Total Extent. 

England and Wales, 7,888,777 39,027,156 46,915,933 

Scotland, 14,213.224 12,151,471 26,369,695 



Acres, 22,107,001 51,178,627 73,285,623 

The above estimate will give some general idea of the roagnt^ 
tude of this great source of future national wealth. 
Engiues to extinguish fives, invented 1063. 
I* 3 



18§ IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

Engines to extinguish fire invented as now used, 1752. 

Engraving on metal invented, and consequently rolling prlntipg 
presses, 1423 ; on copper as now used, 1511; in mezzotinto, and 
improved by prince Rupert, of Palatine, 1648; to represent 
wash, invented by Barable, a Frenchman, 1761; crayon engra- 
ving invented at Paris by Bonnet, 1769. 

on wood invented in Flanders, 1423 ; revived by Alb. 

Durer, 1511 ; on glass invented, 1799, at Paris, by Boudier. 

Epsom mineral spiing first discovered, 1630, 

Era, that of Nabonassar, was 747 before Christ ; Phillipie, or death 
of Alexandei-, 324 before Christ ; of Contracts, or Seleucidse, 312 
before Christ; the Christians made their era the birth of Christ, 
which was A. M. 3962, but did not use this reckoning till the 
year 6C0, using in the mean time the civil account of the empire ; 
the Mahometans began their Hegira (for so they term their com- 
putation) from the flight of their propliet from Mecca, when he 
was driven thence by the Philarch^e, A. D. 617 ; the Grecians 
reckon by Olympiads, the first of which is placed in the year of 
the world 3187 ; but this account perishing under the Constantino- 
politan emperors, they reckoned by indictions, every indiction 
containing 15 years, and the first beginning A. D. 3)3, which 
among chronologers are still used ; tlie Romans reckoned first 
from the building of their city, which was A. M. 3113, and after- 
wai-ds fi-om the 16th year of the emperor Augustus, A. M. 3936, 
which reckoning was used among the Spaniards till the reign of 
Ferdinand the catholic ; the Jews had divers epocha; as 1st. from 
the creation of the world in the beginning of tune ; 2d. from the 
universal deluge, ann. 1656 ; 3d. from the confusion of tongues, 
ami. 1771; 4th. from Abraham's journey out of Chaldea into Ca- 
naan, ann. 2008 ; 5th. from the departure of the children of Israel 
out of Egypt, ann 2515; 6th. from the year of the jubilee, ann. 
2540; 7th. from the building of Solomon's temple, ann. 2999 ; and 
8th. from the captivity of Babylon, A M. 3397 ; but in historical 
computation of time, are used only the two most ordinary epochs, 
the world's creation ^ and Christ's appearance in the flesh ; the 
Christian era began to be used in Italy^ &c. in 525, and in Eng- 
land in 816. 

Etching on copper invented with aqua fortis, 1512. 

Excise, the first used in England, 1643 » 

Exchequer, court of, instituted on the model of the Normans, 1074 ; 
exchequer bills invented, 1695; first circulated by the bank, 1705. 

Expences during the wars, in L. 

WiUiara Illd.'s reign, . . . 30,446,382 

Queen Ann's reign, .... 43,360,008 
George Ist's reign, , . , . 6.048,267 

The war began 1739, .... 46,418,689 

— ^ 1756, . , . 111,271,996 

The American wai-, . . . , 139,171,876 

Exports from Great Britain in 1700 were 7,302,7161. 8s. 7d. imports 
were 5,970,1751. Is. lOd. In 1788, exports were 18,296,j 661, 12s. 
lid.; the impoits were 17,804,0241. 16s. Id. 

The excess in favour of the foreign imports of the half year 
endmg July 5, 1796, compared with the corresponding period iu 
1795, amounts to 2,212,9171. sterluig; and the excess in the same 
period in favoxtr of the foreign m.erphaadJjse iropoi-ted, t© ij455,395l. 



IMPR0VE3JENTS, &C. 



187 



'J he excess in favour of British manufactures exported, amounts 
to 1,755,9971. which sum, added to the foi-eign exports, will make 
the total increase of Britisli and foreign merchandise exported in 
the half year ending July 5, compared with the corresponding pe- 
riod of the preceding year, 3,211,3941. These statements relate 
only to England, thoso-of Scotland not being yet received. Im- 
ports from Januaiy 5, 1797, to 1798, was 16,990,2311. 

In the three quarters endhig the 12th October, 1798, and the 
like term in the preceding year, the total amount of British manu- 
factures exported from England was, in 1797, 12,034,0001.; itt 
1798, 13,285,0001. Of this, 

In 1797. In 1798. 

Cottons amounted to . L. 1,583,000 L. 1,725,000 

Iron wrought, . . 631,000 678,000 

Linens, . . 493,000 880,000 

Woollen goods, . . 3,977,000 4,978,000 

Foreign merchandise, exported within the like period, amounted, 
in 1797, to 1,654,0001.; in 1798, to 9,692,0001. The total value 
of British and foreign merchandise exported in the year 1797, 
amounted to 29,217,0411.; in 1798 it was more than 34,000,0001. 
exceeding the value of imports in the former instance by 
8,203,4451. ; and in the latter year by about nine million. 

In the year 1799 the export of woollen cloths exceeded seven mil- 
lions sterling, being about a third of the entire amount of British 
aierchandise exported within that period. 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


; 


From each state, in 1810— taken from public documents. 


Stale. 


Doivextir. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


New Hampshire, 


D. 225,623 


D. 9,027 


D. 234,650 


Vermont, 


406,138 


26,493 


432,631 


TVIassachusetts, . 


5,761,771 


7,251,277 


13,013,04* 


Rhode Island, 


874,870 


456,706 


1,331,576 


Connecticut, 


762,785 


5,853 


768,643 


New York, . 


. 10,928,573 


6,313,757 


17,242,330 


New Jersey, 


392,798 


37,469 


430,267 


Pennsylvania, 


. 4,751,634 


6,241,764 


10,993,398 


Delaware, 


79,988 


40,354 


120.342 


Marjland, 


. 3,275,904 


3,213,114 


6,489,01$ 


District of Columbia, 


. 984.463 


53,640 


1,038,103 


Virginia, 


. 4,632;829 


189,782 


4,822,611 


North Carolina, 


401,465 


2,484 


403,949 


South Carolina, 


, 4.881,840 


408,774 


5,290,614 


Georgia, . 


2,234,912 


3,774 


2,238,688 


Ohio, . 
Kentucky, 


10,583 





10,583 








Tennessee, . 














Territories of U.S. . 


1,760,499 
. 42,366,675 


137,022 


1,897,522 


Total, . . . 


24,391,295 


66,757,970 



Faenza's earthen ware invented, 1299. 

F^irs and markets first instituted in England by Alfred, about 88S. 
The fii-st fairs took their rise from wakes ; when the number of 
people then assembled brought together a variety of traders an-- 
L 3 



188 IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

nually on these days. From these hoUdays they were called /mif, 
or fair. 

Fans, muffs, masks, and false hair, first devised by the harlots ia 
Italy, and brought into England from France, 1572. 

Feudal system introduced into England, 1066; into Scotland^ 1090. 

Figures in arithmetic introduced into Europe from Arabia, 991; 
mto England in 1253. 

Fire artillery in England, the first in Europe, 1347. 

Fire engines to force water, invented, 1663. 

Fire-ships invented by Drake, 1588. 

Fire under water invented, 622. 

Fire-watch first established in London, November 12, 1791. 

Fish oil used in London, amounted annually to 300,0001. 

Fish, the increase of, is said to be in the following proportion :— A 
flounder of two ounces contains 133,407 eggs or spawn; one of 
24 ounces, 1,357,403. Herrings, weighing from four to five and 
three quarter ounces, have from 21,285 to 36,960. Lobsters, from 
fourteen to thii*ty-sLX ounces, contain 21,699. Maekarel, twenty 
ounces, 454,961. Prawn, about 3806. Shrimps, from 2849 to 6807. 
Smelts, from 14,411 to 38,278. Soal, of five ounces, 38,772; one of 
fourteen ounces and a half contains 100,362. To which may be 
added the cod, which produces 3,686,700, and a ling, 19,248,625. 

Flag, the honour of, given by the Dutch to England, 1674. 

Fortification, the present mode introduced about 1500. 

Foundling hospital first erected in Pai-is in 1677. 

in London was founded in 1736. 

Galleys, first used with three rowers to each oar, 786 before Christ. 
They came from Corinth. 

Gamut in music, invented by Guy L'Aretin, 1025. 

Gai-dening introduced into England from the Netherlands, from 
whence vegetables were imported till 1509 ; the pale gooseberry, 
with sallads, garden-roots, cabbages, &c. brought from Flanders, 
and hops from Artois, 1520 ; pippins brought to England by Leo- 
nard Mascal, of Plumstead, in Sussex, 1525 ; cuiTants, or Corin- 
thian grapes, first planted in England, 1555 ; the musk rose, and 
several sorts of plums, from Italy, by lord Cromwell ; apricots, by 
king Henry VIII. 's gardener. 

To which we will subjoin the following list, with the countries 
from whence they originally came: — Rye and wheat, from Tar- 
tary and Siberia— where they are yet indigenous. 
Barley and oats, unknown, but certainly not indigenous in thia- 
country, because we are obliged to cultivate them. 
Rice, from Ethiopia. 



Buck-wheat, 


Asia. 


Cresses, 


Crete. 


Cauliflower, 


Cyprus. 


Asparagus, 


Asia. 


Annise and Parsley, 
Garlick, 


The East. 


Shallots, 


Siberia, 


Horse-raddish, 


China. 


Kidney-beans, 


East Indies. 


Potatoes, 


Brazil. 


Tobacco, 

Cat'bage, Lettace, &c. 


America. 


Holland. 



IMPROVEMENTS, k<i. 1»9 

Nor are we less indebted to other and disunt countvies for our 
finest flowers: jessamine came from the East I^^ies ; the elder^ 
tree from Persia; the tulip from Capadocia ; the dafFodi fior* 
Italy; the liUy from Syria; the tube-rose from Java and Cey- 
lon;* the carnation and pink from Italy, &c. ranunculus from 
the Alps; apples from Syria; apricots from Epu-us ; artichokes 
from Holland; chemes from Pontus; damask and musk roses 
from Damascus, as also plums ; hops from Artois, in France , 
gooseberries from Flanders; gilly-flowers, and carnations, the 
province rose, &c. from Thoulouse in France; oranges, lemons, 
beans, and pease from Spain. , ttt ^^cr. 

Gauging of wine, &c. established by law, 27 Edward III. 1350. 
Oauze, lawn, and thread manufactures, began at Pais ey m Scot- 
land, in 1759, which in 1784 yielded 575,1851. and employed 26,664 
hands.— In gauze alone, 350,9001. •,-„„„ 

Gazettes, of Venetian origin, and so called from the price being ga- 
zetta, a small piece of money; the first published in England wa^ 
at Oxford, November 7, 1665 ; the London Gazette was first put^ 
lished February 5, 1665-6. One was ingeniously forged tor a 
stock-jobbing purpose, November, 1787; the first published at 
Paris'wasin 1723; at Leipzic, inl715. 
Gilding with leaf gold on bole ammoniac, art of, invented by Matf 
garitone, 1273 ; on wood, 1680. i^fi,^„ 

Glass, the art of making it, known to the Romans, at least before 
79 ; known to the Chinese about 200; introduced into England by 
Benedict, a monk, 674; glass windows began to be used m private 
bouses in England, 1180 ; glass first made in England into bottles 
and vessels, 1557 ; the first plate-glass for lookmg-glasses and 
coach-windows, made at Lambeth, 1673; in Lancashire, 1773. 
Glasses, musical, are of German origui, but revived by Dr. Iranklm, 
1760 ; brought to a higher state of exquisiteness by the Carte- 
Wrights in England, 1799. . • t. i 

Globe of the Earth, first voyage round it was by sir Francis Drake, 
1580; the second by Rlagellan, 1591 ; the third by su- Thomas Ca- 
vendish, 1586 ; by lord Anson in 1740; by captain Cook m 1768 ; 
and by Peyrouse in 1793-4. See Circumnavigators. _ . 

A late publication makes the number of inhabitants on tins 
fflobe to be 896 millions. Of these, 226 millions are Christians; 
(that is, people generally denominated Christians), 10 millions ot 
Jews; 210 millions of ISIahometans ; 450 millions of Pagans. Ot 
those professing the Christian religion, there are 50 millions ot 
Protestants, 30 millions of the Greek and Armenian churches, 
and 90 millions of Catholics. The aggregate population on the 
surface of the known habitable globe is estimated at 896 millions 
of souls. If we reckon, with the ancients, that a generation lasts 
30 years, in that space 896 millions of human beings will be born 
and die ; consequently 81,760 must be dropping into eternity every 
day ; 3497 every hour ; or about 36 every minute :-how awtul a 
reflection! See Population. 
Grist-mills invented in Ireland, 214. 
Gold first coined in England, 1344. _ . .,.,,, 

: mines were discovered by the Spaniards, m America, in 1492, 

from which time to 1731, they imported from thence into Europe 
above six thousand millions of pieces of eight, in registered ggW 
and silver, exclusive of what were unregistered. 
L 4 



190 IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

The following is a statement of the gold and silver coined in Eng- 
land, during every reign, from the restoration to the 25th of 
March, 1810, extracted from authentic documents :— 

By Charles II. 7,524,105 

By James II 2,737,637 

By Anne, 2,691,625 

By George 1 8,725,221 

By George II. gold, . . . 11,662,216 

silver, . . . 304,360 

11,966,576 

The great re-coinage of gold, between August 23, 1773, 

and the end of 1777, amounted to 20,447,0021. 
From the commencement of the reign to August, 1773, 
there were coined about 10,000,0001, making— 
By Greorge III. before the 31st of December, 1780, 

gold, . . . 30,457,457 

silver, .... 7,126 

30,464,931 

From 1780, to the end of 1802, 

gold, . . . 33,310,832 

silver, .... 56,473 

33,367,305 

From 1802, to IMarch 25, 1810, gold, . . . 22,445,258 

Total of gold and silver coinage since the restoration, 119,832,659 
In the above statement it will be seen, that the bank dollars 
(amountiiig to many millions) duly stamped, and issued by autho- 
rity, are not included. The latest silver coinage was in 1802. 
The following is an account of all the dollars issued by the bank 
of England, till the 8th of February last, inclusive:— 
Dollars stamped and issued in 1797, . . , 2,325,692 
Ditto, ditto, in 1804, . . 1,519,184 

Ditto, ditto, in 1809-10, . . 1,076,051 

D. 4,920,927 

Grammarians, the first regular ones flourished, 276 before Christ. 

Great seal of England first used, 1050. 

Gregorian calendar first used in the catholic states of Europe, 1582; 
in most of the others, 1710 ; in England and in Sweden, 1752. 

Greek first introduced into England, 1491. 

Guards for the king's person first instituted, 1486. 

Guineas were first coined, 1673. 

Guinea, the first slave trade on this coast by the English, was opened 
by John Hawkins, assisted by a subscription of sundry English gen- 
tlemen ; he sailed from England with three ships, pui-chased ne- 
groes, sold them at Hispaniola, and returned home richly ladea 
with hides, sugar, and ginger, 5 Elizabeth, 1563. 

Gunpowder invented by Shwartz, a German, 1330. 

Guns, great, invented, 1330 ; used by the Moors at the siege of Alge- 
siras, in Spain, in 1344 ; used at the battle of Cressy, in 1346, when 
Edward had four pieces of cannon, which gained liim the battle ; 
they were used at the siege of Calais in 1347 ; in Denmark, 1354 ; 
at sea, by Venice against Genoa, 1377 ; first used in Spain, 1406 ; 
first made in England, of iron, 1547— of brass, 1635 ; invented to 
shoot whales, 1731 ; first used iii England at the siege of Berwick, 
1405 ; bombs and mortars invented, 1634. 



I 



IMPROVEMENTS, &c. IQi 

Hackney coaches first used, twenty in number, in London, 1625. 

Handkerchiefs first manufactured at Paisley, in Scotland, 1743, when 
15,8861. worth were made; in 1784 the manufacture yielded above 
164,3851. 

Hair-powder in use, 1590 ; long hair prohibited in Massachusetts, 
1649. 

Hats invented at Paris, 1404 ; first made in London, 1510. 

Heidelberg, first great wine vessel or tun, built at, 1343. 

Helioscope invented, 1625. 

Hebrew points invented, 475. 

Hemp and flax first planted in England, 1533. There are one hun- 
dred and eighty thousand pounds of rough hemp used in the cor- 
dage and sails of a first rate man of war. In 1783, the nation paid 
15351. bounty to encourage its cultivation ; and in 1785, there was 
23961. paid. 

Heraldry had its rise, 1100. 

, impalements in, introduced, 1206. 

Herculaneum, the ancient city of, discovered, 1730, which had been 
buried in the lava of an eruption of mount Vesuvius, Nov. 1, 79. 

Holy war first undertaken, 1096. 

Hops, the parliament petitioned against it as a wicked weed, 1428 ; 
first used in malt liquors in England, 1525 ; the duty for those 
produced in Kent and Sussex in 1792, pelded 170,0001. and in 
1799 it yielded 77,2791. 5s. 4d. 

Horse-guards instituted, 1550. 

Horse-shoes were introduced into general use in the ninth century ; 
first made of iron, 481. 

Hospitals in England have a revenue of above 250,0001. per annum, 
Greenwich alone has near 70,0001. 

Hour-glasses were invented in Alexandria, 140, and introduced into 
Rome 158 years before Christ. 

Houses, 1681, were erected in St. George's Fields, between the years 
1782 and 1792. 

Hydraulic chemistry invented, 1746. 

fire-engines invented, 1682. 

Hydrostatics taught by Archimedes 200 before Christ. 

Iambic verse, invented by Archilocus, who flourished 685 before 
Christ. 

Ich Dien, the Bohemian motto, first used by the prince of Wales 
after the battle of Cressy, 1346. 

Inn, Gadsby's, (Baltimore) supposed to be the best conducted in the 
United States, and not inferior to any in Europe, 1811. 

Indigo first produced in Carolina, 1747. 

Inhabitants of the principal cities of Europe, at the distance of a 
centurj", from the most approved authors, are- 
London, 

Paris, . , 

Madrid, 
Marseilles, 

Lyons, .... 
Naples, . i . 

Rome, .... 
Amsterdam, 
Venice, 



In 1683. 


In 1788, 


696,000 


1,100,000 


438,000 


800,000 


400,000 


160,000 


200,000 


180,000 


250,000 


150,000 


200,000 


354,000 


200,000 


157,000 


187,000 


185,000 


134,000 


100,000 



492 IMPROVEMENTS, &e. 

In 1683. In 1788, 

Bourdeaux, . . . 100,000 200,000 

Dublin, . . . . 69,000 170,000 

Rouen, .... 66,000 100,000 

Bristol, .... 48,000 50,000 

Cork, . . . • 40,000 90,000 

Livex-pool, .... 20,000 60,000 

Inoculation first tried on criminals, 1721. 

Inscriptions first collected for publications, 1505. 

Insurance on ships and merchandise, Suetonius conjectures that. 

Claudius was the first contriver of, 43. 
Insurance on shipping began in England, 1560. 
Insurance offices first set up in London, as follows : 

Hand-in-hand, 1695 

Sun-fire, 1706 

Union, 1714 

London, 1721 

Royal Exchange, .... 1723 

Phoenix, 1783 

The duty which was laid on in 1782, at Is. 6d. per 1001. insured. 
in 1688 yielded, . . L. 96,173 7 5 
1789 .... 101,647 8 6 

1790 105,888 16 7 

Ihsurance policies were first in Florence in 1523 ; first society was- 

established at Hanover, 1530— that at Paris, 1740. 
Interest first mentioned for the word usury, 1624. 

of money reduced from ten to eight per cent, in Scotland/ 

1633. 
Iron discovered by the burning of mount Ida, 1406 before Christ. 

first discovered in America— in Virginia, 1715, 

Iron bullets first used in England, 1550. 

Iron wire, English— before 1568, all made and drawn by main 
strength alone, in the forest of Dean, and elsewhere, until the 
Germans introduced the drawing it by a mill. The greatest part 
of iron wire and ready-made wool-cards hitherto imported. 
Ilron-mill for slitting bars, the first in England was set up at Dartford,. 
1 590. New method of making bar-iron from pig-iron, by Mr. Cort, 
of Gosport, in 1785, and superior to Swedish iron. 
Isthmian games instituted by Sysiphus, king of Corinth, 15 years 

after the rape of Ganymede, 1326 before Christ. 
Italian method of book-keeping first published in England, 1566. 
Jesuits' bark introduced into France, 1050 ; in general use, 1680. 
Jewels were first worn in England by Agnes Sorrel, in 1434. 
Joui-nals of the house of peers, the first taken, 1550. 
Jupiter's satellites discovered by Jansen, 1590. 
Juries were first instituted in England in 970. 
Kingdoms, origin of, by Nimrod, at Babylon, 2233 before Christ. 
King's speech, the first delivered II07, by Henry I. 
Knitting stockings invented in Spain, about 1550. 
Knives first made in England, 1563. 

Lace, Flanders, more valuable than gold— one ounce of fine Flandei-sT 
thread has been sold in London for 41.— such an ounce made into 
lace may be now sold for 401. which is ten times the price of stan- 
dard gold, weight for weight. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &e. 193 

i,acteals, the, discovered by chance in opening a dog, by Asellius, 
July 2.3, 1662— in birds, fish, &;c, by Mr. Hewson, a surgeon of Lon- 
don, 1770. 

Land-carriage fish first brought to London, 1761. 

Land-tax was established at the revolution in 1688, fi-om which pe- 
riod to the year 1860, it has yielded above 227,000,0001. See Taxes. 

Lanterns invented by king Alft-ed, 890. 

Lapis ealaminaris discovered in England, 1561. 

La<iuer varnish first used in the stead of gilding, 1633. 

Latin ceased to be spoken in Italy, 581. 

Lawns and thread gauze were in 1784, manufactured at Paisley, to 
the value of 164,3851. 16s. 6.5d. 

Leaden pipes for conveying water invented, 1236. 

Letters invented by Memnon the Egyptian, 1822 before Christ. 

Libraiy the first private one, the property of Aristotle, 534 before 
Christ; the first public libraiy of which we have any certain 
account in history, was founded at Athens, by Hipparchus, 526 
B. C— TJie second of any note was founded at Alexandria by 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 284. It was burnt when Julius Caesar set 
tire to Alexandria, 47 B. C. (400,000 valuable books in MS. are 
said to have been lost by this catastrophe).— The first libraiy at 
Rome was established, 167.— At Constantinople, founded by Con- 
stantine the Great, about 335 A. D. ; destroyed 477.— A second 
library formed from the remains of the first at Alexandria, by 
Ptolemy's successors, and reputed to have consisted of 700,000 
volumes, was totally destroyed by the Saracens, who heated the 
water for their baths, for six months, by burning books instead of 
wood, by command of Omar, caliph of the Saracens, 642. — The 
Vatican at Rome by pope Nicholas V. 1446.— Rebuilt and the 
library considerably improved, by Sixtus V. 1588. — The Imperial 
of Vienna by Maximilian I. about 1500.— The Royal of Paris, by 
Francis I. about 1520.— The Escurial at Madrid, by Philip 11. 
1557.— Of Florence, by Cosmo de Medicis, 1500.— The Bodleian 
at Oxfoi-d, founded 40 Elizabeth 1598.— The Cottonian, formerly 
kept at Cotton-house, Westminster, founded by sir Robert Cot- 
ton, about 1600.— Appropriated to the public use and benefit, 13 
William III. 1701 ; partly destrojed by fire, 1731 ; i-eraoved to the 
British Museum, 1753.- The Radcliffeian, at Oxford, founded by 
the will of Di'. Radcliffe, who left 40,0001. to the University for 
that purpose, 1714.— At Cambridge, 1720, to which George I. 
gaA'e 5,0001. to purchase Dr. Moore's collection. 

Lights of the zodiac discovered, 1659. 

Linen fii-st made in England, 1253. Now began the luxurious to 
wear linen, but the generality woollen shirts. Table linen very 
scarce in England, 1386. 

weavers, a company of, from the Netherlands, established 

in London, 1386. 
Load-stone, polar attraction of, known in France before 1180. 
Log-line in navigation used, 1570. 
Logwood first cut in the bay of Honduras and Campeachy by the 

English, 1662, 
JjOndon, curious calculations respecting.— There are in London, 502 
places of worship; one cathedral, one abbey, 114 churches, 130 
chapels and chapels of ease, 207 meetings and chapels for dissen- 
tcrsj 43 chiipels for foreigners, and six synagogues ; about 4,050 



L94 IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

public and private schools, including inns of court, colleges, &c"' 
about 8 societies for morals, 10 societies for leai-ning and arts -, 122 
asylums for the sick; 17 asylums for sick and lame ; 13 dispensa- 
savies, and 704 friendly societies;- charities distributed 750, COOL 
per annum. 

There are about 2500 persons committed for trial in one year. 
The annual depredations amount to about 2,000,0001. and on the 
Thames, previous to the erection of the docks, 461,0001. There 
are 18 prisons, and 5,204 ale-houses within the bills of mortality. 
The amount of coin counterfeited is 200,0001. per annum. About 
9000 receivers of stolen goods ; about 10,000 servants at all times 
out of place ; 20,000 pei'sons rise every morning without knowing 
how they are to subsist during the day. 

London consumes annually 110,000 bullocks, 776,000 sheep and 
iambs, 210,000 calves, 200,000 hogs, 60,000 sucking pigs, 6,980,000 
gallons of milk, the produce of 8,500 cows, 10,000 acres of ground 
cultivated for vegetables, 4000 acres for fruit, 700,000 quarters of 
wheat, 600,000 chaldrons of coals, 1,113,500 barrels (34 gallons) of 
ale and porter, 11,146,782 gallons of spirituous liquors and com* 
pounds, 32,500 tons of wine, 16,600,000 pounds of butter, 21,100,000 
pounds of cheese, and 14,000 boat-loads of cod. 
Inhabitants of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, May I, 
-^ t802. 

Males, .... 3,987,935 

Females, . . . . 4,343,409 

Army, •. , , . 198,334 

Navy, ..... 126,279 

Seamen in registered ships, . 144,556 

Convicts, .... 1,410 

Totalin England, . . . 8,801,225 

Scotland, . . . 1,700,000 

Ireland, . 4,000,000 

Wales, . , ■ . 547,246 

Total 15,048,459 

Longitude, pretty exactly calculated, by Harrison's time piece, 1764, 
for wliich he received the reward oft'ered by parliament in 1774 ; 
Le Roix of Paris invented a watch that keeps time better, 1776. 

Alaguets, artificial, invented in England, 1751. 

.Magnifying glasses invented by Roger Bacon, 1260. 

]Mag-ie lantern first invented by Roger Bacon, 1252. 

IMalacca gold mines discovered, 1731. 

Halt liquor tised in Egypt, 450 before Christ ; excise on it in Eng- 
land, 1697 ; the duty is 14s. 6d. The duty on malt spirits for 
17S3, 1784, 1785, and 1786, amounted to 1,451,9981. Is. id. The 
duty on malt for 1784 and 1785, was 514,6581. In 1788 the duties 
on beer yielded about 1,666,1521. and on malt, 1,328,1031. and 
malt spirits the sum of 509,1671. See Beer. 

Man.— Politico —Arithmetically considered. On an equal spaqe 
v.here there exists in Iceland 1 man, there are in Norway 3 ; Swe- 
den 14; Turkey 36 ; Poland 52 ; Spain 63 ; Ireland 99 ; Switzer- 
land 114; Great Britain 119; Germany 127; England 152; 
France 153 ; Italy 172 ; Naples 192 ; Venice 195 ; Holland 224 ; 
ami in Malta 1,103. 

f>nt nf 1000 men, 28 die annusTIy 



IMPHOVEMENTS, &e. 195 

The number of inhabitants of a city or country, is nearly re- 
newed every thirty years. 

Of 200 children, no more than one dies in the birth : of 100, one 
does not die during the mothe/s lying in : of 1000 infants fed by 
means of the mother's milk, not above 300 die ; but of the same 
number reared by wet nurses, 500 die. The natural small pox 
usually carries of 8 out of every 100 attacked ; but of 300 inocula- 
ted, no more than one dies. One tenth of all the deaths in Lon- 
don during the last century were of the small pox. 

Among 3125 who die, it appears by the registers, that there is 
only one of 100 years of age. 

More old men are to be found on elevated situations, than in 
plains and vallies. 

The proportion between the deaths of women and men is as 100 
to 108. The probable duration offemale lives is 60; but at that pe- 
riod the calculation is more favourable to them, than to the males. 

Married women live longer than maidens. 

In the country the spring is the most fatal period ; but in great 
cities it is the winter. 

One half of those who are born, die before 17. 

The number of old men who die in cold weather is, to the num- 
ber of those who die in warm weather, as 7 to 4. 

According to Boerhaave the most healthy children are born in 
Januaiy, February, and March. 

The maiTied women are to the single in the ratio of 1 to 3 ; 
and the married to the unmarried men, as 3 to 5. The number of 
twins born to that of single children as 1 to 65 or 70. 

The number of mai-riages is to that of the inhabitants of a coun- 
try as 175 to lOOO. 

In the coimtry there are about 4 children produced by every 
marriage : in cities there are but 35 to 10 mamages. 

The men able to bear arms, form a fourth part of the inhabi- 
tants of a country. 

In the course of the year 1806, in the empire of Russia, among 
the deaths were, 

1 between 145 and iso years 

1 130 135 

4 125 130 

e 120 125 

32 115 120 

26 110 115 

86 105 110 

137 100 105 

1134 95 100 

Died on the 22d of January, Mary Sutton, of Balden county, 
N. C. aged 116 years. She was a native of Culpepper county, 
Virginia, and had five sons and seven daughters, all now living. 
Her descendants ameunt to 1492. At 52 her eye-sight failed her, 
but returned again at 76 as good as ever, and continued so till 98, 
then failed again to her death. She had been at the births of 1121 
children. 
Manufactures of England in 1800 were computed at 82 millions; 

and of the united kingdom 89 millions. 
IMap of England, the first, 1520, by George Lilly; the first of Rus= 
sia, 1560. 



19§ IMPROVEMENTS, &e. 

Maps and globes invented by Anaximander, 600 before Christ; that 
of the moon's surface invented at Dantzick, 1647. 

Maps and sea-charts first brought to England by Bartholomew Co- 
lumbus, to illustrate his brother's theory respecting a wester 
continent, 1489. 

Marblehead, first ship built at, 1636. 

Maryland, first general assembly convened, 1636. 

Massachusetts, representatives first chosen, 1634. 

Medicinal simples first brought from the East into Europe, 1200. 

Mercator's charts invented, 1556. 

Mercury discovered to be anti-venereal, by Corpus, an Italian sur- 
geon, 1512 ; first given to patients under inoculation in 1745. 

Mercury rendered malleable, discovered by Mrs. Orbeljn, at Vienna, 
1785. 

IMethodists.— It appears, that in the year 1767, the number of itine- 
rant preachers was not more than 92, and of the people in the 
societies, 25,911; but that in 1795, the number of preachers was 
357, and that of the people of the societies, 83,368. By the reports 
produced at the Methodist conferences held at Bristol, it appears, 
that the numbers in the Methodist societies amounted to 170,547 
viz. 

In Great Britain, ...... 83,368 

In Ireland, . . . . . , . 16,540 

In the West Indies, 11,986 

In the United States of America, . . 58,653 

In 1806 a conference of this society was held at Leeds, and tlr^ 
numbers appeared as follows :— 

In Great Britain, 110,804 

In Ireland, 23,773 

In Gibraltar, 40 

In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 

and Newfoundland, ..... 1,418 
In the West Indies, whites, .... 1,775 

■ blacks, ... 13,165 

In the United States, whites 95,628 

blacks, . . . 24,316 

Total, 270,919 
Of these, upwards of 109,000 are found in England and Wales, to 
which may be added 109,000 more who have not ventured to have 
their names enrolled, and to these may be added the younger 
branches of families, making about 218,000 more— forming in the 
whole nearly half a million of persons. 

Microscopes first used in Germany, 1621 ; the double ones discovered 
by Torricelli, 1624 ; solar microscopes invented, 1740. 

INIile, the length of it first determined, 1593, to consist of 5280 feet, 
or 1760 yards, so that a square mile contains 27,178,400 squaj-e 
feet, or 640 square acres. See Space. 

Military uniforms first used in France, by Louis XIV. 

Milk consumed annually in London, fields 481,6661. 

Mirrors invented in silver by Praxiteles, 228 before Christ. 

Mississippi trade began, November 28, 1716. 

Monastery, the first founded, to which the sisfTBrs of Stk Aathorty re- 
tired, 270 J the first in Britajn, 596. 



mPROVEMENTS, fee, 197 

Jfoncy first mentioned as a mediTun of commerce in the twenty-third 
chapter of Genesis, when Abraham purchased a field as a sepulchre 
for Sarah, in the year of the world 2139; first made at Argos, 894 
before Christ. Silver has increased 30 times its value since the 
Norman conquest, viz : a pound in that age was three times the 
quantity what it is at present, and ten times its value in purchas- 
ing any commodity; first coined in the United States, 1652; first 
paper money, 1690. 

Monk, the first was Paul of Thebais, about 250. 

Months first received theii- names from Charlemagne, 790 ; altered 
by the French, 1792. 

Mortars for bombs first made in England, 1543. 

Mourning, white, used in Spain for the last time, 1495. 

Musical notes invented, 1070 ; such as are at present used, 1330. 

Muskets first used in France at the siege of Arras, 1414. 

Muslins from India first worn in England, 1670 ; 324,352 pieces were 
sold by the East India company in 1789. 

Muslin was first manufactui-ed in England in 1781. 

Napier's bones, a method of computing, by means of marked pieces 
of wood, invented by sir John Napier, 1617. 

National debt, first contracted in Henry VII.'s reign, 14301. The 
present national debt commenced, and was near 5,000,0001. in 1697. 
Progress of the national debt : in 1755 England owed seventy-two 
millions ; in 1776, one hundred and twenty-three millions ; in 
1786, two Inmdred and thirty-nine millions, and at midsummer, 
1796, tlu-ee hundred and sixty millions, sterling. 

Money advanced by the bank of England for the public service, 
and outstanding on the 7th of Decmber, 1798 : 6,777, 7391. Os. 9d, 

Nautical inventions and improvements considerable, 1302. 

Navigable canals, the first in England, 1134. See Canals. 

Navigation act, English, passed, 1651. 

Navy of England— at the time of the Spanish armada, was only 2S 
vessels— none larger than frigates. James I. added ten ships of 
1400 tons, of 64 guns— the largest then ever built. 

Navy of France first mentioned in history in 728, when they van- 
quished the Frisons at sea. 

Needles were first made in England, by a native of India, 1545, the 
art lost at his death ; recovered by Christopher Greening in 1560, 
who was settled with his three children, Elizabeth, John, and Tho- 
mas, by Mr. Damer, ancestor of the present earl of Dorchester, at 
Long Grendon, in Bucks, where the manufactoiy has been carried 
on from that time to this present day. 

Negro adventure, the first to America, by the Spaniards, 1508 j 
the first from England, 1562. 

Newfoundland fishery began, 1517. 

Newspapers— first published at Constantinople in 1797; first pub- 
lished in England, and was titled the English Mei-cury, one of 
which is remaining in the British museum, dated July 28, 1588. 

A private newspaper called Weekly Courant, was printed in 
London in 1622. 
A newspaper was printed by Robert Barker at Newcastle in 1639. 
The Gazette was first published at Oxford, August 22, 1642. 
After the revolution, the first daily paper was called the 
Orange Intelligencer; and from thence to 1692, there were twen- 
ty^is newspapers. 



m IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

In 16Q5 there were nine weekly papers, but only one daily pa^' 
per, besides the votes of parliament, published in London. 

In 1709 there were eighteen weekly and one daily paper, the 
London Courant. 

In 1724 there were three daily, eight weekly, and ten evening 
papers, three times a-week. 

In 1792, in London, were published thirteen daily, twenty even- 
ing, and nine weekly papers; in the country, seventy— and in 
Scotland, fourteen country newspapers. 

In 1795, there were 38 published in London, 72 in the country, 
13 in Scotland, and 35 in Ireland, in all 158 papers ; 14 in London 
are daily, 10 are three times a week, 2 twice a-week, and 12 are 
weekly. 
Their annual produce to government in 1788, was 129,0001. 
;m 1753 the number printed was 7,411,757 
1760 . . . . . 9,404,790 
1790 . . . . . 14,035,639 

Aug. 1791 to 1792 there were 14,794,193 

which yielded, . . L. 118,498 
Aug. 1792 to 1793 . . . 17,073,621 

which yielded, . . . 142,280 3 7 
The number conveyed by post before the improved plan by Mr, 
Palmer was 2,000,000 per ann. after the plan took place in 1794, 
amounted to near 12,000,000 per ann. 
'newspapers in France, in circulation, (1805), 

Of the Moniteur, . . , 3,000 

Journal de Paris, , . . 2,800 

Clef des cabinets, . . . 11,000 

Journal des defenseurs de la Patrie, 1,000 
Publiciste, . . . 2,900 

Journal des debates, . . 6,000 

Citoyen Fi-ancois, . . 1,200 

Decade Phylo'sophique, . . 900 

Argus, (in English), . . 720 

England wth an inferior population, and without a language so 
current in other countries, supports nearly 200 newspapers, with 
a circulation of from 1, to 5,000, besides innumerable monthly pub- 
lications, of which sunilar numbers are sold. 

In the United States in 1802, there were about 200 newspapers; 
1? daily, 7 three times a-week, 30 twice a-week, and 146 weekly. 
Since that tune they have increased about one fifth. There are 
two German and one French newspaper circulated in Pennsylva- 
nia, and two German in "siai-yland. In 1789, it was calculated 
that the number of newspapers printed annually in the U. S. 
was 3,974,776 ; in 1801, 12,000,000. 

The first pi-inting press in North America, opened, at Cam- 
bridge, 1639. Among the first books printed were an Indian ver- 
sion of the Bible, and Sandy's translation of Ovid. Two licencers 
were appointed in Massachusetts, 1662. Presses were forbidden in 
Virginia, 1683. The first printer in Connecticut, 1709. In the 
German provinces of the Russian empu'e there were 6 printing 
offices in 1806. In London 1806, 200 offices which employed 
500 presses. In Edinburgh, in 1763, 6 offices ; in 1790, 21 ; in 
1800, 30 ; in 1305, 40, which employed 120 presses. 
New forest in Hampshire made, 1031. 



tolFROVfiMfiNTS, &c. i99 

JUew-iiver cut finished in three years time ; the manager Mr. Hugh. 
Middleton, knighted by king James; runs 50 miles, and had 
about 200 bridges over it, 1609 ; brought to London, 1614. 

New England states united, 1643. 

Notary-public, began in the first century. 

Nunnery the first in England at Folkstone, 630. 

Nutmeg trees were first planted in Jamaica, 1782. 

Oak saw-dust first discovered to be useful in tanning, l765i 

Oil consumed in London in 1775 cost 300,0001. 

Olives first planted in Italy, 562 before Christ. 

Olympiads, first in 776 ; 2d in 772 ; 3d in 768 ; 4th in 764 ; 5th in 
760 ; 7th in 752 ; 10th in 740 ; 13th in 728 ; 15th in 720 ; 16th ia 
716 ; 17th in 712 ; 21st in 696 ; 23d in 688 ; 24th in 684 ; 25th iti 
680 ; 27th m 672 ; 28th in 668 ; 29th in 664 ; 39th in 624; 43d in 
608 ; 46th in 596 ; 55th in 569 ; 56th in 556 ; 60th in 540 ; 61st in 
636 before Christ. 

Opera, the first in London, was in York-buildings in 1692. The 
first at Drurj-lane was in 1705 ; by Handel in 1735, 

Oratorio, the first in London, was performed at Lincoln's-inn play- 
house, Portugal-street, iii 1732. 

Orbits of the planets first determined by a Saxon clergyman, 168 L 

Organs brought to Europe from the Greek empire, were first In- 
vented and" applied to religious devotion in churches, 753. 

Orphans fund in London began about 1391. 

Orrery invented, 1670. 

Packet to Ireland by Milford-Haven began 1787. 

Padlocks were invented at Nuremburg, 1540. 

Painting, the art of, first introduced at Rome from Hetruria by 
Quintus, who on that account M'as called Pictor, 291 B. C— The 
first excellent pictures were brought from Corinth to Rome by 
Mummius, 146 B. C— In oil, said to have been invented by John 
"Van Eyck, who, with his brother Hubert, were the founders of 
the Flemish school, 1415.— The first picture was an Ecce Horaoj 
1455.— In Chiar Oscuro, 1500, introduced into Venice by Vene^ 
tiano, 1450, into Italy by Antonello, 1476. 

Pantheon in Oxford-street, opened as an opera house, March 1791; 
burnt down, January 14, 1792 ; rebuilt in 1795. 

Paper made of cotton in use in 1000; that of linen rags in 1319 ; the 
manufacture introduced into England, at Dartford in Kent, 
1588 ; scarce any but brown paper made in England till 1690 ; 
white paper first made in England, 1690 ; made of the asbestos at 
Danbury in Connecticut in North America, by Mr Beach, who 
discovered a fine kind there in 1792. Stamped paper first used 
in Spain and Holland in 1555; velvet or floss for hanging apart- 
ments with, first used, 1620, 

Justinian's Charta Plenana Securitatis, is one of the most an- 
cient instruments written on Egyptian paper, and was deposited 
in the library of the late king of France. 

The observations of the learned Carmelite Orlando, (noticed in 
the act, Enidit. Lyps. an. 1724, p. 102) on paper, refers the inven 
tion as far back as the eighth century, when Eustatius published 
his comment on Homer, which is said to have been written on 
paper. He adds that a MS. of Homer was sTiown in Geneva in 
his time said to be 800 years old- 

■P3per-m^n<?y first us.ed in America, 162P, 



209 IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 

Pai'chment invented by king Attains of Pergamus, 19& B. C. 
Paris fii-st paved with stones, 1186. 

Parishes in England first laid out, 640, when it had 45,000 ; after- 
wards reduced to 9,700, besides chapels, 1527. In 1776, there 
were 14,563. 
Park, the first in England, made by Henry I. at Woodstock, 1123. 

■ , St. James', drained, 1537; planted, 1668; greatly improved, 

1774. 
Parliament, the first in England, 1216; triennial, 1561; the first 
septennial one, 1716. 

Correct statement of the increase of representatives in parliament, 
from the reign of Henry VIII. to James I. 

Heniy VIII. added 38 

Edward VI 44 

Mary, 25 

Elizabeth, 62 

J.lmes 1 27 

Total, 196 
The following remark shews the disproportion between the repre- 
sentation of Middlesex and Surrey, with London and Westmin- 
ster ; and six boroughs, who elect an equal number of represen- 
Satives : 

Places. Electors. Members, 

London, 7,000 send 4 

Westminster, .... 10,000 2 

Middlesex, 3,500 2 

Surrey 4,500 2 

Southwark, 2,000 2 

27,000 12 

Newton, 1 send 2 

Old Sarum, 1 2 

Midhurst, 1 2 

Castle Rising, 2 2 

Marlborough, f .... 2 2 

Downton, ..,-.. 4 2 

11 12 

Patents granted for titles, first used, 1344 ; first granted for the ex- 
clusive privilege of publishing books, 1591. 

Pawn-brokers first began, 14S7. 

Pearl-ash manufactoiy first set up in Ireland, 1783. 

Pearls, artificial, were Invented, 1686. 

Peers, eldest sons of, first permitted to sit in parliament, 1550- 

Pendulmns for clocks invented, 1656. 

Penny-post set up in London and suburbs, by one Murray, an uphol- 
sterer, 1681, who afterwards assigned the same to one Dockwra: 
afterwards claimed by goveriunent, who allowed the latter a pen- 
sion of 2001. a-year, in 1711. First set up in Dublin, 1774. It was 
improved considerably in and roimd London, July, 1794. 

Pens for writing were first made from quills in 635. 

Penny and two-penny pieces, of copper, first coined in England) 
1797. 



IMPROVEMENTS, Stc. SOl 

Pension of 201. gi-anted a lady foi- national services, 1514. Another, 
61. 13s. 4d. per annum, 1536. Another, 131. 6s. 8d. for the main- 
tenance of a gentleman in studying the laws of the kingdom, 1558. 
Pension list in 1803 in Great Britain, amounted to 5,500,000 dolls. 
Pepper, early known to Europe, as growuig iu the Hither India.. ■• 

Black-pepper vmes discovered in Jamaica in 1793. 
Periodical works published in London, in 1797, viz :— 

Titles. Nos. sold. Propj-ietors. 

Monthly Review, . . . 5000 Griffiths. 

Monthly Magazme, . . 5000 Philips. 

Gentleman's Magazine, . . 4250 Nichols. 

British Critic, . . . 3500 Rivington, & CO. 

European Magazine, , . 3250 Sewel, & co. 

Critical Review, . . 2500 Hamilton, & co« 

Universal Magazine, . . 1750 Bent, & co. 

Repertory, . . . 1000 Wyatt. 

Annals of Agviculture, . . 1000 Young. 

Nicholson's Journal, • . 750 Robinson. 

New Annual Register, . . 6000 

Dodsley's Annual Register, . 3000 

Edinburgh Review commenced in October, 1802, no less than 
six thousand Nos. sold (1806) at Ss. each, makes it equal to thirty 
thousand Nos. at Is. being near three times the value of any other 
periodical publication printed in Great Britain, Archibald Consta- 
ble and CO. published quarterly. 
Peruke, the first used in France, 1620 ; introduced into England, 1660. 
Peter's pence first paid Rome by England, 790. 
Phosphorus, artificial fire;, first discovered, 1699. Hermetic phos- 
phorus was made in 1677. 
Physic garden, the first cultivated in England, by John Gerrard, 
surgeon, of London, 1567 -, that at Oxford, endowed by the earl 
of Danby, 1652 ; that at Cambridge began, 1763. Physic garden 
at Chelsea, began 1732. 

■ , the practice of, was confined to ecclesiastics, fx-om about 1206, 

to about 1500. 
Pillage in Italy by Buonaparte, and sent to Paris, consisting of 66 
pieces of sculpture, and 47 capital paintings.— Among the former 
are the foUowmg celebrated chefs d'ceuvre :— The Apollo, the An- 
tinous, the Adonis, the Dying Gladiators, the Laocoon, The two 
Sphinxes, and the tomb of the Muses : among the latter are the 
principal paintings of Raphael, Perugino, Geurchino, Annlbal 
Carrache, Guido, Titian, and Corregio. In the catalogue of the 
articles sent to tlje National Librai-y, are a manuscript of the anti- 
quities of Josephus on papjTUs ; a manuscript Virgil of Petrarch, 
with notes In his hand-writing, and 500 of the most curious manu- 
scripts which were In the library of the Vatican. 
Pins brought from France, 1543, and were first used in England by 
Catharine Howard, Queen of Heniy VIII. Before that invention 
both sexes used ribbons, loop-holes, laces with points and tags, 
clasps, hooks and eyes, and skewers of brass, silver, and gold. 
Pitch and tar made from pitcoal, discovered at Bristol, 1779. 
Plaster of Paris, the way first found out for taking a likeness in, 

by And. Verrochio, 1470. 
Plate, silver, (except spoons) prohibited in ptiblic houses by parU^» 
ineot, 1696. 



202 IMPROVEMENTS, SiC. 

S'lays first performed in England, 1378 ; that by tlie parish clerks in 

1390. Suppressed by parliament in 1647 ; restored, 1659. 
Pleadings in courts of judicature first permitted, 788 ; first used in 

the English tongue, 1362. 
Poet Laureat, the first was Bernard Andrews, 1486 ; Johan Kay circa 
1490; Rev. John Skelton, so called in the title of his poems, died 
June 21, 1529; Edmund Spencer circa 1590, died 1598 ; Samuel 
Daniel, 1598 or 9, died 1619 ; Ben Jonson, 1619, died August 6, 
3637; sir William Davenant, 1637, died April 7, 1668 ; John Dry- 
den, esq. 1668, dismissed as a papist, 1688 ; Thomas Shadwell, 1688, 
died December 9, 1692 ; Nahum Tate, 1692, died August 12, 1715 ; 
Jficholas Rowe, 1716, died December 6 1718 ; Rev. Laurence 
Eusden, 1718, died December 27, 1757 ; William Whitehead, De- 
cember 1758, died April 14, 1785; Rev. Thomas- Warton, K. D. 
April 27, 1785, died May 21, 1790; Henry James Pye, esq. under- 
stood to be his successor, but his appointment was never annoua- 
ced in the Gazette. 
Policy of insurance in writing first used at Florence, 1523. 
Politicians, the term first used in France, 1569. 
Poor rates in England began in,1573. 

Population.— The following is given as an estimate of Europe, ia 
order to be contrasted with the population of China, which was 
estimated by the suite of lord Macartney at one hundred and fifty 
millions. 

Russia, in Europe, 

Denmark, 

Sweden, 

Poland, 

Germany, 

Hungary, 

England, 

Holland, . 

Turkey, in Europe, 

Italy, 



Switzerland, 
France, 
Spain, 
Portugal, • 



25,000,000 
2,800,000 
2,500,000 
9,000,000 

22,0.0,000 
8,000,000 

11,000,000 
3,00n,000 
9,000,000 

13,000,000 
2,000,000 

28,000,000 
8,000,000 
2,000,000 

145,300,000 



Population of the principal towns in England. 



By hovr 

many families 

occupied. 



Unin- 
habited 
houses. 



XondoB, . . 
^Manchester, 
Liverpool, . 
Birmingham, 
Bristol, . . 
Leeds, . . 
Plymouth, . 
Bath, . . . 
Portsmouth, 
SbefBeld, , 



121,229 


216,073 


5,185 


393,369 


471,476 


12,547 


16,560 


279 


39,110 


' 44,910 


11,446 


16,989 


338 


34,367 


43,286 


14,528 


15,303 


1,875 


34,716 


38,954 


10,403 


14,413 


493 


26,943 


36,702 


11,258 


11,790 


341 


25,504 


27,658 


4,447 


10,708 


89 


18,016 


25,178 


4,289 


6,510 


174 


12,441 


19,759 


5,310 


6,937 


30 


14,309 


17,857 


6,518 


6^754 


634 


15,483 


15,831 



Total 

of 

Persons. 

864,485 
84,020 
77,653 
73,670 
63,645 
53,162 
43,194 
32,200 
32,166 
31,3f4 



IMPROVEMENTS, &c. iO<i 

Population of England in 1377 was 2,092,978 souls. 

1483 4,689,000 

1688 6,500,000 

1786 8,000,000 

Comparative view of the population of the principal cities ami 
towns in the United States. 



Philadelphia, 




111,210 


Kew York, 




. 96,372 


Baltimore, 




46,485 


Boston, 




. 33,234 


Salem, 




12,600 


Providence, 




. 10,070 


Richmond, 




9,751 


Albany, 




9,356 


Washington, 




8,620 


Newark, 




7,993 


Portland, . 




7,172 


Portsmouth, 




6,934 



Porcelain and tea from China, first 'spoken of in history, 1590. 

Porcelain of Saxony brought to perfection, 1706; at Chelsea in Eng' 
land, 1752. 

Port-holes in ships of war introduced, 1545. 

Porter. See Beer. 

Post-horses and stages established, 1483 ; post-horse duty yielded 
147,8651. in 1787. 

Posts, regular, established between London and most towns of Eng- 
land, Scotland, Ireland, &c. 1635. 

The emperor Cyrus was the first who erected post-houses 
throughout the kingdom of Persia ; Augustus was the first who in- 
troduced this institution among the Romans, and employed post- 
chaises. Louis XI. first established post-houses in France; and 
they were not settled in England till the 12th of Charles II. 

Post-offices first established in Paris, 1462; in England, 1581; esta- 
blished in Germany in 1641 ; in the Turkish dominions, 1740 ; 
regulated by parliament, and made general in England, 1656 ; 
and in Scotland, 1695. Increased as follows : 
1644 it yielded . 
1654 . 
1664 
1674 . 
1688 

1697 . ; 

1710 
1714 , 
1723 
1744 . 

f 139,650 management. 

1790 << 340,424 neat produce. 

(.480,074 gross amount. 

f 125,070 management. 

t 336,818 neat produce. 
481,880 gross amount! 
Mg 





5,000 


per annum. 


. * . 10,000 






21,900 






43,000 






76,318 






90,505 






111,461 






. 145,227 






201,805 






. 235,492 





1791 



204 IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

The mail first conveyed by stage coaches, began August 2, 1785 ; 
beg^n to be conveyed to Waterford by Milford Haven, 1787. The 
increase of the revenue by the mail coaches was above 30,0001. in 
1789. 
Post office revenue yielded, gross amount in 1795, 705,3191. 10s. 9d. 
in 1796, 787,3041. 







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IMPROVEMENTS, &.C.. SOiT 

Potatoes first broug;ht to England, from America, by Hawkins, in 
1563; introduced into Ireland by sir AV alter Raleigh, in 1586, anA 
were not known in Flanders till 1650. 

Presbyterian meeting-house, the first in England at Wandsworth, 
in Surrey, November 20, 1572. 

Pressing seaman commenced in 1355. 

Prince of Wales, the title of, first given to the king's eldest son, 1286. 

Printing was early jjractised by the Chinese in wooden blocks ; this 
mode was invented at Strasburgh, by Faust, 1440 ; and next year 
they had gone so far as to make separate types of wood ; metal 
types used by John Gottenburgh of Mentz, 1444 ; by whom the 
first book was printed, 1450 ; types first cast by P. SchffifFer, 1452; 
the art brought to England by William Caxton, a mercer of Lon'^ 
don, 1471; about that time Aldus cast the Greek alphabet, for a 
Greek book was printed (ap. Aldi). 1476 ; Hebrew ditto, 1478 ; in- 
troduced into Scotland, 1509; stereotype first used at Paris, 1799, 
There are printed in Britain and Ireland alone nearly 2000 books 
per annum. In France 1500 ; and in Germany 4000. 

In the German pro\inces of the Russian empire, there were sis 
printing offices in 1806. 

Prize moriey is by government divided into eight equal parts, and 
distributed in the following proportions : captains to have three 
eighths unless under the direction of a flag officer, who in that case 
is to have one of the said three eighths ; captains of marines and 
land forces, sea lieutenants, &c. one eighth ; lieutenants of ma- 
rines, gunners, admirals' secretaries, &c. one eighth ; midship- 
men, captain's clerk, &:c. one eighth ; ordinary and able seamen, 
marines, &c. two eighths. Given at St. James', the 17th day of 
April, 17Q3. 

Prometheus struck fire from flints, about 1715 before Christ ; he, 
being the first person, is said to have stolen it from heaven ; be- 
came author of all the arts among the Greeks, 1687 before Christ. 

Protectorate.— That of the earl of Pembroke, began October, 1216 ; 
ended by his death the same year.— Of the duke of Bedford, be- 
gan 1422 ; ended by his death, September, 1435.— Of the duke of 
Gloucester, began April, 1483 ; ended by his assuming the royal 
dignity, June, 1483.— Of Somerset, began 1547 ; ended by his re- 
signation, 1549,— Of Oliver Cromwell, began December, 1643 ; 
ended by his death, 1658.— Of Richard Cromwell, began 1658 ;- 
ended by liis resignation, April, 1659. 

Protestants were in the minority in the diet of Spires, April 17, 
1530, when the decree for supporting the doctrines of the ciiurch 
of Rome was protested against ; hence the term protestants given 
to the reformers. They were tolerated in Germany, 1624; in 
Bohemia, 1707 ; in Hungary, 1784 ; in France, 1792 ; in Portugal, 
1801. 

Prussian-blue first invented by a native of Berlin, 1707. 

Public-houses, a power of licensing them first granted to sir Giles 
Montpesson and sir Francis Michel, for their own emolument, 
1620. Their number in Great Britain in 1790, was 76,000. In 
the city of London and within the bills of mortality, there are at 
present 5204 licensed public houses; and it is calculated that the 
money expended in beer and spirits in those places by the labour, 
ing people only, amounts to upwards of three millions sterling a 
year. 

M 3 



206 IMPROVEMENTS, &c« 

Public funds originated at Florence, 1344. 

Pumps invented, 1425. 

Purple, discovery of it, about 500 before Christ. 

Quadrants, solar, introduced 290 before Christ. Seaman's quadrant 

invented by Godfrey, an American, about 1761. 
Queen's ware pottery invented in 1763, by Wedgewood. 
Quicksilver, use of, in refining siver ore, discovered, 1540. 
Quills were first used for pens in 635. 
Rainbow, theory of, given by Dedomenis, 1611; improvements, 

1689. 
Rains, storms, and winds, first painted by Lorenzetti, 1330. 
Record of the acts of the crown began to be regularly kept, 1100 ; 

the first in the English language is in 1415. 
Reflecting telescopes invented, 1657. 

Reformation began in England by Wickliffe, 1370 ; in Germany by 
Jerome of Prague, and Luther • completed by Henry VIII. 1534 ; 
established by Elizabeth, 1558. 
Regimental clothing for the army introduced into France by Louis 

XIV. 
Bent in England first made payable in money, 1136, instead of 

kind. 
Reprisals at sea first granted, 1295. 

Revenue of England at the revolution did not exceed 2,100,'000l. but 
in 1786 yielded 12,588,4811. ; in 1787, 12,546,1121.; in 1791, above 
16,000,0001. 

General view of the public revenues of the principal states 
in Europe. 

Great Britain, . = . L. 39,500,000 

Turkey, .... 5,000,000 

Russia, ..... 5,800,000 
Prussia, . . . . 3,600,00a 

Sweden, ..... 1,000,000 
Denmark, .... l,000,000 

Holland, before the revolution, . 4,000,000 

Austria, . . . . 12,400,000 

Hanover, .... 900,000 

Saxony, .... 1,100,000 

Bavana and Palatinate, . . 1,100,000 

France, before the revolution, . 18,000,000 
Spain, ..... 5,000,000 
Portugal, .... 1,800,000 

Sardinia, .... 1,100,000 

Sicily, .... 1,400,000 

Venice, 1,000,000 

Rome, . . . 4,500,000 Roman crowns. 

Rhode-island, first general assembly held in, 1647. 
Rice had its first cultivation m South Carolina by chance, 1702. 
"^ — was cultivated in Ireland in 1585; in England, 1690. 
Rivers in England began to be made navigable, 1135. See Canals.. 
Roman emperor, the first that properly had that title was Augustus 

Octavius, 27 before Christ. 
Roses first planted in England, 1522. 

Roses first consecrated as presents from the pope, and placed over 
confessionals, as the symbol of seci-ecy, 1526; hence the phrase, 
linger the rose*" 



IMPROVEMENTS, &c. Sor 

Koyal navy of Eng:Iand, the fii-st so called, 1512 . 

Royal records of England the first commenced, 1100. 

Royalty theatre, in Well-street, Rosemary-lane, opened April 20, 

Ruling machines invented by a Dutchman at London, 1792; greatly 
improved by Woodmason", Payne, Brown, &c. ; introduced into 
Scotland, 1803. In 1806, three employed at Edinburgh, which 
give bread to 30 persons weekly, and facilitates labour to an in- 
credible extent. 

Rum imported into England in 1789, was 3,300,000 gallons. In 
1796 there were imported 4,196,198 gallons. 

Russia liegan their new year from January 1, 1700. 

Saddles in use 340. 

Saffron first brought to England by a pilgrim, 1389; cultivated, 

Sail-cloth first made in England, 1590. 

Salt mines in Staffordshire discovered, 1670 ; rock salt was di$CO'= 
vered about 950 ; in Poland in 1289. 

Salting herrings after the Dutch method first used, 1416. 

Saltpetre first made in England, 1625. 

Salt and incident duties in 1786, amounted to about 1^400,0001. iii 
1787 to 1,800,0001.; in 1788 to 1,812,9691. 

duties in England, in 1785 was 361,6701, : in 1790, amounted to 

411,0001. 

Saturn's satellites first discovered, 1608 ; ring discovered, 1634. 

Saxon-green, in dying, invented, 1744. 

Scarlet-dye invented, 1000; first used at Bow, near Stratford, 1Q43. 

Scenes first introduced into theatres, 1533. 

Sealing charters and deeds first used in England, 1065. 

wax introduced into general use in 1556. 

Seals not mucli in use with the Saxons, but they signed parchments 
with the cross, impressions of lead being affixed. There was a 
seal of king Edward's at Westminster, about 1188. Coats of arms 
were not introduced into seals till 1218. Great seal of England 
first used to crown-gnmts, &c. 1050; stolen in 1784. 

Seas, the sovereignty of England over the British seas maintained 
by Selden, and measures taken by the British government in con- 
sequence, 8 Charles I. 1533. 

Sedan chairs were introduced into England by the duke of Bucking:- 
ham, 1734. ^ 

Sects of religions in the world are said to amount to 373, all at 
variance witli each other. 

Semper Eadem first used as a motto for the arms of England, De- 
cember 13, 1702. 

Sextant invented hv Tyclio Brahe, at Augsburg in 1550. 

Sheep from England first permitted to be sent to Spain, 1467. The 
number in England is from 20 to 25 millions. The value of their 
wool 3,200,0001. Expense of manufixcturing it, 9,000,0001. Ex- 
ported annually upwards of 3,000,0001. Number of persons em- 
ployed in manufacturing it are above one million. From the 
wool-grawer to the consumer, a piece of cloth passes through one 
hundred different hands. The average price o£ a fleece, 2s. 6il. 
each. 

Sheriffs first appointed, 1079. 

•^■lilUngs first coined in England, 1505. 

n 4, 



298 KSIPROVEMENTS, See. 

Ship.— The first seen in Greece arrived at Rhodes from Egypt, 1485 
before Christ ; the first double-decked one built in England was of 
1000 tons burthen, by order of Henry VII. 1509 ; it wa:. called the 
Great Harry, and cost 14,0001. ; before this, 24 gun ships were 
the largest in our nsLvy, and these had no port holes, the guns 
being on the upper decks only. Port-holes and other improve- 
ments were invented by Decharges, a French builder at Brest, 
in the reign of Louis XII. 1500. 
— building, the art of, atti-ibuted to the Egyptians, as the first in- 
ventors ; the first ship (probably a galley) being brought from 
Egypt to Greece by Danaus, 1485 B. C. The first ship of the bur- 
den of 800 tons was built in England in 1597. A first rate man of 
war requires about 60,000 cubic feet of timber, and uses 180,0001b. 
of rough hemp in the cordage and sails for it. The ground on 
which the timber for a 74 gun ship would require to grow, would 
be 14 acres. It requires 3000 loads of timber, each load containing 
SO cubical feet. 1500 well-grown trees, of two loads each, will 
cover 14 acres, at 20 feet asunder, 3000 loads of rough oak, at 2s. 
per foot, or 51. per load, will cost 1 5001. 

Shipping in England, of the navy, cont£uned, 

ToTis, Mariners. 

in 1588 . . . 31,385 

1660 . . . 62,594 . . . 

1675 . . . 69,681 . . . 30,951 

1688 . . . 101,032 . . . 

1695 . . . 112,400 . . . 45,000 

1704 . . . 104,754 . . . 41,000 

1715 . . . 167,596 

1721 . . . 158,233 . 

1727 . . . 170,862 
• 1741 . . . 198,385 . 

1749 . . . 228,215 

1744 , ■, . 266,246 . 

1760 . . . 300,416 

1774 . . . 276,046 . 

1781 . . . 422,760 . . . 104,978 
Thirteen thousand five hundred vessels, fx'eighted with property 
to the value of between sixty and seventy millions sterling, saileli 
from and arrived at the port of London in the cour»e of 1797. 
Shoes of the present fashion worn in England, 1633 ; but the buckle 

was not introduced till 1670. 
Shoeing of horses first introduced, 481. 
Side-saddles first used in England, 1380. 
Signals at sea first devised by James II. 1665. 

Silk, wrought, brought from Persia to Greece, 325 B. C. From In- 
dia, 274 after Christ. Known at Rome in Tiberius' time, when 
a law passed in the senate, prohibiting the use of plate of massy 
gold, and also forbidding men to debase themselves by wearing 
silk, fit only for women. Heliogabulus first wore a garment all of 
silk, 220 ; silk-woi-ms were brought to Europe 300 years later ; 
silk at first of the same value witli gold, weight for weight, and 
thought to grow like cotton on trees, 220 ; the emperor Aurelian, 
■who died in 275, denied his empress a robe of silk, because too dear. 
Silk introduced into Europe by some monks, 551 ; some monka 
why to4 been in India, in 555, brought from thent:e silk-worms' 



IMPRdVEMENTS, &c. 209 

(fg'gs to Constantinople, where raw silk was ill time produced in 
abundance, and worked up into manufactures at Athens, Thebes, 
Corinth, &c. &c. Charlemagne sent to Offa, king of Merciaj 
in 780, a present of a belt, a Hunnish sword, and two silken vests ; 
in 1130, Greek manufactures of silk brought by Roger, king of 
Sicily, to Europe, settled at Palermo, where they taught the Si- 
cilians, not only to breed up the silk-worms, but to spin and weave 
silk; which art was carried afterwards to Italy and Spain, and 
also to the south of France, a little before Francis I. who brought 
it to Touraine. Venice inveigled silk weavers from Greece and 
Palermo, in Sicily, 1207 ; silk mantles worn by some noblemen's 
ladies at a ball, at Kennelwortii castle, in Warwickshire, 1286 ; silk 
manufactured in England, 1604 ; first silk manufacture in France, 
1521 ; raw silk not produced there till a long time afterwards ', 
first worn bj' the English clergy, 1534; silk-worms and mulberry- 
ti-ees propagated by Heniy IV. through all France, 1559 ; broad 
silk manufacture from raw silk introduced into England, 1620 ; 
Lombe's famous silk-throwing machine, erected at Derby, in 1719 ; 
it contains 26,586 wheels, one water wheel moves the whole, and 
in a day and night it works 318,504,960 yards of organzine^ silk. 
Silk first imported from Persia through Russia, 1742. 

Silver first coined at Rome, 269 before Christ. 

• penny, the largest coin in England, 1302. 

mines first discovered in Germany, 950. 

first discovered at Britannj^, in France, Nov. 1730; in 

Devonshire, 1294; at Potosi, 1545; at Cusco, 1712. 

plate, or vessels, first made use of in England by Welfred, a 

Northumberland bishop, a lofty and ambitious man, 709; silver 
knives and forks, spoons and cups, a very great luxury in 1300. 

Sinking-fund act passed, 1717 ; again, 1786. 

Sirnames introduced into England by the Normans, and adopted by 
the nobility, 1200. 

Slave trade from Congo and Angola, began by the Portuguese in 
1482. 

began with England, 1563; in South America, 1550; in 

North America, 1620 ; abolished by the Quakers, 1784. Their im- 
portation is said by abb^ Raynal to have been nine millions of 
slaves, of which it is said to be sixty thousand annually. Abbe 
Raynal says there are, in America and the West Indies, full one 
million, four hundred thousand. 

In 1768 Great Britain purchased, . . . 53,100 

America, 6,300 

France, 23,500 

Holland, 11,300 

Portugal, 8,700 

Denmark, .1,200 

104,100, at 
about 151. each, which amounts to 1,582,0001. sterling, but bought 
by barter. In 1793 they sold on an average for 301. or 351. each. 
In 1788, the slaves in the West India islands, belonging to Grea* 
Britain, were— 

In Jamaica, , . 174,000 

Barbadoes, -,.... 80,00J> 



are contained in 
one soiidiach. 



210 IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

Antigua, 36,000 

Grenada and the Grenadines, . . 40,000 

St. Christopher's, 27,000 

St. Vincent's, » . . . . 15,000 

Dominica, ...... 15,000 

Anguilla, Tortola, &c. . . . 14,000 

Nevis, ....... 10,000 

Montserrat, 9,ooo 

410,00» slaves. 

Slave trade abolished in the United States, 1810. 

Slippers first used about 1570. 

Sinithfield first paved, 1615. 

fioap first made at London and Biistol, 1524. 

Solar system discovered by Pj'thagoras, 500 before Christ ; reviveS 

by Copernicus, 1532; proved by sir Isaac Newton, 1695. 
Sowing com, &c. the art of, taught by Cei-es, 1409 before Christ. 
Space, determined by the following calculation of Jedediah Buxton, 
of Elmton, near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire, who proved, in 1751^ 
200 Barley-corns, .... 
300 Wheat-corns, .... 
512 Rye-corns, .... 

180 Oats, 

40 Peas, • . . . , 

25 Beans, 

80 Vetches, 

100 Lintels, 

2304 Hairs, one inch long. 
Speaker of the house of commons first chosen, 1340. 
Speaking trumpets invented by Kirchei*, a Jesuit, 1652. 
Spectacles invented by Spina, a monk of Pisa, 1299. 
Sphere invented by Archimedes of Syracuse, 209 before Christ. 
Spinning-wheel invented at Brunswick, 1530; another uivented by 
Mr. Swindell, at Stockport in Yorkshire, which finishes, on each 
spindle, three lays, of thirty haulis to the pound, in an hour, 1785. 
Spurs in use before 1400. 
Stamp duties first instituted in England in 1694, yielded in 1785, the 

the sum of 1,175,3901. 
Staraj) paper for covering the walls of rooms, first introduced in 

Spain and Holland, 1555; flock, or velvet paper first used, 1620. 
Standing armies began in France, by Charles VII. in 1445. 
Starching linen first introduced into England, 1552. 
Statutes first printed, 1483. 

Steam engine invented by Savary, for taking ballast or gravel out of 
rivers, and for raising great quantities of water, and patents grant- 
ed for, 1618. 
Steam boat, Rumsey's, succeeded in North River, N. Y. Oct. 1807. 
Steel may be made three hundred times dearer than standai-d gold, 
weight for weight; six steel-wire spiings for watch pendulums 
weigh one grain, to the artist 7s. 6d. each, equal to 21. 5s.— one- 
grain of gold only 2d. 
Stirrups fii-st used In the sixth century. 

Stockings, silk, first worn by Henry II. of France, 1547. Howell 
says, that in 1560, queen Elizabeth was presented with a parr of 



IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 511 

black knit silk stockings by her silk-woman, Mrs. Montague, and 
she never wore cloth ones any more. He adds, that Henry VIII. 
that magnificent and experienced prince, wore ordinarily cloth 
hose, except there came from Spain, by great chance, a pair of silk 
stockings; for Spain very early abounded in silk. His son Ed- 
ward VI. was presented with a pair of Spanish silk stockings by 
his merchant sir Thomas Graham, and the present was then much 
taken notice of; consequently the invention of knit silk stockings 
came from Spain. Others relate that William Rider, a London 
apprentice, seeing, at the house of an Italian merchant, a pair of 
knit worsted stockings from Mantua, from thence ingeniously 
made a pair like them, which he presented to the earl of Pembroke, 
and were the first of the ki«id made in England, 1564. The weav- 
ing of them was invented by the reverend Mr. Lee, of Cambridge, 
1589. 

Stone buildings first introduced into England, 674. 

bullets in use in England so late as 1514, 

church, the first built in London, 1087. 

artificial, for statutes, &c. discovered by a Neapolitan, 1776 ; 

introduced by Mrs. Coade, near London. 

Stone cured by a medicine, for which government paid Mrs. Steevens 
a premium, June, 1739. 

Stops in literature introduced, 1520; the colon, 1580; semicolon, 
1599. 

Store cask for a brewery was made by Mr. Layton, in Southwark, 
which would contain eight thousand casks of sixteen gallons each. 
Its diameter 55 feet, 6 inches, and in depth 20 feet, all of English 
oak : finished Januaiy, 1792. See Beer. 

Strand, London, first built on, 1353. 

Straw used for the king's bed, 1234. 

Stucco-work reNived by D'Udine, about 1500. 

Style altered by Augustus Csesar's ordering leap-year to be but once 
in four years, and the month Sextilus to be called Augustus, eight 
years before Christ; ag-ain at Rome, by taking twelve days off" the 
calendar, 1583 ; the Gregorian style received at Paris, by taking 
off ten days, December 15, 1712; at London, by taking eleven days 
oflf the calendar, September 2, 1752. 

Sugar first mentioned by Paul Eginetta, a physician, 625 ; originally 
from China, and the East ; produced in Sicily, 1148 ; first produced 
in Madeira, 1419 ; in the Canary islands, in 1503 ; carried to the 
West Indies by the Portuguese and Spaniai*ds, 1510 ; cultivated at 
Barbadoes, 1641 ; sugar refining first discovered by a Venetian, in 
1503 ; practised first in England, 1569 ; was first taxed in England, 
in 1685; imported into England in 1789, above 1,936,440 cwt. for 
which duty to the amount of 1,189,8141. 12s. 2d. was paid. The 
profits to the importers amounted to 3,515,7631. in 1790. There 
Avas imported, in 1798, 2,361,715 cwt. 

Sunday schools first established in Yorkshire, 1784 ; became general 
in England and Scotland, 1789. 

Sun-dials invented 558 before Christ ; the first erected at Rome was 
that by Papirius Cursor, when time was divided into hours, 308 be- 
fore Christ; first set up against churches, 613. 

Supi-emacy of the pope above the emperor introduced, 607. 

•■ The first prince th at shook off" the yoke of Rome, and 

gettjcd tjie supremacy in himself, was Henry VIII, 1533, Sec Qatlu 



2iS ErlPROVElVffiNTS, &c, 

Supplies ^'anted during the reign of L, 

King William, ..... 72,047,369 

Queen Aniie, ..... 122,373,531 

George 1 79,832,160 

George II 276,349,773 

George III. to Michaelmas, 1788. . . 450,041,321 

L. 1,000,644,154 

Supplies granted for the year 1798, amounted to 28,490,0051. 

Surnames first used, 1X02 ; became common, 1200. 

Survey of England made, at first, by order of Alfred, 900 ; by Wil- 
liam the Conqueror, 1080 ; by Charles II. 1668. 

Swearing on the holy gospel first used, 528. 

Talmud made 117 B. C. 

Tamarisk plant first brought from Germany, 1560. 

Tapestry invented by sir Francis Crane, 1619 ; for the encourage? 
ment of which king James I. gave 20001. to build a house at Mort'^ 
lake, in Surrey, 1619, 

Tar, mineral, discovered at Colebrook-dale, Shropshire, in 1779, 
and in Scotland, October 10, 1792. 

Taxes paid by Great Britain and Ireland in 1791, amounted to 
23,475,3491. 

Tea first brought into Europe by the Dutch East India company, 
early in 1591 ; tea, coffee, and chocolate, first mentioned in the 
statute books, 1660 ; a quantity of tea brought from Holland by 
lord Arlington and lord Ossory, 1699 ; was sold at 31. per pound in 
1707 ; the Americans refused to receive it with a duty, 1773. In 
1787, about 18,852,675lb. were imported by the East India com- 
panv, besides what was brought by clandestine trade and smug- 
gler's. The duty for 1783 was 112,1251. Is. 6d. 

Telegraphs invented, 1687; put into practice by the French in 

1794 ; by the English, January 28, 1796. 
Telescopes invented by Z. Jansen, a spectacle-maker, at Middle- 
burgh, 1 590 ; the first reflecting one made on the principles of 
sir Isaac Newton, 1692. 
Theatre ; that of Bacchus, at Athens, the first ever erected, built by 
Philos, 420 before Christ; The ruins still exist. The first royal 
licence for one was in 1574, to James Burbage and four others, 
servants to the earl of Leicester, to act plays at the Globe, Bank? 
side, or in any part of England ; but long before their time mira- 
tles were represented in the open fields, where the devil ap= 
peared in person on the stage, shearing the bristles of hogs ; hence 
the old proverb, " Great cry and Uttle wool." Plays were opposed 
by the puritans, 1633, and suspended till 1660, when Charles IL 
licensed two companies, Killigrew's and Davenant's ; the first at 
the Bull, Vere-street, Clare-inarket, which in a year or two was 
removed to Drury-lane, as now ; the other in Dorset-gardens. Till 
this time boys performed women's parts. Sir William Davenant 
introduced operas, and both companies united, 1684, and conti- 
nued together till 1694 ; when from the reduced salaries given 
to the performers, the principal of them, under Betterton, obtained 
a licence, and withdrew to Portugal-street, Lincohi's-inn-fields in 
1695. 

In 1807 the number of theatres in France amounted to 16.6. 
The number of performers attached to them is 3968. 



IMPROVEIMENTS, &Ci 213 

Theatrical representations introduced into England iu 1566, by 
Geoftrey, prior of St. Swithin's, Winchester. 

Thermometers first invented by Drebel a Dutchman, 1620 ; impro- 
ved by Reaumuhr, 1730, and by Fahrenheit, 1749. 

Thoracic duct discovered in a horse, by Eustachius in 1563 ; in the 
human body, by Ol. Rudbec, a Swedish anatomist, Thomas Bar- 
tholHne, of Copenhagen, and Dr. Joliffe, of England, 16S3. See 
Lacteals. 

Thread first made at Paisley, in Scotland, in 1722. 

Tides, the first theory of, by Kepler, 1596. 

Tiles first used in England, 1246. 

Tilts and tournaments instituted in Germany, 919. 

Time first computed from the Christian era 516 ; in history, 748 ; 
in Spain, 1358 ; in Arragon and Castile, 1383; in Portugal, 1415. 

' measui-e barometer introduced by Scipio Nasica, 159 ; king Al- 

fred's time-keeper was six large wax-tapers, each 12 inches long ; 
as they burnt unequally, owing to the wind, he invented a lan- 
thom made of wood, and thin-scraped plates of ox-horns, glass 
being a great rarity, 887. The ancients had three sorts of time- 
measures, hour-glasses, sun-dials, and a vessel full of water with 
a hole in its bottom. 

Tin found in Germany, 1241; in no place before but in Devonshire 
and Cornwall ; in Barbary, 1640 ; in India, 1740 ; in New-Spain, 
1782. 

Titles, first creation of, by patents, 1344. Titles-royal :— The fol- 
lowing is the succession in which the royal titles swelled in Eng^ 
land : Henry IV, had the title of " Grace" conferred on him ; 
Henry VI. that of "Excellent grace ;" Edward IV. that of " High 
and mighty prince ;" Henry VII. " Highness ;" Henry VIII. " Ma- 
jesty;" (and was the first and last that was styled "Dread sove- 
reign ;") and James I. that of " Sacred," or " Most excellent ma- 
jesty." that of " Majesty" was given to Louis XI. of France ; be- 
fore, it was the title only of emperors, the kings of Arragon, Cas- 
tile, and Portugal, had the title only of " Highness ;" those of 
England, "Your grace;" those of France, " Your despotism." 

Tobacco first discovered in St. Domingo in 1496 ; afterwards by the 
Spaniards in Yutacan, 1520; introduced into France by Nicot, 
1560; first brought into England, 1583; prohibited to be planted 
there in 1624 ; a tax laid on it in England, 1685 ; allowed to be cul- 
tivated in Ireland, 1779 ; the duties at the Custom-house for the 
year 1788 amounted to 498,0201. 7s. 2d. 

Toll first demanded by the Danes of vessels passing the Sovind, 1341 ; 
first paid by vessels passing the Staden on the Elbe, 1190. 

Toll-gates, or turnpikes, first in England, 1664. 

Tolls gathered in London, first for repairing the highways of HoJ^ 
bom, Gray's-iim-lane, and St. Martin's-lane, 1346. 

Tontines first established at Paris, 1653. 

Tourniquet, the, invented by one Morell, at the seige of BesancoD) 
1674 ; Petit, of France invented the screw tourniquet, 1718. 

Towers, high one was first erected to churches in 1000. 

Tragedy, the first acted at Athens, on a waggon, by Thespis, 535 
B. C. 

Trumpets first sounded before the kings of England, by erder of 
Offa, king of Mercia, 790. 

Tafips first brought into Enghmd, 1578. 



214 IMPROVEMENTS, &fi. 

Turkeys came into England, 1523. The first in Fi-ance, 157D. 
Turkey trade began, 1550. 

Turnpikes first legally erected in England, 1663 ; yielded in 1788 
about 508,0001. 



TURNPIKE ROADS AND BRIDGES IN NEW YORK, 
Completed or Projected, 1807. 

Capital \ Length 
Roads. stock. \ of road. 



First Great Western, . 




, 




180,000 


Columbia, . 


25;000 


Rensselaer and Columbia, 






32,000 


Eastern, (with a diverging road 


), 






50,000 


First Northern, 








90,000 


Seneca, (two roads), 








177,500 


Susquehannah, 








116,000 


Orange, 








21,000 


Mohawk, 








, 190,000 


Westchester, 








25,000 


Newburg and Cochecton, 








80,000 


Shenango, 








64,000 


Oneida, 








30,000 


Union, 








50,000 


Stephentown, 








8,000 


New Windsor and Blooming Gi 


ove 






7,500 


Second Grand Western, 








50,000 


Flushing and Newto\vn, 








15,000 


Quaker hill, 








10,000 


Albany and Schenectady, . 








140,000 


Troy and Schenectady, 








60,000 


Hudson Branch, 








20,000 


Ulster and Delaware, 








. 125,000 


Dutchess, 








60,000 


Schoharie, 








78,000 


Newtown, 








30,000 


Canandaqua and Bath, . 








50,000 


Third Great Western, 








105,000 


Ancram, 








24,000 


Susquehannah and Bath, 








300,000 


Albany and Bethlehem, 








30,000 


Fall-hill turnpike and bridge, 








12,500 


Chatham, 








10,000 


Coxackie, 








41,000 


Albany and Delaware, 








150,000 


Little Delaware, 








100,000 


Lake Erie, 








200,000 


Fourth Great Western, 








40,000 


Hillsdale and Chatham, 








35,000 


Cayuga, 








175,0Q0 


Ontario and Genessee, . 








175,000 


Onondago Salt-spring, 








100,000 


Great Northern, 








150,000 


Delaware, . . 








75,000 



IMPROVEMENTS, &c* 



S15 











Capital 


Length 


Roads. stock. 


rfroad. 


Newburgh and Chenango, . . . 162,000 


80 


Nevesink, .... 


162,000 


SO 


Popachton, 






. 210,000 


90 


Plattsburg and Chateangay, 






55,000 


40 


Utica, .... 






30,000 


30 


Rome, , 






20,000 


20 


Greenfield, 






26,000 


20 


Farmers', 






100,000 


35 


Ulster and Delaware, first branch, 






40,000 


25 


Waterford and Whitehill, . 






150,000 


60 


Waterford, 






60,000 


4b 


Newburgh and New Windsor, 






5,000 


s 


Schenectady and Ballstown, . 
Jamaica and Rockaway, 






2,000 


s 






20,000 


IS 


Unadilla, 






62,500 


40 


Canajoharie and Charleston, 






30,000 


20 


Hamilton and Skaneateless, 






84,000 


70 


Mohawk bridge and Ballstown, 






40,000 


20 


Highland, 




. 250,000 


110 


New Baltimore and Rensselaerville, 




20,000 


20 


Mexico, 




50,000 


50 


Middleburgh and Rensselaerville, . 
Albany and Green, 




15,000 


15 


40,000 


35 


Total miles of road, 


3,071 


Bridges. 




Schoharie Kill, .... 10,000 




CatskUl, . 






5,000 




Cayuga, 








25,000 




Canajoharie and Palatine, 








10,000 




Jericho, 








10,000 




Troy, 








. 150,000 




Union, 








50,000 




Fort Miller, 








40,000 




Newtown and Bushwick, 








7,500 




Montgomery, 








13,500 




Schoharie and Cobleskill, 








6,000 




Fort Hunter, 








7,500 




Schoharie Creek, north, 








5,000 




Wallabout and Brooklyn, 








. 150,000 




Delaware, 








200,000 




Susquehannah, . 


< 






. 200,000 




Canton, 








5,000 




Farmers', 


. 






3,000 




Cohoes, 








7,500 




Jefferson, .... 




4,000 




Mohawk, (slock included in ]\ 


lohawk 


tu 


mpi 


ke.) 





Total, 67 turnpikes.— Stock, Dol. 5,141,750 

21 bridges.— Stock, . . . 415,000 

Eighty-eight companies— ■ 

Total amount of capital stock, Dol. 5,556,7f 6 



216 lalJPROVEMENTS, &C. 

The total amotint of turnpike road capital in the United States, 
now (1811) exceeds twenty-five raillions of dollars; and the total 
roads now made and making exceeds twelve thousand miles. 

Types of wood for printing first used, 1470. 

Tythes first established in England, 808. 

Ui-anikon, a new musical instrument, invented at Prague, by Hol- 
bein, 1806. 

Vacciiiation discovered, 1802. Dr. Jenner received 10,0001. from the 
British pai-liament. 

Ventilators invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales, 1740. 

Venus her ti-ansit over the sun, June 2, 1660. 

Vessels employed in the mercantile line in England, in 1792, wei'e 
23,600. 

Vuie-di-essers, a colony of, from Phocea, in Ionia, settled at Marseil- 
les, who instructed the South Gauls in tillage, vine-dressing, and 
commerce, about 600 before Christ. Some think the vines are 
aborigines of Laguedoc and Provence, and that they grow spon- 
taneously on the Mediteranean shores of Italy, France, and Spain. 

Vines planted in Germany and North Gaul, 276. 

Vmes and sugar-canes planted in Madeira, 1420. 

Violins invented about 1477, and introduced into England by 
Charles II. 

Virginia first legislatm-e convened, 1621. 

Votes of the house of commons first printed, 1681. 

Voyage round the world, the first, 1525. 

Vulgate edition of the Bible discovered, 218. 

Wars with Spain between 1589 and 1593, cost queen Elizabeth. 
1,300,0001. besides the double subsidy of 280,0001. granted by par- 
liament. In the Irish rebellion she spent 3,400,0001. in ten years. 
The expenses of the war of 1756, cost England 90,000,0001. 

Watch, there was no night-watch in London, 1189. 

Watches invented at Nui-emburgh in Germany, 1477; first used in 
astronomical observations, 1500.— The emperor Charles V. was 
the first who had any thing that might be called a watch, though 
some call it a small table clock, 1530,— Watches first brought to 
England from Germany, 1577 ; spring pocket ones invented by 
Hooke, 1658. 

Water, fii-st conveyed to London by leaden pipes, 21st Henry III. 
1237. It took near 50 years to complete it ; the whole being 
finished, and Cheapside conduit erected, only in 1285.— An en^e 
erected at Bi-oken-wharf, to convey water by leaden pipes, 1594, 
The New river brought to London from Amwell, in Hertfordshire 
at an immense expense, by sir Hugh Middleton in 1614.— The 
city supplied with its water, by conveyances of wooden pipes in 
the streets, and small leaden ones to the houses ; the new river 
company incorporated, 1620.— So late as queen Ann's time there 
were water-carriers at Aldgate pump, as now at Edinburgh. 

Wato-rmills for grinding com were invented by Bellisavius, while 
b^ieged in Rome by the Goths, 555. The ancients parched their 
'com, and pounded it in mortars. Afterwards mills wei-e invented, 
which were turned by men and beasts with great labour ; and yet 
Pliny mentions ^^>heels turned by water. A general conti-ibution 
over the province of Marjiand, to erect one, 1639. 

Weavers, two from Brabant, settled at York; which, says king Ed- 
ward, " may prove of gr^at benefit to us and our subjects," J331. 



BIPROVE^IENTS, Sc. '§17 

Weftvert, dyets, doth-drapers, linen-makers, silk-tlirowstei's, Sic, 
Flemish, settled at Canterbuiy, Norwich, Sandwich, Colchester, 
Maidstone, Southampton, &c. on account of the duke of Alva's 
persecution, 1567. They taught the English the making of baize, 
serges, Norwich crapes, &c. The baize-makers chiefly settled at 
Colchester. 

Weekly bills of mortality round London began 1603. 

Weighmg engine, or beam, a public one set up in London, and all 
commodities ordered to be weighed by the city-officer, called the 
wtigh-raaster, who was to do justice between buyer and seller. 
Statute 3, Edwai-d II. 1309. 

"Weights and measures invented, 869 before Christ; fixed to a stan? 
dai-d in England, 1257 ; regulated, 1492. 

Whalebone found by the English ships at cape Breton, 1583; first 
mentioned brought home with oil, 1617. 

Whale-fishery, the first by the Dutch, 1596 ; by the English, at Spits- 
bergen, 1598. 

Whales killed at Newfoundland and Iceland for their oil only, 1578 J 
the use of their bones and fins were not yet known, consequently 
no stays worn by ladies. 

Wheat produced annually in England and Wales amount to thirty- 
two millions of bushels. Twenty thousand sacks are consumed 
weekly in London. 

Wigs, full bottom, were first worn by the judges, in 1674. 

Wild-fire invented by a Grecian, 663. 

Wills to devise lands were first pennitted, under restrictions, ty 
Henry VIII. Universally, all real property at the restoration. 

Wills of sovereigns, the first on record, Richard II. 1399. 

Wind saw-mill invented, 1633, and erected near the Strand, Lond<jfl;, 
by a Dutchman. 

Wind-guns invented at Nuremberg, 1560. 

Wind-mills invented, 1299. 

Windows of glass first used in England for houses, 1180. 

Winds and months, present names given them by Charlemagne, 7&8. 

Wines exported from Oporto. 

In 1793 there were 31,193 pipes, duty at 171. 10s. per pige. 

1794 51,882 ditto. 

1795 52,809 ditto. 
Tt) July, 1796 about 17,000 ditto. 

1795 additional duty, 11 1. 

1796 11 1. 



391. 10s. per pipe. 
The above is the whole of the export to Great Bi-itain, Ireland, 
America, Hamburg, Russia, and Genoa. 

The exportation to Ireland may be reckoned each year at 5000 
pipes, and to the other places about 1500 pipes yearly. 
'— — sold by apothecaries as a cordial, 1300; sold at 20s. per ton, 
and the second sort at 13s 4d. 1389. In 1790 there were 140,000 
pipes of wine made in Portugal, 45,000 were imported into Eng- 
land ; 20,000 into Ireland ; 38,000 into Holland, Denmark, &c. and 
the remaining 37,000 wei-e consumed at home. 

first made in England, 1140; in Flanders, in 276. 

— — from raisins first made in England in 1635. In the following 
j-^ai-s the quantities made by the different manufactories were— 

N 



21§ IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 

In 1790 Inl7Ql In 1792 InlfSS 

James and company, . . . 1820 4426 4119 2564 

Beaufoy and company, . . 327 3049 3537 1995 

Faulkner and company, . . 795 2312 2580 1843 

Bate and compsny, . . 338 

Walsham ana company, . . — 610 668 1052 

Dowler and company, . . 157 257 194 291 

Total, 32,877 barrels, 
each 31 1-2 gallons. The duty on which is 30,2361. 19s. 9.5d. 
whose averages yearly produced 7,5591. 14s. 11.5d. into the trea- 
sury. 
Wire invented at Nuremberg, 1351 ; mills invented in Germany, 1563, 
Wire-mili, the first set up at Sheen, by a Dutchman, 1663. 
Woad fii-st cultivated in England, 1582; the fixing its colour disco-' 

vered. 1753. 
Wood-cuts invented, 1460. 

Wood's patent for coining granted, January, 1723 
Wool. — One poimd of wool has been spun to the length as follows : 
A lee of woollen yarn measures in length eighty yards. 
A hank of ditto, by the custom of Norwich, consists of seven lees. 
Twenty-four hanks in the pound is esteemed good spinning in 
the schools, thirteen thousand, four hundred and forty yards. 

Severity banks in the pound is esteemed superfine spinning at 
Norwieh.tliirty-nine thousand, two hundred yai-ds, or 21 miles. 

One hundi-ed and fifty harks in the pound was spun in 1754, by 
Marj^ Powley, of East Dereton, in Norfolk ; and this was thought 
go extraordinarj , that an account ot it is registered at the Royal 
■Society, eighty-five thousand yards, or forty-eight miles. 

Three hundred har.ks in the pound have already been spun by 
Miss Ives; and though this young lady has carried the art of spin- 
ning combed wool to so great a degree of perfection, she does not 
despair of in^proving it still farther, one hundred and sixty-eight 
thousai'd yards, or twenty-five miles. Cotton to two hundred and 
three thousand yards. See Sheep. 
Woollen-cloth manufactories comraeuced at Sedan, in France, 1646; 
the first made in England in 1331 ; medley cloths first made, 1614 ; 
greatly improved by the Walloons, 1688 ; first dyed and dressed 
in England in 1667. Its export from Great Britain in 1787 was 
3,687,7951. 12s. 2d. value. In 1779, 272,755 pieces of broad-cloth, 
containing 8,806,688 yards, and 180,168 pieces of narrow cloth, 
containing 6,377,277 yards, were manufactured in the West Riding 
of Yorkshire, being an increase on the year 1778, a produce of 
48,596 pieces, or 1,672,574 yards of broad-cloth, and 315,602 pieces, 
or 1.196,^64 yards of narrow cloth. 
Woolwich, the first royal dock, 1512. 

Workers, cloth, seventy families of, from the Netherlands, settled ia 
England, by Edward Ill's invitation, for promoting the woollen 
manufacture, 1330. 
Worn -wood, and other plants, used for preserving malt liquors, be- 
fore the use of hops, 1492. 
Year, the solar, found to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 

285 : introduced by Csesar, 45 before Christ. 
Yellow dye for cotton invented by Dr. R. Williams, 1773. 
Zodfgt, sigps ef the, invented by Aniximander, 547 before Christ, 



STATES, &c. FOUNDED, 



Kingdoms, States, Cities, Towns, &e* 
Founded. 

ABINGDON, in Berks, built in 517o 

Aclmia founded, 1800 before Christ. 

Aix-la-Chapelle built, 795. 

Albany, United States, incorporated, 1688. 

Alexandria, in Egypt, built in seventeen days, the walls whereof 
were six miles in circuit, 332 before Christ ; taken by the French, 
1793. 

Algiers was a Roman proWnce, 44 before Christ ; seized by Darbk- 
rossa, 1516. 

America first discovered by Columbus, 1492 ; afterwTirds by VespU- 
cius Americanus, a Florentine, from whom it derives its name, 
1497. Mexico conquered by Spain, 1518— Peru, 1520. Brazil was 
discovered by the Portuguese, 1500— planted by them in 1549, and' 
remains in their possession. Terra Firina was conquered by Spain 
in 1514. North America was first discovered by Sebastian Cabot, 
a. Venetian, in the service of England, and his son John Cabot, an 
Englishman, in 1494. John Cabot settled Newfoundland, the first 
English colony in America, 1498. Florida was first discovered by 
John Cabot in 1500; it was ceded to Spain by the peace of 1783. 
Louisiana was discovered by the French, 1663 ; they took posses- 
sion of it 1718, but eastwards of the Mississippi was ceded to 
England, 1763. The first British settlement made in North Ame. 
rica was in Virg^inia, 4 James I. 1607— New England was the se- 
cond in 1614, by the Plymouth company. Nova Scotia was settled 
by the Scotch, under sir William Alexander, 1622; but underwent 
several changes from the English to the French, and then to the 
English again, till it was confirmed to the latter by the peace of 
1748. Canada was attempted to be settled by the French in 1534; 
they built Quebec in 1608 ; but the whole country was conquered 
by tlie English in 1759 ; and ceded by the peace of 1763. Packet 
boats fii-st established between Old and New Spain with the liber- 
ty of trading, 1764 : free trade opened between Old and New Spain 
by the straits of Magellan, 1774: several viceroys appointed in. 
Spanish America, 1775. Thirteen colonies united, and declared 
themselves independent of the British crown, 4th of July, 1776 ; 
allowed by France, February 6, 1778 ; by Holland, October 8. 1782 ; 
by the British parliament, November 30, 1783 : American congress 
first met at Philadelphia, September 5, 1775. Duty on foreign su- 
gar and molasses, restricting the trade between the colonies and 
the West Indies, imposed by the British parliament, 1764. Stamp- 

?ct passed, January 10, 1765. Virginia resolves against it. May 20. 
October following, the colonial congress, to consult on the common 
interest proposed by Massachusetts, consistuig of twenty-eight de- 
legates from the assemblies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and. 
Providence plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, the Delaware counties. Maryland, and South Caro- 
lina, formed at New York and passed a declaration of lights. Tu- 
iftiUts in Boston; cosnaen^ed in tbe colonigj generajHy. In con- 



220 STATES, &c. FOUNDED. 

sequence of the non-importation acts the exports from Britain to 
the colonies were less in 1766 than in 1765 by 880,8111. Popula* 
tion at this time conjectured to be: North Carolina, 95,000 whites; 
Maryland, 70,000 whites; Pennsylvania, 280,000, (Philadelphia, 4474 
houses); New Jersey, 60,006; Connecticut, 141,000 whites, 4500 
blacks, 930 Indians ; Massachusetts, 240,000, (Boston, 15,500); South 
Carolina, 40,000 whites, 90,000 negroes, (Charleston, 5,500 whites, 
7,500 negroes). Stamp-act repealed, March 18, 1766. Tax on pa.- 
per and glass, June 29, 1767. Circular letters, tumults, &c. 1768, 
Non-importation acts, &c. 1769. Massacre at Boston— duties re« 
pealed, excepting 3d. per pound on tea, which was preserved in 
order to support the dignity of the British government— associa- 
tions refusing to drink tea, 1770, Insurrection in North Carolina, 
1771. A British armed schooner at Providence, R. I. burnt, 1772. 
In some colonies, tea sent back ; at Boston, thrown into the dock, 
1773. Boston port "shut up" by parliament— Virginia espouses 
the cause of Massachusetts— Boston relieved by contributions from, 
the sister colonies— Continental congress, Sept. 5— open violence in 
Hhode Island and New Hampshire— Dr. Franklin dismissed from 
tl>e office of deputy post-master, 1774. Petitions of congress refu- 
sed to be heard— bills to restrain the trade of the colonies passed — 
col. Pickering, with between 30 and 40 men, prevented lieut. col. 
Leslie, at the head of 140, from passing a bridge, by drawing it up, 
" because it was a private road," and upon their jumping into a 
boat, it was immediately scuttled ; but, by the interposition of the 
Hev Mr. Barnard, the Americans are at length prevailed upon to 
let down the bridge, 1775. Battles at Lexington and at Concord, 
April 19 ; Ticondei-oga taken by the Americans. Col. Allen de- 
manded its surrender "in the name of the great Jehovah and the 
continental congress," May 10, 1775. [For the battles which oc- 
cuiTed duiing the revolution, see Battles, where the most impor- 
tant are noted.] The power of the British being completely bro- 
ken, and the pride of their government humbled, by the perseve- 
ring and unwearied courage of the Americans, their independence 
was acknowledged, and a treaty of peace signed. Sept 23, 1783. 
Independence of the United States acknowledged by Sweden, Fe- 
bruai-y 5; Denmark, Februarjr 25; Spain, March 24 ; Russia, July, 
in the same year. Insun'ection in Massachusetts, on account of 
heavy taxes, headed by Daniel Shays, which is soon quelled, 1786. 
Proposition to alter the constitution, September 27— the federal 
constitution agreed upon, 1787. Gen. Washington unanimous- 
ly elected president, March 3, and John Adams vice-president- 
Rhode Island adopted the constitution and admitted into the 
union, May 29, 1789. Population of the United States, by census, 
3,929,326, of which number, 695,655 were slaves, 1790. General 
Sinclair defeated by the Indians, 1791. Mint established, 1792- 
Proclamation of neutrality— yellow-fever in Philadelphia, 1793..., 
An insurrection fomented by Albert Gallatin and others, broke 
out in the western part of Pennsylvania— treaty with Great Bri- 
tain, November 19, 1794. Treaty with Spain, Thomas Pinckney 
ambassador— with the dey of Algiers, by col. Humphreys, i:'95.... 
General Washington's farewel address, declining a third election, 
1796. John Adams chosen president, and Thomas Jefferson vice- 
president— Charles C. Pinckney envoy to France, but not being- 
received by the French direetory, a new en^ssy, consisfiins of 



STATES, &c. FOUNDED. 821 

Charles C. Pinckney, EUridge Gerry, and John Marshall, appoint- 
ed—Constitution frigate, 44 guns, launched at Boston — treaty with 
Tripoli— treaties with France annulled, 1797. War with France- 
Gen. Washington appointed lieut. gi n. and commander in chief, 
1798. Oliver Ellswoi'th, chiefjustice of the United States, Patrick 
Henry, governor of Virginia, and William Vans Murray, minister 
at the Hague, appointed envoys to France— treaties with Tunis and 
Prussia — Constellation, Tlios. Truxtun, captures the Insurgente — 
Gen. Washington died, December 14, aged 68, 1799. Convention 
with Fi-ance— second census taken, population of the United States, 
5,305,482, 1800. Thomas Jefferson chosen president, and Aaron 
Burr vice-president, March 4, 1801. Ohio admitted into the union, 
1802. David Humphreys imported into New England a hundred 
mei-ino sheep, 1803 : five thousand more imported in the year 1810, 
reducing the price for one, from 1500 to 30 dollars. Louisiana 
purchased of the French for fifteen million of dollai-s, and divided 
into two territories of the United States. Aaron Burr murdered 
Alexander Hamilton in a duel, 1804. Thomas Jefferson re-elected 
and George Clinton vice-pi-esident, 1805. Disputes between Spain 
and America, respecting the boundaries of Louisiana— a conspiracy 
by col. Burr detected— treaty between Great Britain and the 
United States, rejected by the president, 1806. Col. Burr sur- 
rendered himself to the civil authority, Jan. 18— British treaty 
rejected— Burr acquitted— attack on the Chesapeake by the Leo- 
pard, June 22— the ship Othello robbed in the Chesapeake by a 
French privateer, which is afterwards captured by a crew of vo- 
lunteers from Baltimore — proclamation of interdiction — extra ses- 
sion of congress, October 26— embargo passed, Dec. 22— Mr. Rose 
arrives, Dec. 25, 1807. Mr. Erskine arrives, 1808. Mr. Madison 
elected president of the United States, and Mr. Clinton vice-presi- 
dent. March 4— arrangement with Mr. Erskine — the execution of 
a sentence of the supreme court of the United States, opposed, by 
military force, by the govei-nor of Pennsylvania— orders issued by 
the governor of Massachusetts to the militia, to aid in the execu- 
tion of the embargo laws, declared illegal by the legislature, 1809. 
Revenue of Pennsylvania in 1809 : receipts, 306,376 dolls. 72 cents ; 
expenditures, 255,242 dollars, 58 cents. 

The whole debt of the United States, on January 1, 1807, was 
67,727,756 dollars. In a period of twenty years the population has 
increased nearly 3 millions, and the dwelling-houses from 640,000 
to 1,225,000. The improved lands have risen from 1,120,000 to 
2,390,400 acres ; the average price per acre is risen from 2 to 6 dol- 
lars. The number of horses has increased from 600,000 to 1,200,000 
and the homed cattle from 1,200,000 to 2,950,000. The merchant 
vessels have increased from 250,000 to 1,207,000 tons. The impoi-ts 
have risen fi*om 11 to 80 millions of dollars: the exports of domes- 
tic produce have increased from 9 to 42 millions, and the exports 
of foreign goods from 1 to 36 millions. The specie in circulation 
has risen, in the period of twenty years, from 10 to 17 millions. 

Amphipolis in Thrace, built by the Athenians, 437 before Christ. 

Am stei-dam first settled, 1203 ; walled, 1482; taken possession of by 
the French, January 18, 1795. 

Annapolis incorporated, 1708. 

Antioch built, 300 before Christ. 

Antwerp first mention,ed in history, 517 ; wa)ledj 1256 ; pillaged by 
N3 



^ STATES, 8ec. POUNnED. 

its garrison, 1376; mined, 1585; declared a ftee port, 1784; sur- 
rendered to the French, 1794. 

Aquitaine erected into a principality, 1362 ; re-annexed to the crown 
of France, 1730. 

Areopagus first erected at Athens, 1272 before Christ. 

Argos, the kingdom of, began 1586 before Christ. 

AiTagon erected into a kingdom, 912. 

Assyria, kingdom of, began under Ninus, 2059 before Christ ; lasted 
about 1264 years, ended with Sardanapalus. Out of its ruin* 
were formed the kingdoms of Babylon, of Nineveh, and the 
Medes. 

Athens, kingdom of, began 1556 before Christ.^ 

Attica founded as a kingdom, 1556 before Christ. 

Austria annexed to Germany, 1042 ; the emperor ot Germany take3 
the title of emperor of Austria, 1804. 

Babylon founded by Nimrod, 5240 B. C. walled 2244,B. C. 

Babylonish monarchy founded by Bdus 221Tt)ef6i'6"'Christ. 

Bagdat built, 762. 

Balbec built, 144 ; totally obliterated by an earthquake, 1759. 

Barbadoes settled, 1625. 

Batavia settled by the Dutch, 1612. 

Berne, in Switzerland, made an imperial city, 1290. 

Bohemia, kingdom of, founded, 550. 

British isles ; they were inhabited originally by a people called Bri- 
tons, of the same stock with the ancient Gauls or Celtse. The Roi- 
mans first invaded them under Julius Caesar, 54 B. C. but made no 
conquests. The emperor Claudius, and his generals Palutius, 
Vespasian and Titus, subdued many provinces after thirty pitched 
battles with the natives, A. D. 43 and 44. The conquest was 
completed by Agricola in the reign of Domitian, 85. Wrested 
from the Roman empire by Carausius, 289 ; recovered by Constan- 
tius, 296. The Romans held their conquest till 428 ; then the old 
inhabitants called in the Saxons to assist them against the Picts 
and Scots; these Saxons made a second conquest, and divided 
South Britain into seven kingdoms, 455. This government was 
called the Saxon heptarchy, and lasted till 829, when Egbert, 
having subdued and united them imder one government, wa« 
crowned king of England. Vide England. 

Britany annexed to the crown of France, 1150, 

Burgundy, kingdom of, founded, 413; again in 814; united to the 
German empire, 1035; disunited by a revolt, and divided into 
four sovereignties, 1074. 

Byzantium, now Constantinople, founded or built, 715 B. C. 

Csesaria built, after 12 years labour, by Augustus Csesar, 7 years be- 
fore Christ. 

Calcutta seized and settled by the English, 1689. 

Canterbury built, 912 before Christ ; paved, 1477. 

Carthage founded by the Tyrians, 1259; built by queen Dido, 1233; 
destroyed, 146 ; re-built, 123 B. C. 

Cambridge, once a city called Granta, built by Carsiurus; luiiversity 
chartered, 531 ; founded, 900 ; the town burnt by the Danes, 1010; 
university revived, 1110; its castle built, 1067 •, streets payed, 
1410 ; again, 1544 ; chancellor's court established by queen Eliza- 
beth ; refused a degree to a papist recommended by ttte kingo 
February, 168,7^ 



STATES, &c. FOUNDED. ^3 

Garoliha, North, one of the United States, began to be set'tled, 1710. 
Insurrection, 1771. Their constitution adopted, December 18, 
1777. Its legislature consists of a senate and house of commons, 
elected annually. Judges appointed during good behaviour by 
tlie legislature, by which body also a governor is annually elected, 
who has a council of seven. Sends twelve representatives to con- 
gress. 

, South, one of the United States, together with North Care- 

lina and Georgfia granted to the earl of Clarendon in 1663. The 
first of the United States that formed an independent constitu- 
tion. The present constitution was adopted in 1790. Senate and 
house of representatives ; tlie former elected for four and the 
later two years. Governor elected by joint ballot to serve two 
years. The judges are appointed by the legislature, and hold 
their offices during good behaviour. Sends eight representatives 
to congress. 

Castile and Arragon kingdom began, 1035. 

Caucasus, a colony ot Scotchmen in the mountains of, receive a 
charter from the" emperor of Russia, 1804. 

China empire founded, 2100 before Christ; but its histoi-y does not 
exte-id above the Greek Olympiads ; the first dynasty, when prince 
Yu reigned, 2207 before Christ ; before this time the Chinese chro- 
nology is imperfect ; bj- some Fohi is supposed to be the founder 
of the empire, and its first sovereign, 2247 before Christ ; litera- 
ture there revived, and the art of printing practised, 206 before 
Christ; the first history of China was published by Seraatsian, 97 
before Christ ; first grant the island of Macoa, at the entrance of 
the river of Canton to the Portuguese, 1586 ; the country con- 
quered by the Eastern Tartars, when the emperor and his family 
killed themselves, 1635; an attempt to establish Christianity there 
by the Jesuits, 1692 ; . the missionai-ies expelled, 1724. It is 15 
times larger than Great Britain and Ireland; and thaugh not half 
the size of Europe, contains full as many inhabitants. 

Cisalpine republic founded by the French, June 30, 1797 ; acknow- 
ledged by the emperor to be independent, October 17, following. 

Ck)nnecticut, one of the United States, granted to the earl of War- 
wick hi 1630. Charter issued by Charles II. April 23, 1662, and 
has ever since been the basis of their government. Senate elec- 
ted annually, house of representatives for 6 months. Governor 
elected by the people for one year. Judges appointed annually 
by the legislature. Sends seven representatives to congress. 

Confederation of the Rhine, between France, on one side, and Ba- 
varia, Wirtemberg, Baden, and other small German states, July 
12, 1806. 

Constantinople changed its name from Byzantium, 329; was made 
the seat of an emperor, 1268 ; cadies or justices were introduced, 
to decide the disputes between the Greeks and the Turks, 1390 ; 
taken by Mahomet II. May 29, 1452 ; who put an end to the 
eastern empire, 1453 ; walled 20 miles round, 413. 

Copenhagen founded, 1169; made the capital of Denmark, 1443. 

Corinth, kingdom of, established, 1355 before Christ. 

Cork, in Ireland, built, 1170. 

Cbrsica, dependant on Genoa till 1730; ceded to France, 1770 j 
offered to Germany, for 1 50,0001. in 1781; surrendered its sove- 
reignty to Great Britain, 1794 ; relinquished in 1796. 
N 3 



224 STATES, &c. FOUNDED. 

Cronstadt built by Peter the Great, of Russia, 1704. 

Dantzick founded, 1169 ; first walled in, 1398 ; admitted to a suP' 
frage in the elections o' the kings of Poland, 1632 ; put them- 
selves under the protection of Prussia, 1703 ; compelled to ac- 
knowledge Stanislaus king of toland, 1707; the king of Prusia 
seized upon the territory round the city, 1789. 

Dauphiny annexed to the kingdom of France, 1349. 

Delaware, one ot'the United States, first settled by Swedes and Finns 
in 1527, who were subdued by the Dutch from New York in 1655. 
The Dutch subdued by the English, in 1664, when they passed un- 
der the authority of the British goveraor of New York. In 1682 
united to Pennsylvania under William Penn. In 1701 rejected 
the charter offei-ed to Pennsylvania. Constitution adopted, Sep- 
tember, 1776; new modelled, June, 1792. Senate chosen every 
three years, and the house of representatives annually. Governor 
every three years, and cannot serve two terms in immediate suc- 
cession. Judges may be removed on the address of two thirds of 
both branches of the legislature. Sends one representative to 
congress. 

Denmark erected into a kingdom, 714; united to Norway, 1412; 
separated from it, 1521 ; crown made hereditary, 1660. 

Dover castle built by Julius Csesar, town fortified, 1525. 

Dublin city walls built, about 838 ; its first charter granted, 1173 > 
its castle built, 1220 ; university founded, 1591 ; students admitted 
to its university, January, 1594. 

Elast Indies were first discovered by the Romans, but authoi*s differ 
as to the tune ; but with certainty we know, that Alexander the 
Great made extensive conquests in this country, 327 B. C. By 
the Portuguese, 1437 ; conquered in 1500, and settled by them in 
1506. The first settlement was at Goa. The first commercial 
intercourse of the English with the east Indies, was a private ad- 
venture of three ships fitted out from England, 33 Elizabeth 
1591 ; only one of them reached India ; and after a voyage of 
three years, the commander, captain Lancaster, was brought 
home in another ship, the sailors having seized on his own ; but 
his information g-ave rise to a capital mercantile voyage, and the 
first east India company's charter, on December 31, 1600, their 
stock consisting of 72,0001. they fitted out four ships, and meeting 
with success have continued ever since. A new company es- 
tablished, 1698 ; the old one re-established, 1700 ; agi-eed to 'give 
government 400,0001. a-year, tor five years, so they might con- 
tinue unmolested, February, 1769 ; India bill passed, 1773 ; sent 
judges from England thither, 1774. Dutch East India company 
established, 1594. East India company at Copenhagen esta- 
bilshed. 1612. Another at Embden, 1750. In Sweden, 1731. 

East Angles kingdom began, 571 ; ended, 792. 

East Saxons kingdom began, 527; ended, 746. 

Edinburgh built, 050; fortified, 1074, and castle erected; made the 
metropolis of Scotland by James III. 1482; James II. was the 
first king crowned there, 1437. 

Egypt? the kingdom of, began, 2188 before Christ, and lasted 1633 
years ; reduced to a province, 31 after Christ ; and subdued by 
the Turks in 1525. 

Elbing, in Prussia, founded, 1240. 

Sngflajid ^rigujally Jnhabitjed by the BfilonSf a braush of the aib 



STATES, &c, F0UNDE2J: 5i25 

cient Gauls or Celtse ; the western parts in the time of the Ro- 
mans was inhabited by the Belgae, the northern by the Brigan- 
tes, South Wales by the Silures, and Norfolk and Suifolk by the 
Iceni. Invaded by Julius Csesar, 54 before Christ, subdued by 
Claudius, 44, and completely so by Agricola in 85. The Romans 
kept possession till 410. Conquered by the Saxons, 455, who 
were invited over by the ancient inhabitants, and they divided it 
into seven kingdoms, called the heptarchy. Ravaged by the Picts 
and Scots, 448. Erected into a kingdom by Egbert, by a union 
of all the kingdoms of the heptarchy, near 400 yeai-s after the ar- 
aival of the Saxons, 827, who was the first king of England, in a 
general council held at Winchester, A. D. 829. The name of 
"England and of Englishaien had been used as far back as 688. 
Conquered by the Danes, 877. Recovered by Alfred, 880. Di- 
vided into counties and hundreds, 886. An inglorious peace 
made with the Danes, and tribute agreed to be paid annually, be- 
sides 16,0001. in money, provided they retired and discontinued 
their invasions, 995. In 1002 the Danes broke the agreement, 
committed horrid cruelties and devastations, and the timid Ethel- 
red II. paid them a larger sum, no less than 24,0001. for peace. 
Put under an interdict by the pope, for John's opposing his nomi- 
nation to the see of Canterbury, 1206. Interdict taken oii" on 
John's submission, 1214. All in arms, 1215. Underwent a refor- 
mation in government, 1258. Put under an interdict on Henry 
VIlI's shaking oft' the pope's suj)remacy, 1535. The crowns of 
England and Scotland united iu the person of James Stuart, the 
6th of that name, king ot Scotland, who succeeded to the throne oi' 
England, by '^'^f^ title of James I. 1603. The two kingdoms united 
by the cc lap-i both nations, and thencetbrth named Great 
Britain, l.ji. ilie whole supplies of i)arliament, during the 
reign of James I. was 630,0001. Reign of Charles I 1,350,0001. in- 
cluding ship money &c. Expences of government then were 
1,387,7701. At the time of the revolution, the public revenue did 
BOt exceed 2,100,0001. nor the peace establishment 1,900,9001. 

Great Britain, (Ireland included), Austria, France, Prussia, and 
Spain, (before the French revolution), statistically compared : 

Great liritain Austrian 

and Ireland. Dominions. France. Prussia. Spain. 

E-clent in English square miles, 150,000 240,000 200,000 75,000 200,0QO 

Population, - - - 15,000,060 20,000,000 25,000,000 6,000,000 12,500,000 

Numberofpersonstoasq. mile, 100 83 125 80 62 

Extent in English acres, 96,000,000 143,600,000 128,000,000 48,000,000 128,000,000 

NtMTiber of acres to each person, 6 7 5 8 10 

Revenues in dollars, - 120,000,000 44,000,000 

Amount of public debt, 1,800,000,000 180,000,000 

Land troops in peace, - 45,000 360,000 

Land troops in war, - - 150,000 450,000 

Seamen in peace, - - . 18,000 

Seamen in war, - - - 110,uOO 

Cultivated acres, - - 70,000,000 75,000,000 

Taxes paid by each person, 8 00 2 40 

Population of capital. - 900,000 250,000 

These five are the great kingdoms in the west of Europe. 
Two of ther.i, Austria and Prussia, are inland nations, having no 
navy and little shipping. The remaining three are naval and. 
maritime nations, toNvhom many millions of men, a:id immense 
territories iii Asia and America are or have been subject. France, 
N4 ^ 



90,000,000 


19,000,000 


64.000,000 


,125,000,000 





220,000,000 


225,000 


225,000 


100,000 


500,000 


350,000 


250,000 


25,000 




40,000 


125,000 
75,000,000 






25,000,000 


50,000,000 


3 60 


3 16 


5 00 


750,000 


80,000 


150,000 



326 STATES, &c. FOUNDED. 

thougli a maritime nation, and a naval power, next to England 
and far above Sj)ain, is without any foreign possessions. Great 
Britain possesses in Asia, territoiies equal to 300,000 square mileSj 
with 40,000,000 of subjects. In North America, about 300,000 
square miles and as many subjects. Spain posseses in Asia, about 
75,000 square miles and 30,000 subjects. In North and South 
America about 7,500, lOO square miles and as many subjects. 
Hence it appears the Spanish empire is far beyond the temtorial 
extent of the Russian, whose immensity has been so often vaunted. 
The population, European and American, of the first, being com- 
pared with the population, European and Asiatic, of the second, 
IS at least equal, while, in all natui'al advantages, the American 
provinces of Spain are infinitely superior to the Siberian provinces 
of Russia. 

The whole extent of the British empire, iji both hemispheres, 
mcluding its nominal allies, but real tributaries, in Hindostan, is 
upwards of 1,000,000 square miles, and its subjects 55,000,000, emi- 
nent in wealth, arts, and commerce. The habitable part of the 
Russian empire does not exceed 1,000,000 square miles. No mean 
portion of its inhabitants are savages, and only nominally sub* 
jects ; but the whole population is less than half of that of the 
British empire. 

The whole extent of the above kingdoms 
in Europe, is in square miles, . . 865,000 

Extent of their empire beyond seas, exceeds, . 8,435,000 

Which, together, is equal to . . 9,320,000 

The population, European, of the four 

kingdoms, is .... 78,500,000 

That of the foreign possessions of two of 

them, is upwards of ... 48,000,000 

Which, together, make . . • 126,500,000 

A statistical account of France, since the revolution, rates the. 
population at 32,791,253. 

Eustatift isle settled by the Dutch, 1632. 

Fort St. George, in India, first settled by the English East India 
company, 1620. 

France, the counti-y of the ancient Gauls, a colony of the Belgas, 
fi-om Germany, were pennitted to settle in it, 200 before Christ. 
It was conquered by the Romans 25 before Christ. The Goths, 
Vandals, Allans, and Suevi, and afterwards the Burgundi, divided 
it among them from A. D. 400 to 476, when the Franks, another 
set of German emigrants, who had settled between the Rhine and 
the Maine, completed the foundation of the late kingdom under 
Clo^'is. Conquered, except Paris, by Edward III. of England, be- 
tween 1341 and 1359. An entire conquest by Henry V. who was 
made regent during the life of Charles VI. acknowledged heir to 
the crown of France, and homage paid to him accordingly, 1420. 
The English crown lost all its possessions in France in the reign of 
Henry VI. between 1434 and 1450. This is the only state in 
Europe that could boast a perpetual succession from the con- 
querors of the Western empire. Its first king was Pharamond. 



STATES, Etc. FOUNDEB. 227 

who began to reign in 418 ; Clovis was tlie first Christian king, 
481. It was peopled by the natives of Germany, who crossed the 
Rhine to invade the Gauls. The assemblies, called the states 
general, first met in 1302, and continued to 1614. Scots guards 
were ever about the king, from the reign of St. Louis to that of 
Henrj' II. It continued through 41 reigns of kings from Charle- 
magne. IGng of, taken prisoner by the Euglisli, 1356, by Ed- 
ward the black prince. The tallion tax established, 1549. The 
French began to date from the birth of Christ, 1618 ; before they 
reckoned from the creation. Queen, mother of, visited England, 
1638. Law's banking scheme, something like the South sea bub- 
ble in England, took place, 1716; destroyed, 1720. Francis I. ta- 
ken prisoner by the imperialists, and carried into Spain, August, 
1525 • killed at a tilting match, 1559. Revolution there, July, 
1789. King attempted to escape, June 21, 1791 : confirmed the 
constitutional laws presented him, September 15, 1791 ; resigned 
the regal dignity, and was sent to the temple for confinement, 
August 10, 1792. Convention met, royalty abolished, republican 
year commenced, September 22, 1792. King beheaded, January 
21, 1793. Brissottine party arrested, condemned 9th, and guillo- 
tined 10th Brumaire, (May 31). Robespierian party guillotined, 
July 27, 1794 ; (Thermidor 10, year 2). New constitution put in 
force of five directors, September 22, 1795. Two directors and 
fifty-two deputies arrested Per a conspiracy to introduce royalty, 
September 4, 1797, (Fructidor 18, year 5). Buonaparte seizes the 
government, (Brumaire 18), and establishes the consulate, Novem^ 
ber 9, 1799. Named first consul. Battle of Marengo, June 14, 
1800. Buonaparte first consul for life, with power to name his 
successor, August 2, 1802 ; crowned emperor, December 2. 

Neat amount of the revenue of France, (an. 11.) was about IIS 
millions of dollars. The public debt demanded an annual interest 
qf 16 millions of dollai-s. 

Its civil government is divided into 108 departments, 108 pra- 
fgctures, 417 circles, and 47,458 communes. Its military govern- 
ment comprises 27 divisions, commanded by generals of division? 
The war establishment, (1805), was 554,407 men. viz. 

Infantry of the line, . . . 341,401 

Light infantry, .... 100,180 
Cavalry of the line, . - . 14,150 

Light cavalry, .... 68,988 
Artillery on foot, . . . 20,65§ 

Horse artillery, . . . . 3,229 

Sappei*s, miners, and engineers, . 5,873 

554,407 
The conscription alone will furnish near a million of soldiers. 

Fjrance, on an emergency, might select her defenders from six 

millions of men able to bear arms. 
Geneva republic founded, 1512; refounded under the title of LigUr 

rian, 1796. 
Genoese republic founded, 1096. 
Georgia, originally part of Carolina, first settled, June 22. 1732J 

Incorporated, July 31, 1752. Constitution adopted, May 30, 1798. 

Senate and house of representatives elected annually. Governor 

^lec^ed every two years by tie legislature* Judges elected foi! 



228., STATES, &c. FOUNDED. 

the term of three years, and removeable on the address of two 
thii'ds of the legislature. The famous Yazoo speculation origi- 
nated in this state. Sends four i-epresentatives to congress. 
Germany, was divided anciently into several independent states, 
which made no figure in history till 25 before Christ, when they 
withstood the attempt of the Romans to subdue them, who con- 
quered some parts ; but by the repeated efforts of the Germans^ 
were entirely expelUd, about A. D. 290. In 432, the Huns, driven 
from China, conquered the greatest part of this extensive country, 
but it was not totally subdued till Charlemagne became master of 
the whole, A. D. 802. He was the first emperor, and added the 
second head to the Eagle tor his arms, to denote that the empires; 
of Rome and Germany were in him united. It was called Alle- 
mania, fi-om Alleraan, i. e. in German, " Every man," denoting 
that all nations were welcome there. Dukes being at this time 
made governors of those provinces, they claimed a right to sove^ 
reignty ; hence came most of the sovereign princes of Germany. 
Lewis I Charlemagne's son, was the first kuig that made this 
empire independent, 814. It continued united to the crown of 
France till 841. Charles III. was the first that added the year 
of our Lord to the year of his reign, 879. Conrade I. was the first 
elected emperor, 912 ; he is deemed the first emperor of Germany 
freely chosen ; but we have no authentic accsount of the electors 
of the empire till 1273, when Rodolph of Harpsburgh was chosen 
emperor by the seven electors, after an interregnum of 22 years. 
The electors, according to some, reduced to seven in 999. To 
bring in their sons successors, the emperors, in their life-time, 
politically got them elected king of the Romans, which was a 
part of the sovereignty ; the first emperor so elected, 1054. The 
elet'tive power originated by the emperors getting their last will, 
wherein they nominated their successors, confirmed before their 
deaths hy the princes and gi-eat men. The emperor Philip mur- 
dered, 1208. Seven electors first appointed to choose an emperor, 
1258. Lewis V made the empire independent of the holy see, 
August 8, 1338. Golden bulls, i-elating to the election of the em- 
perors, established by Charles IV. of Germany, 1357. To get his 
son elected king of the Romans, Charles IV. gave each elector 
100,000 ducats, and was forced to mortgage several cities to raise 
the money, 1376; the descendants of the mortgagees continue 
still in the possesion of them. Charles V. born 1500 ; visited 
England, 1522; resigned his crown to his brother, 1556; and 
turned monk, 1558. A reformation took place in the empire, 
1648. The peace of Carlowitz, when the bounds of the German 
and Eastern empires were settled, 1689. Rodolph was the first 
emperor of the house of Austria, in which family the German 
empire continued till it passed mto the house of Lon-aine, by 
the marriage of the heiress of Austria, the celebrated queen of 
Hungaiy, to Francis duke of Lorraine, who was elected emperor, 
1745. The present emperor is his grandson. There are nine 
electors, three ecclesiastical, and six secular, in whom is vested 
the i-ight of electing the emperors of Germany. The three eccle- 
siastical are the archbishops of Mentz, Treves, and Cologne. 
The secular are Boliemia, Saxony, Bradenburg, the Palatine, Ba- 
varia, and Hanover. The two last have been added in violation 
Of the golden bull which restricted the Htunber to seven. The 



STATES, &c. FOUNDED. 328 

heir apparent to the empire must be chosen by the electors king 
of the Romans, to secure his succession. The emperor Leopold 
was poisoned, March 1, 1722. In consequence of the coni'edera- 
tion of the Rhine, Fi-ancis II. resigned the station of emperor of 
Germany, which dissolved that ancient constitution, Aug. 7, 1306. 

Goree isle first planted by the Dutch, 1617. 

Grand Cairo built by the Saracens, 969. 

Gravesend erected to protect the river Thames, 1513. 

Grecian empire founded by Alexander, 331 ; commenced, 811. 

Groningen built, 433 before Christ. 

Hartford and other towns in Connecticut, settled by emigrants 
from Massachusetts, 1635. 

Hamburgh founded, 804; walled, 811. 

Hanover, hitherto but a village, walled, 556; obtained the pi'ivl* 
leges of a city, 1178; made the ninth electorate, 1692; capitula- 
ted to the French, 1803. 

Heptarchy, in England, commenced, 455 ; ended, 824. 

Holland, originally part of the territory of the Belgse, conquei-ed by 
the Romans, 47 before Christ. A sovereignty founded by Thier? 
ry, first count of Holland, A. D. 368 ; continued till 1417, when 
it passed, by surrender, to the duke of Burgundy, A. D. 1534, 
being oppressed by the bishop of Utrecht, the people ceded the 
country to Spain. The Spanish tyranny being insupportable, 
they revolted, and formed the republic, now called the United 
Provinces, by the union of Utrecht, 1579. The office of stadt- 
holder, or captain general of the United Provinces, made herecTi- 
tai'y in the prince of Orange's family, not excepting females, 1747. 
A revolt formed, but prevented by the Px-ussians, 1787. Invaded 
by the French in 1793, who took possession of it, January, 1795, 
and expelled the stadtholder ; erected into a kingdom uud^r 
Louis Buonaparte, June 5, 1806. 

A recent statistical account of Holland states the population 
of that country to amount to two millions, a much greater pro- 
portion to the soil, than is found in any other country. The na- 
tional revenues are stated at 150 millions of florins. The foreign 
fisheries are vei-y much decayed, and the whale fishei-y, which is 
stated as a losing concern, is said to support 15,000 individuals. 
The herring and cod fisheries are still of much importance to the 
prosperity of Holland, though other nations have obtained so large 
a share in this species of industry. It is now under the dominion 
of Louis Buonaparte, and has been greatly impoverished by FrencTi 
rapacity and the enforcement of the colonial system. (1810.) 

Holstein delivered by Russia to the Danes, November 16, 1775. 

Jamestown, first cajiital of Virginia, founded, 1607. 

Jersey, Guernsey, Sark, and Aldeniey, were appendages of the 
duchy of Normandy, and united to the crown of England, by the 
first prince of the Norman line. 

Jerusalem built 1800 before Chi-ist; destroyed by Titus, 70; rebuilt 
by Adrian, 130 ; again destroyed, 136 ; taken by the Saracens, 
622 ; taken from the Christians by Saladin, 1190 ; taken by the 
Crusaders, July 14, 1099, when 70,000 infidels are said to have 
been massacred. 

lUura built, 1359 before Christ. 

Indiana territory, formerly a part of the North- West territory, so 
c4|td, was erected into a temporary govermnent, iavesteil with 



23& STATES, 8cc FOUNDED. 

the usual powers, by act of congress, January, 1801. Inhaltatanit^ 
4875. 

Ii-eland ; the original inhabitants of this country are supposed to 
have been of the Celtic stock ; it was divided foiinerly among a 
number of petty sovereigns. Strongbow, earl of Pembroke, at 
the request of Dennot, king of Leinster, invaded Ireland, and 
landed near Waterford, August 23, 1170. King Henry II. set 
sail from Milford Haven with a large army on board 440 trans- 
ports, for the conquest of Ireland. He landed near Waterford, 
October 26, 1171, and completed the conquest of the whole island, 
1172. In 1314 the Scots fomented a rebellion, and Edward Bruce, 
their sovereign, having expelled the English was proclaimed king 
of Ireland, 1315. The Scots were driven out by the English, 
1318. All the Irish were ordered home, 1423. The kings of 
England were called lords of Ireland till 1542; when Henry VIII. 
took the title of king. Erected into a kingdom by a bull from 
pope Paul IV. 1555. Invaded by the Spaniards, 1582 ; again, 
1601. Admitted to a free trade by the British parliament, 1779 ; 
and released from subserviency of the English privy council, 1782. 
Harrassed by the peep-of-day boys, 1789. Invaded by the French, 
1797. Broke out in insurrection in May, 1798, which was sup- 
pressed in August following. Again the French made an unsuc- 
cessful landing at Killala bay, and were all taken prisoners, 1798. 
Union with England proposed, opposed, and began in 1800. 

Italy, kingdom of, began, 476; ended, 964. 

Kent, Idngdom of, began, 455 ; ended, 823. 

Kentucky, formerly a part of Virginia, first settled in 1773. Admit- 
ted into the Union, June 1, 1792. Constitution adopted, August 
17, 1799. Senate chosen for four years and the house of represen- 
tatives annually. Governor elected for four years and eligible the 
next seven. Judges hold their offices during good behaviour, but 
may be removed on the address of two thirds of the legislature. 
Sends three repi-esentatives to congress. 

London fortified by the Romans, 50 ; walled, and a palace built, 
294; made a bishoprick, 653; repaired by king Alfred, 885; 
greatly damaged by fire, 982, 1027, and 1130; not paved, 1090; 
houses of timber, thatched with straw, but to prevent fire ordered 
to be built with stone and covered with slate, 1192; a charter by 
king John to the Londoners to choose a maj^or out of their own 
body annually (this office formerly was for life), to elect and re- 
move their sheritTs at pleasure, and their common-council men 
annually, 1208 ; aldermen first appointed, 1242 ; the houses still 
thatched with straw, Cheapside lay out of the city, 1246 ; all 
built of wood, 1300 ; their privileges taken away, but restored on 
submission, 1366 ; the lord mayor's show instituted, 1453 ; a 
sheriff fined 501. for kneeling too near the lord mayor, when at 
prayers in St. Paul's cathedral, 1486; still chiefly built of wood, 
and in every respect very irregular, 1600 ; the lord mayor and 
sheriffs arrested at the suit of two pretended sheriffs, April 24, 
1652 ; the greatest part of the city destroyed by fire, 1666 ; the 
charter of the citv declared to be forfeited to the crown, June 12, 
1682 ; privileges taken away, but restored, 1688 ; built a mansion' 
house, 1737; furnished and inhabited the same, 1752; began 
Blackfriars bridge, October 31, 1760; the city remonstrated on 
tlsB king's paying no atientioa to their petition for a r^edr^ss (?f 



STATES, &c. FOUNDED. 531 

grievances, and was censm-ed, March, 1770; Brass Cx'osby, esq, 
Kord mayor, and alderman Oliver, sent to the tower by the house 
of commons for committing their messenger, March, 1771 ; the 
city abandoned to the mercy of an ungoverned mob, July 3, 1780. 
London is now supposed to contain 160,000 houses, 7,000 streets^, 
to cover 3,000 acres, and to be in circumference 23 miles, and its 
population 1,200,000. 
London-bridge built about 1016 ; burnt, 1136; built new with tim- 
ber, 1165 ; finished with stone after 33 years labour, 1209 ; rebuilt 
with stone, 1212; houses took fire at both ends, the people think- 
ing to suppi-es5 it, were hemmed m, and leaping over into boats. 
and barges, several sunk, and 300 persons were drowned, 1214; its 
water-works invented and begun, 1582 ; a great fire on it, Febru- 
ary 11, 1632; houses taken down, 1756; temporary bridge burnt, 
April 11, 1758 ; water-woi'ks destroyed by tire, 1774. 
Louisiana : by the treaty of St. Ildefouzo, October 1, 1800, it was 
agreed by Spain to cede this country to France, and it was accord- 
ingly done, July 20, 1802. On April 30, 1803, it was purchased 
by the United States for 15,000,000 dollars, and divided into two 
territories, called Upper Louisiana and New Orleans. The popu- 
lation of Louisiana, including Pensaeola and the Natchez, in 1785, 
amounted to 32,062: viz. 14,215 free whites, 1033 free -people of 
colour, and 16,544 slaves. The latest documents make the whole 
number 42,375: viz. free whites, 21,244; free people of colour, 
1768, and slaves, 12,920. But this estimate is certainly below the 
truth ; another and more probable estimate, makes the whites iu 
the island of New Orleans, on the west side of the river, and some 
settlements on the east side, amount to 50,150, and the blacks 
39,820. Baron de Carondelet's return of militia, estimated them at 
10,340. The two territories are now under the dominion of gover- 
nors appointed by the president and senate of the United States. 
Each sends a delegate to congress, who has the privilege of debat- 
ing but not of voting. In New Orleans tenitory it is provided by 
law that a woman cannot be imprisoned for debts incurred ia 
trade. This is a law no less honourable to the gallantry than th? 
justice and humanity of the legislators. 
Lyons, in France, founded 43 before Christ; opposed the national 

convention, by whom it was besieged in 1793. 
Macedon, kingdom of, began 814 before Christ. 
Madrid built 936 before Christ ; but remained an obscure village in 

1515. 
Malta given to the knights of Rhodes by the emperor Charles V. 
1522; sm-rendered to the French, June 12, 1798. The emperor 
of Russia declai-ed himself grand master in June, 1799. 
Man, isle of, formerly subject to Norway, then to John and Heniy 
III. of England, and afterwards to Scotland ; governed by its 
lords from 1043 ; conquered by Henry IV. and by him given to 
the earl of Northumberland, with the title of king, 1341 ; at whose 
attainder it was granted to sir John de Stanley, 1406 ; in this 
family it continued till 1594, when it was seized by the queen ; 
Granted to William, earl of Derby, 1608 ; fell by inheritance to 
the duke of Athol, 1735 ; Chi-istianity first established there by 
St. Patrick and St. Andrew, about 440 ; episcopal see established^ 
447 ; annexed to the crown of England, having beea purchase^ 
ef the duke of Athol for 70,0001. in 1765, 



^ STATES, &c. FOUNDED, 

Maryland, granted by Charles I. to Ccecilius Calvert, lord BalU'^ 
more, June 20, 1632. The first colony which was erected into 
a province of the British empire, and governed by Its own laws., 
First constitution adopted, 1646. Acceded to the Union, March 1, 
1781. The present constitution was adopted, August 14, 1776. 
House of delegates elected annually, senate every five years, the 
governor elected annually by joint ballot, and not eligible after 
having served three years successively until the expiration of four 
years. Judges appointed by the governor and council, and hold 
their offices during good behaviour. Sends nine representatives 
to congress. 

Mercian kingdom, began, 584; ended, 828. 

lililan : the capital of this celebrated dukedom is reputed to have 
been built by the Gauls, 403 before Christ. It submitted to the 
Romans, 222 before Christ; was formed into a republic, A. D. 
1221 ; and lastly, was governed by dukes from 1395 till 1501 ; the 
French expelled from it by Charles V. of Germany, about 1525, 
who gave it to his son Philip II.; taken by the imperalists, 
1796; given to Austria, on Naples and Sicily being ceded to 
Spain, 1748 ; seized by the French, 1796 ; retaken by the Aus- 
trians, May, 1799. 

Massachusetts, first settled in 1620. First patent obtained in 1621,. 
and the last in 1630. In 1684 the charter was declared by the 
court of chancery of England to be forfeited. Another obtained, 
1692. The present constitution was adopted, March 2, 1780. 
Governor, senate, and house of representatives, elected annually, 
by the people. Judges are appointed by the governor and coun; 
cU, and hold their offices during good behaviour. 

^lichigan territory, in 1800, changed its name from Wayne county, 
and was orgMiized with the usual officers and powers. Inhaln- 
tants 3,206. 

Mississippi Territory was formerly part of Georgia— erected into a 
distinct government in 1800; has 8,850 inhabitants, of whom 3,489 
are slaves. 

Mogul empire. The first conqueror was Jenghis Khan, a Tartarian 
prince, who died in 1226. Timer Bek became great mogul, by 
conquest, 1399 ; the dynasty continued in his family till the conr 
quest of Tamerlane, in the fifteenth century, whose descendants 
have kept the throne ever since : Khouli Khan, the famous sophi 
of Persia considerably diminished the power of the moguls, car- 
ried away immense treasures from Delhi, and since that event ma? 
ny of the nabobs have made themselves independent. 

Morocco, empire of, (anciently Mauritania) first known, 1008 ; pos- 
sessed by the Romans, 25 before Christ, and reduced by them to a 
province, 50. From this time it underwent various revolutions, 
-till the establishment of the Almovarides ; the second emperor of 
this family built the capital, Morocco. About 1116, Abdalla, the 
leader of a sect of Mahometans, founded the dynasty of Almahides, 
which ended in the last sovereign's total defeat in Spain, 1312; at 
this period, Fez and Tremecen, then provinces of the empire, 
shook off their dependence. Morocco was afterwards seized by the 
king of Fez ; but the descendants of Mahomet, about 1550, subdued 
and imited the three kingdoms ag^^ aojl foQEfed wimt is at pi^ 
sent the empire of Morrocfta. 
Moscow founded 1150. 



STATES, && FOUlJDED. ^33 

Naples, (anciently Capua and Campania), kingdom of, begun 1020..., 
Great part of the countiy was inhabited, in ancient times., by the 
Etrnscans, who built Nole and Capua. This territory has under- 
gone various revolutions, and was distinguished from another di- 
Aision of Sicily by the title of "the kingdom of Puglia," of which, 
llodger, count of Sicily, was the first monarch, 1127 ; given by the 
pope to the count D'Anjou, in exclusion of the right heir, Coradin^ 
who was taken prisoner and beheaded, aged 16, 1266 ; Charles, 
king of Naples, being invited, by the Hungarians, to the crown of 
Hungary, was, when there crowned, murdered by order of the 
queen regent, in her presence, who, for this, was soon after taken 
out of her carriage and drowned in the river Boseth, 1386 ; AI- 
phonsus, of Arragon, united Sicily to it, and the kings have been 
since called " king of the two Sicilies," 1442 ; taken from the 
French and annexed to Spain, 1 504— continued with the Spaniards 
till 1706, when it was taken by the emperor ; conquered by the 
Spaniards again, 1734, and settled on don Carlos, the king of Spain's 
son, 1736 ; he resigned it to his third son, Ferdinand, 1759. The 
French seized on Naples and compelled the king to retire to Sicily, 
Januai-y 24, 1799, but was restored on July 10, following, when the 
king returned ; the king of Naples expelled, and Joseph Buona- 
parte made king, 1806 . 

Netherlands declared themselves a free state, 1565 and 1789 ; becamie 
a province to France in 1794. 

New Hampshire first settled, 1623. Its present constitution was 
adopted in 1792. The senate, house of representatives, and gover- 
nor are elected annually; five counsellors to the governor are also 
elected annually by the people. Judges are appointed by the go- 
vernor and council. Sends seventeen representatives to congress. 

New Jersey, the present constitution was adopted, July 2, 1776. The 
legislative council and house of assembly elected annually— the go- 
vernor is elected annually by joint ballot of the two houses ; the 
council and assembly appoint the judges of the supreme court for 
a^ven years, and other justices for five years. The governor and 
council constitute a coutt of appeals. Sends six representatives to 
congress. 

New Territory— the N. W. part of the United States, bounded on 
lake Superior, &;c.— not yet settled. 

New York was discovered in 1608, by Henry Hudson. The present 
constitution was adopted, April 20, 1777 ; house of representatives 
chosen annually, senate every four, and the governor every three 
years. The legislators annually choose four senators, who, in con- 
junction with the governor, foim the council of appointment ; 
judges chosen by the council of appointment and hold their offices 
during good behaviour, or until they attain the age of sixty years. 
Electors in New York, in 1807, amounted to 43,883; total inhabi- 
tants in the city and county of New York, in 1807, was 83,530. 
Sends seventeen representatives to congress. 

Noithumberland kingdom began, 547 ; ended, 823. 

Nova Scotia divided into two provinces, 1784. 

Ohio, originally a part of Virginia, was ceded to the United States 
in 1781, and was admitted into the union, April 28, 1802. The 
representatives are chosen annually, and the senators and gover- 
nor every two years. In 1803 contained 76,000 inhabitants. Sends ■ 
one representative to congress. 



254 STATES, &c. FOUfJDED. 

Orkney isles Sold by Denmark to Scotland, 839 ; re-gJlQtited, 146^. 

Osnabui-gh bishoprick established, 1780. 

Ostrogoths, their kingdom began in Italy, 476 ; ended, 554. 

Ostend, in Flanders, endui-ed a siege of three years, and the garrison 
and inhabitants, reduced by famine, surrendered on capitulation to 
the Spaniards, 1604 ; attempted to be taken by the French, but the 
scheme miscarried with great loss to them, owing to the minister 
having been deceived by his agents, 1658 ; made a free port, June 
15, 1781; sun-endered to the French in 1789, and was taken by 
the English in 1793 ; and in 1794, with all the Netherlands, surren= 
dered to the French. 

Ottoman empire begun, 1293. 

Oxford university derived its ori^n so early as about 1130 before 
Christ; founded by Alfred, 886; bishoprick taken from Lincoln, 
and founded, 1541 ; first public lecture m Ai-abic read there, 1636. 

Padua built, 1269 before Christ ; surrounded with a wall, &c. by the 
Venetians, 1019. 

P^myra, in the deserts of Syria, built by Solomon, and its ruins dis- 
.covered, 1678. 

Paris founded. 357; made the capital of France, 510; the city con- 
sumed by fire, 588; first paved with stones, 1186; barracadoes of, 
1588, to oppose the entry of the duke of Guise; again, August 27, 
1748, in opposition to the regency; first parliament there, 1302; 
old parliament recalled, November 25, 1774. 

Pennsylvania, gi-anted by charter from Charles II. to William Penn, 
March 4, 1681 ; next year the new colony published a frame of go- 
vernment and a code of laws : a friendly intercourse was preserved 
•with the aborigines for upwards of seventy years. The first colo- 
nists were chiefly quakers, who still maintain great influence in 
the state, which tliey employ in the noblest and most beneficial 
purposes ; to this excellent society that state owes its penitentiary 
system, one of the best, whether considered in a moral or political 
point of \'iew, that ever was devised ; to them likewise it owes the 
Pennsylvania hospital and several other institutions, calculated to 
ameliorate the condition of society. The first assembly was held 
at Philadelphia, in 1683, when a new political compact was adopts 
ed. In 1701 William Penn granted his last charter of privileges. 
The present constitution was established, September 2, 1790. In 
1796 an insurrection took place in the western parts of the state, 
and another, a few years afterwards, in Northampton, Bucks, and 
other adjoining counties, but these were soon quelled by the fede- 
ral authority. A more serious one was organized by the present 
governor and some of his ignorant adhei'ents, in 1809, to obstruct a 
process issuing out of the supreme court of the United States ; but, 
although the whole military force of the state was under the orders 
of the governor on this iniquitous occasion, the good sense of the 
community prevailed, and the federal government enforced its 
legitimate authority. 

Persian empire founded, 536 before Christ. 

Petersburg, in Muscovy, built by the Czar, Peter 1. 1703. 

Picts first mentioned in history, 284 ; extirpated by the Scots, 840. 

Pisa republic founded, 1403. 

Poland, once the country of the Vandals, who left it to invade the 
Roman empire ; it was made a duchy, 694 ; kingdom of, began, by 
iSvour of Otho III. emperor of Germairy, under Boleslaus, 999 ; 



S^TATES, &c. FOUNDED. Si5 

^ed Russia added to it, 1059 ; Pomerania, that had been separated 
180 years again united with it, 1465 ; embraced Christianity, 965 ; 
order of the white eagle instituted, 1705; Augustus vacated his 
throne, 1707— endeavoured to recover it, 1709 ; pacification treaty, 
1717; Augustus Stanislaus, king of, carried oft' by the confederates 
and wounded, November 3, 1771; seized, and divided between 
Prussia, Russia, and Germany, 1773. So late as the thirteenth 
century, the Poles retained tlie custom of killing old men when 
past their labour, and such children as were born imperfect. A 
general revolution, April 14, and the orown made hereditary in the 
Saxony family. May 3, 1791; the sovereig'nty dissolved, and the 
kingdom divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia, Novembei; 
25, 1795, and the king retired on a pension of 2CO,000 ducats.... 
Invaded by Buonaparte, 1806. 

Portugal, kingdom of, began in 1139, united to Spain in 1580, and 
continued so till 1640, when they shook off" the Spanish yoke. 

Prussia, anciently possessed by the Venedi, whose kings were de- 
scended from Arthirius, first king of the Hiruli, on the Baltic, 320 
before Christ. The Venedi were conquered by the Borussi, who 
inhabited the Riphsean mountains, thence the country was called 
Borussi, or Prussia : was subdued by the Mercian knights, sent by 
the emperor Frederick II. 1215 ; wear^ of the extortions of their 
governors, they revolted to Jagello, king of Poland, 1219. The 
gi-aiid master of the Teutonic order conquered the Poles, and 
kept possession till 1700, when he was made a king. The king 
of, visited England, 1744; seized part of Poland, 1773, and 1795. 
Conquered by Buonaparte, 1806. 

Rhode Island, 'first settled in 1638. Charter from Charles II. 1663. 
Admitted into the union, 1789. The governor and legislature are 
chosen annually by the people, and the judges are appointed, it i» 
believed, by the legislature, annually. Sends two representatives 
to congress. 

Roman empire began, 44 before Christ— ended, 63 after Christ ; bea 
gan in the West, 74— ended, 92 ; begaii in the East, 364— ended^ 
1553 ; it was 2000 miles broad, and 3000 in length. 

•Rome— its foundation laid by Romulus, its first king, 753 B. C. ac» 
cording to most chronologers ; by sir Isaac Newton's chronology, 
627 B. C. They seize the Sabine women at a public spectacle, 
and detain them for wives, 750 B. C. The Romans and Albans, 
contesting for superiority, agree to choose three champions on 
each part to decide it: the three Hoi-atii, Roman knights, and the 
three Cuv~atii, Albans, being elected by their respective countries, 
engage in the celebrated combat, which, by the victory of the 
Hoi-atii, subdues and unites Alba to Rome, 667 B. C. The circus 
built, said to have been capable to contain 150,000 people, 605 B. C. 
Sextus Tarquin, having ravished Lucretia, the Tarquins are ex- 
pelled, the kingly government abolished, and the republican esta- 
blished under two annual consuls, 500 B .C. The dictatorship first 
introduced, 493 B. C. Decemviri appointed to form a body of 
lavrs, which being done, they were written on ten tables, tranr 
scribed on pillars of brass, and made the standard of judicial pro- 
ceedings, 451 B. 'C. The Tribunes, .<Ediles, Sec. divested of all 
power, 450 B. C. Creation of censors, 443 B. C. Patrician tri- 
bunes chosen instead of consuls, 421 B. C. The consulship r&- 
stored, 43.8 B. Q. Tbree questors, froi» among ibe people, etewT' 
o 



236 STATES, &e. FOUNDED, 

ed, 410 B. C. Roman soldiers first paid, 406 B. C. Sacked by 
Brennus, 390 E. C. City burnt by the Gauls, 388 B, C. The tem- 
ple of Mars built, 380 B. C. Praetor, one first appointed, 365 B. C. 
The first punic war declared : before this time the Romans had 
never can-ied their arms beyond Italy, nor encountered their ene- 
mies at sea, 264 B. C. About this time silver money was first 
made at Rome, instead of brass, before in use; it took the name 
of moneta, from the temple of Juno Moneta, where it was coined. 
The second punic war began, 2i8 B. C. Capitol and temple of 
Janus built, 207 B. C. The third punic war, 149 B. C. when, after 
a siege of three years, the Romans took Carthage, and utterly de- 
stroyed it, 146 B c. Marius made his grand triumphal entry in- 
to Rome, preceded by an immense treasure in gold and silver, the 
spoils of Numidia ; the famous Jugurtha, its king, and his two sons 
in chains, graced the triumph, 103 B, C. The Ambrones and 
Teutones defeated by Marius : the wives of the former being re- 
fused security from violation, murder themselves and their chil- 
dren, 102 B. C. The Capitol burnt, 83 B. C. re-built by Domitian. 
Pompey and Julius Caesar began to contend for supreme power 
over the commonwealth, which produced a bloody civil %var, 59 
B. C. Cffisar was assassinated in the senate-house, and the revo- 
lution, intended to be prevented by this catastrophe, was only 
hastened, 44 B. C. The Roman state, divided into two factions by 
Octavius Cfesar and Marc Anthony, a civil war ensued, 41 B. C. 
The republic changed to an empire, Octavius Caesar having the 
titles of Imperator and Augustus conferred on him by the senate 
and people, 27 B. C. About this time the annual revenue of the 
Roman empire amounted to forty millions of pounds sterling.... 
The city of Rome was computed to haA'e been fifty miles in cir- 
cumference, and its inhabitants to exceed four millions. The fa- 
mous temple of the Mother of the Gods consumed by fire, A. D. 2. 
A new census, or numeration of the people, being taken by Clau- 
dius, the emperor and censor, the inhabitants of Rome were found 
to amount to six millions, nine hundred thousand, A. D. 48. The 
numijer of inhabitants able to bear ai-ms were 132,419 men, 459; 
the number was 270,000 in 294 ; was 338,214 in 159; and 320,000 in 
50 A. D. The Goths, Vandals, and other barbarous nations of the 
North, began to invade the Roman empire, about A. D. 250. It 
is divided into four parts between two emperors, Dioclesian and 
Constantius; the basis of its dissolution, 292. The seat of erapii-e 
removed from Rome to Constantinople, by Constantine, 330. 
Divided again into the eastern and western empires, 364. Rome 
taken and plundered by the Goths, 410; by the Vandals, 455; by 
the Heruli, 476. Is recovered for Justinian by Belisarius, 537: in 
547 the Goths retook it, but in 553 Narses, another of Justinian's 
generals reconquered it for the emperor. In 726, it revolted from 
the Greek emperors, became a free state, and was governed by a 
senate: finally, the senate and people acknowledged Charlemagne, 
king of France, as emperor of the West, who surrendered the city 
and duchy to the pope, reserving the sovereignty, A. D. 800 ; the 
popes afterwards made themselves independent, and continued in 
possession of this renowned city and its territories, called the Ec- 
clesiastical States, till 1798. St. Peter's cathedral was built by 
-pope Julius II. who died in 1512— Bramante was the architect. 
The inhalwtants of Rome, on June 4, 1780. amounted to I55jl84s 



SXATES, SiC. FOUNDEB. 237 

of whom 36,485 were house-keepers ; in this number were included 
3,847 monks, 2,327 secular priests, 1,910 nuns, 1,065 students, 1,470 
paupers, 7 negroes, and 52 persons not Romans. Reduced, by the 
French, to a republic, and the pope sent from Rome, February 15, 
1798. Its population in 1794 was 167,000, in 1793, 151,000, and in 
1805, 134,973, of every age and condition. 
Russia, or Muscovy, (anciently Sarmatia, and inhabited by the Scy- 
thians)— not renowned till the natives attempted to take Constan- 
tinople, 864; Rurick was grand duke of Novogorod, in this coun- 
try, A. D. 862, the earliest authentic account of it. In 981 Wolidi- 
roer was the first Christian king. Andrew I. began his rei^n 1158, 
and laid the foundation of Moscow. About the mjddle ot the six- 
teenth century the Russians discovered and conquered Siberia. 
Navigation from England first discovered by Robert Chancellor, 
J554. The Tartars surprised Moscow, and killed 30,000 inhabi- 
tants, 1571. First began their new year fi-om Jan. 1,1700. Be- 
came an empire, 1727, Peter 1. assumed the title of emperor of all 
the Russias, which was admitted by the powers of Europe in their 
future negociations with the court of Petersburg; lie visited Eng- 
land, and w^orked in the dock-yard at Deptford, 1697. A revolu- 
tion, without blood-shed, in favour of Elizabeth, 1740; another, in 
favour of the empress Cathei-ine II. 1762 ; the emperor John, an 
infant, deposed, 1741— put to death, 1763; the punishment of the 
knout abolished, 1752; seized part of Poland in 1773, and 1795. 
Paul I. the late emperor, murdered, Mai-ch 23, and Alexander 
crowned, 1800. 

Ifx 1803, Marriages, 300,470 

Births, ....... 1,270,341 

Deaths, 791,973 

Excess of bii-ths, 478,368 

Increase of population in one year, nearly half a million 

Among the deaths were reckoned— 

1145 between 95 and 100 

158 ....... 100 105 

90 105 110 

34 . 110 115 

36 115 120 

15 ....... 120 125 

5 125 130 

1 145 150 

Salem, in New England, settled, 1628. 

Sardinia conquei-ed by the Spaniards, 1303, in whose possession it 
was till 1708, when it was taken by an English fleet, and given to 
the duke of Savoy, with the title of king. 
Savoy, part of Gallia Narbonensis, which submitted to the Romans, 
118 before Christ. The Alemans seized it, 395 ; the Franks in 496. 
The dukedom of Savoy is now possessed by the king of Sardinia— 
but great part of the country was ceded to France in 1796; seizetl 
by the French, December, 1798, who wei-e repulsed, September 30, 
1799; again seized by the French, 
Scotland, (anciently Caledonia) history of, began 328 before Christ, 
when Fergus I. was chosen its first sovereign; received the Chris- 
tian faith, A. D. 203 ; united under one monarchy by Kenneth II. 
the 69th king, and called Scotland, 838 ; divided into baronies, 
1032 J invaded by the l^ing of Norway, near Loch Lomond, 1263 j 



las WatSs, &c. founde». 

on the death of Alexander III. was disputed by 12 candidates, wjfo 
submitted their claims to the arbitration of Edwai-d I. of England, 
1283, which gave him an opportunity to conquer it ; it was not 
entirely recovered by the Scots till 1314; its regalia and crown ta- 
ken and brought to England, with the coronation chair, now in 
Westminster abbey, 1296; records of Scotland, being sent by sea 
from England for Scotland, were lost, 1298 ; first general assembly 
of the church held, December 20, 1560; earl of Murray regent, 
1567 ; earl of Lenox regent, July 12, 1570 ; earl of ISIar regent, 
September 6, 1571; earl of Morton regent, Nov. 24, 1572; James 
VI. of Scotland, succeeded to the crown of England, 1603; this 
produced an union of the two crowns, and in 1707 the two king- 

-^ doms were united, and took the style and title of Great Britain. 

Sicily first peopled from Italy, 1262 before Christ. 

Spain was first ci\ilized by the Phoenicians, who possessed great part 
of it; these called in the Carthaginians; it was afterwards invaded 
by the Rhodians ; the Carthaginians however made new conquests 
in 209, and after the destruction of ancient Tyre, became the most 
powerful in this country. Conquered by the Romans, 216 before 
Christ : Grenada and Andalusia was the BcEtica of the Romans, 
and the rest of Spain the province of Taragona. The several pro- 
vinces now subject to the crown were once independent kingdoms, 
but became oiie kingdom in 414. The Goths and Vandals over- 
turned the Roman power, 569, and continued in possession of it 
till it was conquered by the INIoors in 711 : the Moors kept posses- 
sion till 1093. The small kingdoms were swallowed up in Castile 
and Arragon, 1492. Primacy of Toledo founded, 680. St. James, 
the tutelar saint of Spain, since the finding of that apostle's body 
in the ninth century. Holy brotherhood instituted, 1260. King- 
dom of Spain foimded, by the union of the two crowns of Castile 
and Arragon ; the queen of Castile having married the king of 
Arragon, 1479, who assumed the title of Catholic majesty. By 
the conquest of Navarre and Grenada, Ferdinand put a complete 
end to the dominion of the Moors in this country, 1511. Escurial 
began building, 1569. Fuero Juzgo, code of laws enacted by Chin- 
das-vindus, 612; that called Les usages, formed by the count of 
Barcelona, 1060; Fuero de Castilla, by Alphonso IX. 1211; Fuero 
real, by Alphonso X. 1254; Siete partidas, Alphonso XI. 1347; 
Resopilation, by Philip II. 1567 ; Nueva do, by Philip IV. 1665 ; 
Novissima do. by Philip V. 1723 ; who resigned his crown to his 
son, December 1724; but on liis son's death he re-assiuned it. 

Sweden, (anciently Scandinavia) kingdom of, began, 481 ; united 
to the croNvn of Denmai-k and Norway in 1394, till 1525, when 
Gustavus Vasa expelled the Danes, imtil which time the crown 
was elective ; Christianity introduced there, 829 ; no nobility there 
before 1500 ; nobility massacred, November 8, 1510 ; Lutheranism 
established there by Gustavus Vasa, about 1525 ; popeiy abolished, 
and the crown declared hereditary, 1544; Christiana, queen of, 
born, 1626— began her reign, 1632— founded the order of Amarante, 
1645— i-esigned her crown, 1654~died at Rome, 1689. , Charles XII. 
began his i-eign, 1700— made prisoner by the Turks at Bender, af- 
ter three years protection there, 1713 ; conspiracy for altering the 
government, when counts Brahe and Home were beheaded, 1756; 
revolution in the government, and made absolute, Aug. IS, 1773— 
a^ again, 1789 ; the king assftssiaated, Mardi 1@, 1792, 



STATES, &C. FOUNDEJD. ^39 

Sw'isserland inhabited formerly by the Helvetii, who were subdued 
by Caesar, 57 before Chi-ist; it remained subject to the Romans, 
till again conquered by the Alemans from Germany, 395 ; these 
were driven out by Clovis I. of France, 496 ; became part of the 
kingdom of Burgundy, 888 ; given by the last king of Burgundy 
to tlie emperor of Germany, 1032, to which it belonged, till the 
Swiss cantons were formed, 1307 ; their form of government made 
pciijetual by themselves, 1315, and i-atified by other powers, 
1649; Swiss soldiers first in the pay of France, 1480; order of 
the Bear founded, 1213; six of the cantons are protcstants, the 
rest Roman catholics ; their independence abolished by the 
French, September 9, 1798. 

Tennessee was ibrmerly a part of Carolina. Ceded to the- United 
States in 1789, and erected into a temtorial goveniment in 1790. 
Admitted into the union, 1796. The senate and house of repre- 
sentatives chosen every two years. The governor is chosen by the 
people, and is eligible six years out of eight. Judges are ap- 
pointed by the legislature during good behaviour. Sends one re- 
presentative to congress. 

Thebes built by Cadmus, 493 before Christ. 

Transyhania was given to Austi-ia, 1699. 

Troy built, 1480 B. C. ; the kingdom of, began, 1446 before Christ. 

Tuscany erected into a dukedom, 1530; seized by the French, 
March 24, 1799 ; recovered its independence, July 17, 1799. 

Vandals began their kingdom in Spain, 412 ; ended 534. 

Visigoths began their kingdom of Thoulouse, 1414: conquered. 
1713. 

Venice. The first inhabitants of this countiy were the Veneti; 
conquered by the Gauls, and made a kiigdom, about 356 ; con- 
quered for the Romans, by Marcellus, 221 before Christ. The 
islands on which the city stands began to be inhabited by Italians, 
about 421 ; the first house was erected on the morass, by Entino- 
pas, who fled from the Goths ; the people of Padua took refuge 

■ there also, and were assisted by Entinopas in building? the eighty 
houses which formed the first city, 413; first governed by a doge, 
697 ; but its republic was not independent till 803 ; reduced to 
ashes, 1101; nearly destroved by the league of Cambray, 1509; 
the arsenal was destroyed by fire, 1565 ; on the conspiracy of which 
Otway's play is founded, 1618 ; declared a free port. May 11, 1736; 
its senate dissolved, and its government changed by the French 
troops in 1797; the doge omitted the ceremony of wedding the 
Adriatic sea, a ceremony that had existed from 1173. The 
French ceded the city with the adjacent countiy to the emperor 
of Germany, October 17, 1797; again seized by the Fi-ench, 
1805. 
Vermont, first settled, 1724, was claimed by New York as a part of 
their territoiy, but the people declared themselves a free state iu 
1777, and petitioned congress for admission into the union, but 
were refused. Controversy terminated in 1790, by Vermont pay- 
ing to New York, thirty thousand dollars. Admitted into the 
union, February 18, 1791. Its present constitution was adopted 
in July, 1792. The legislative powers are vested in a general as- 
sembly chosen annually. The governor and council are also 
elected annually by the people. The Judges are clioseu annually 
by the people, Tberv; is a council of ceascrs elected eveiT sevea 
2 ' 



249 STATES, &G. FOUNDED. 

years, whose power exists during one year, and whose duty it is to 
inquire into the execution of the laws, &c. dui-ing the last sep- 
tenary, to pass censures, order impeachments, &c. Sends sis 
representatives to congress. 
Virginia, was given by patent to the London company, 1606. First 
colony arrived, 1607. Captain Smith arrived, 1608. In 1624 the 
charter was vacated. Virginia passed the first resolution against 
the stamp act and denied the right of parliamentaiy taxation. 
The present constitution was adopted, July 5, 1776. The house 
of delegates and senate are elected annually. The governor is 
chosen by the assembly and also the judges, who hold their offi- 
ces during good beliaviour. Sends twenty two representatives to 
congress. A freight of girls, ninety in number, " young and un- 
comipt," were sent to this colony, 1620, and sold at one hundred 
and twenty pounds of tobacco. Next year sixty more were sent 
and the price was raised to one hundred and fifty pounds. Value 
of tobacco then was thi-ee shillings per pound. These debts had 
precedency over all others. 

Vienna was very obscure till 1151; it was walled and enlarged by 
Henry I. of Austria, 1122, with the ransom of king Richard I. of 
England ; made an imperial city by Frederick II. 1136 ; made 
subject to the house of Austria, 1149 ; besieged and taken by the 
king of Hungaiy, 1490 ; besieged by the Tui-ks, under Solymau 
the magnificent, with an army of 300,000 men, 1529, again in 
1532, 1543, and 1663, when the grand vizier with 100,000 men, 
cannonaded the city, from July 24, to the beginning of September, 
without eifect. 

United provinces established, 1579 ; acknowledged independent 
1609; united to France, 1796; made a kingdom under Louis 
Buonaparte, 1806. 

Wales first inhabited by Britons, on their being expelled England 
by the Saxons, 685; divided into North Wales, South Wales, and 
Powis land, 970; conquered and divided by William I. among 
the conquerors, 1091; GiifRth the last king died, 1137; the sove- 
reign from that time was a prince only. In this state Wales re- 
mained imconquered till Henry 11. subdued South Wales in 1157 ; 
and in 1282, Edward I. entirely reduced the whole country^ put- 
ting an end to its independency by the death of Llewellin, the 
last prince. The Welch however were not entirely reconciled to 
this revolution, till the queen happened to be brought to bed of a 
son at Caernavon in 1284, Edward very politically staled him 
prince of Wales ; which title the heir to the crown of Great Bri- 
tain has borne almost ever since. Wales was united and incorpo- 
rated with England by act of parliament, 28 Henry VIII. 1536 j 
invaded by the French, 1796. 

Washington city founded, 1791. 

West Saxon kingdom founded, 519; subdued, 828. 

Ypres, in Flanders, founded, 960. 



DISCOVERIES, Bee. &c. 



Discoveries and Settling of Countries, 

ANDREANOFFSY isles, between Asia and America, diseovefed, 

1760. 
Ann;ola settled by Portugal, 1482. 

An^iiilla, in the Carribees, first planted by England, 1650. 
Antigua settled by the English, 1632. 
Archangel, passage to, discovered, 1553. 
Aruba isle, planted by Holland, 1634. 
Azores isles discovered by Portugal, 1419- 
Baffin's bay discovered, 1622. 
Bahama isles discovered, 1629; taken possession of by the Englisfr, 

December, 1718. 
Barbadoes discovered and planted, 1614. 
Barbuda isle first planted by England, 1628. 
Barrington isle, one of die Gallapagos, explored, June, 1793. 
Batavia, in the island of Java first fortified by Holland, 1618. 
Bermuda isles discovered, 1527; settled, 1612. 
Boston, in New England, built, 1630. 

Botany bay settlement first sailed from England, March 21, 1787. 
Bourbon (formerly Mascareen)isle, planted by France, 1672. 
Brazil discovered, 1486 ; settled by the Spaniards, 1515 ; settled by 

Holland, 1624 ; taken from Holland by Portugal, 1654. 
Britain discovered to be an island about 90. 
Caledonia, in America, settled, 1699- 
California discovered by Cortes, 1543. 
Canada discovered by Cabot, 1499; explored by the French, 1508, 

1594, and 1534 ; settled, 1540 ; Quebec built, 1603 ; taken first by 

England, 1628. 
Canarj' isles discovered, 1344, and granted Spain ; explored, 1393. 
Cape Blanco, on the coast of Africa, discovered, 1441. 
Cape Breton discovered by the English, 1584; yielded to France, 

1632; taken by England, 1745; restored, 1748 ; again taken and 

kept, 1758. 
Cape de Verd islands discovered, 1447. 

Cape of Good Hope discovered, 1487; planted by Holland, 1651. 
Cape Home first sailed round, 1616; straits discovered, 1643. 
Carolina discovered, 1497 ; planted, 1629. 
Caribee isles discovered, 1595. 
Cat isle one of the Bahamas, the first discovery in America by Coluitt- 

bus, 1492. 
Cayenne isle first planted by France, 1635. 
Ceylon, the isle of, discovered, 1506. 

Chatham isle, one of the Gallapagos, explored, June, 1793. 
Chili discovered by Spain, 1518 ; invaded by the Spaniards, 1540. 
China first visited by the Portuguese, 1517 ; conquered by the Eas» 

tern Tartars, 1635. 
Christopher's, St. isle of, discovered, 1595 ; settled by the Englislf^ 

1626. . ° '- 

Congou kingdom discovered, 1482 ; settled by Portugal, 1432» 
Crimea settled by Russia, 1734. 
Cuba discovered, 1492; settled in 1511, 
O 3 



242 DISCOVERIES, &«. &e. 

Curacoa settled by the Dutch, 1634. 

Darien settled, 1700. 

Davis's straits discovered, 1585. 

De la Plate, river, discovered, 1512. 

Deseada isle was discovered by Columbus, 1494. 

Domingo, St. isle of, discovered, 1492 ; city founded, 1494. 

Dominica discovered by Columbus, November 3, 1493. 

Easter isle discovered, 1722. 

East Indies discovered t)y the Portuguese, 1497 ; visited over-land by 
some English, 1591 ; first Dutch voyage, 1595 ; first voyage of the 
EngUsh company, 1601; first from France, 1601; first voyage of 
the Danes, 1612. 

Faulkland, isles of, discovered, 1592. 

Florida discovered by Cabot, 1500 ; settled in 1763. 

Frobisher's straits discovered, 1578. 

Fox island in North Pacific ocean, discovered, 1760. 

Galapagos isles discovered, 1700 ; explored by captain James CoF- 
nett, 1793. 

Georgia colony erected by General Oglethorpe, 1739. 

Goree isle, on the Guinea coast, first planted by the Dutch, 1617. 

Granada isle settled by France, 1652. 

Greenland was discovered in 1585 ; settled, 1721, 1731. 

Gaudaloupe isle discovered by Columbus, 1493 ; planted by France, 
1635, 

Guinea coast discovered by the Portuguese, 1482 ; slave-trade com- 
menced here by captain Hawkins, an Englishman, 1563. 

Helena St. discovered, 1502 ; first possessed by England, 1600 ; set- 
tled by the English, 1651. 

Hood's isle explored, June, 1793 ; one of the Galapagos, in the Pa- 
cific ocean. 

Hudson's bay discovered by captain Hudson, 1607. 

Iceland discovered by a Danish pirate in 860. 

Jamaica discovered by Columbus, 1494; settled by the Spaniacds, 
1509. 

Japan discovered, 1542 ; visited by the English, 1612. 

Kamtschatka discovered by the Russians, 1739. 

Ladrone isles discovered, 1521. 

Le Roach island, near Faulkland's island, discovered, 1657. 

Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, discovered by the French, 1633 ; 
settled by them, 1718 ; ceded to the United States, 1301. 

Madagascar discovered by the Portuguese, 1506, 

Madeira, island of, discovered, 1344 and 1418. 
. Magellan, straits of, discovered, 1520. 

Marigalante isle discovered, 1493. 

Maryland province planted by lord Baltimore, at the expense of 
40,0001. 1633. 

Mauritius isle discovered, 1598 ; settled in 1721, 

Mexico conquered by the Spaniards under Cortez, 1519-21. 

Montreal discovered, 1534 ; settled, 1629. 

Montserrat, in the West Indies, discovered by Columbus, 14Q3; 
planted by England, 1632. 

Nevis planted by England, 1628. 

New Caledonia discovered, 1774, 

New England planted by the puritans, 1620. 

Newfoundland discovered bv Cabot, 1457; settled; 161^ 



WSCOVERIES, Sec. fcc, 243 

New Guinea discovered, 1699. 

New Holland discovered by the Dutch, 1627; settled by the EnglisJ^ 

1787. 
New Jersey planted by the Swedes, 1637. 
New Spain, or Mexico, discovered, 1518. 
Mew Zealand discovered, 1660; explored in 1759. 
New Plymouth built and settled, 1620. 
New York settled, 1664. 
Nootka, in the N. W. of America, discovered, 1778; settled by the 

English, 1789; captured by the Spaniards, 1790, but afterward^ 

confirmed to tlie English by treaty. 
North East passage to Russia discovered, 1553. 
Nova Scotia settled, 1622. 
Nova Zembla discovered, 1553. 

Otaheite, or George III.'s island discovered, June 18, 1765. 
Owhj'-he island discovered, 1778, where captain Cooke was Idlled. 
Palmyra, ruins of, in the deserts of Syria, discovered, 1678. 
Panama settled, 15(6. 
Paraguay discovered, 1525. 
Pennsylvania, Penn's chai'ter for planting, 1680. 
Peru discovered, 1518. 

Phillipine isles discovered by the Spaniards, 1521. 
Pitt's straits, in the East Indies discovered, April 30, 1760 . 
Porto-Rico discovered, 1497. 
Saba planted by the Dutch, 1640. 
Salem, in New England, settled, 1628. 
Sandwich islands, in the Pacific ocean, discovered, 1778. 
Savannah settled, 1732. 
Sierra Leona coast discovered, 1460. 
Society isles, in the Pacific ocean, discovered, 1765. 
Solomon's isles, in America, discovered, 1527. 
Somer's isles, discovered, 1527. 
Spain, New, discovered, 1518. 
St. Eustatia isle settled by Holland, 1632. 
St. Helena first possessed by the English, 1600; settled, 1651. 
St. Lavvrenee river discovered and explored by the French, 1508. 
St. Salvador, Guanihani, or Cat-island, was the first land discovered 

in the West Indies, or Amei'ica, by Columbus, October 11, 1492., 
Suffolk isles discovered, 1764 ; first produced sugar, 1770. 
Surinam planted by England, 1640. 
Surat settled, 1603. 

Tate Island, East Indies, discovered, June 29, 179,5, 
Tobago planted by the Dutch, 1642. 
Terceras isles discovered by the Spaniards, 1583. 
Terra Firma settled by the Spaniards, 1524. 
Trinidad, the isle of, discovered, 1498. 
Ukraine settled by Russia, 1752. 
Virginia discovered by sir Walter Raleigh, 1584 ; the settlement of 

the first pennanent colony there, 1607 ; first marriage, 1608. 
West Indies discovered by Columbus, 1492. 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



English Sonereigns, 

BEFORE the Romans came into this island, the Britons, who then 
possessed the countiy, were divided into several nations, each of 
them governed by their own kings : and when Britain became a 
member of the Roman empire, many of their tribes had their pro- 
per kings, who wei-e suffered to govern by their own laws, provi- 
ded they were tributary. Such kings were Cogidunus and Prasti- 
tagus, mentioned by Tacitus. Lucius, who is said to be the first 
Christian king, died in 181, and left the Roman empire heir to 
his kingdom ; and Coilus, the father of Helena, mother of Con- 
stantine the Great. After the Romans had quitted Britain, upon 
the irruption of the Goths into Italy, during the reign of Honorius, 
that is, in 410, the kingly government returned to the Britons, 
who chose for their king Constantine, brother of Aldroinus, king 
of Bi-itanny, in France, a prince of the British blood, to whom 
succeeded Constantine his son ; then Vortigern, who usurped the 
crown; but, being harrassed by the Scots and Picts in 448, and 
to maintain his usurpation, first called in the Saxons, at that time 
hovering along the coast of Britain, in 449. These, having got 
sure footing in the island, never left the Britons till they were 
masters of the whole. And, though they were overthrown in 
many battles by king Vortimer, the son and colleague of Vorti- 
gern, and afterwards by king Arthur, yet the Britons were, soon 
after his death, so broken and weakened, that they were forced at 
last to x'etreat, and exchange the fertile and plain part of Britain 
for the mountains of Wales. Cadwallader, last king of the Britons, 
began to reign, 683, killed in battle Lothair, king of Kent; and 
Ethelwold, king of the West Saxons, turned monk, and died at 
Rome. Thus the Britons left the stage, and the Saxons entered. 
By these the country was divided into seven kingdoms, called the 
Heptarchy; Kent, the first kingdom, was in Julius Caesar's time, 
the sovereignty of four petty princes, and never called a kingdom 
till Hengist erected it into one. 

THE HEPTARCHY. 

The kingdom of Kent contained only the county of Kent : its 
kings were in number, 17. This kingdom began, 454 ; ended, 828. 
Its first Christian king was Ethelbert. 

The kingdom of South Saxons contained the counties of Sussex 
and Surrey, its kings were eight. This kingdom began, 491 ; 
ended, 685. Its first Christian king was Adelwach. 

The kingdom of East Saxons contained the counties of Essex 
and Middlesex : its kings were fourteen. This Idngdom began, 
527 ; ended, 827. Its first Christian king was Serbert. 

The kingdom of Northumberland contained Yorkshire, Dur- 
ham, Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Northumber- 
land: its kings were thirty-one. This kingdom began, 547; 
ended, 827. Its first Christian king was Edwin. 

The kingdom of Mereia contained the counties of Huntin gdoa, 
Rutland, Lincoln, Northampton, Leicester, Derby, Nottingham, 
Oxford, Chester, Salop, Gloucester, Worcester, Stafford, Warwick, 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. -545 

Biickingharn, Bedford, and Hertford: its kings were eighteen. 
Tliis kingdom began, 582 ; ended, 827. Its first Christian king 
was Feada. 

The kingdom of East Angles contained the counties of Suifolk, 
Norfolk, Cambridge, and the isle of Ely : its kings were fourteen. 
This kingdom began, 575 ; ended, 792. Its first Christian king 
was Redwald. 

The kingdom of West Snxons contained the counties of Corn- 
wall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Hants, and Berks : its kings 
were seventeen. This kingdom began, 519 ; ended, 828. Its first 
Christian king was Kingillis. 

The Saxons, though tliey were divided into seven kingdoms 
were, for the most part, subject only unto one monarch, who was 
styled king of the English nation ; the most powerful giving the 
law unto the others, and succeeded to the number of foity-one, 
when England was invaded by William, duke of Normandy. 

The several sovereigns of England, from 1066 to 1811, reigned 
as follows, to wit:— William, the Conqueror, from October 14, 
10G6, t6 September 9, 1087 ; William Rufus, from September 9, 
1087, to August 1, 1100 ; Henn' I. from August 1, 1100. to Decem- 
ber 2, 1135; Stephen, from December 2, 1135, to October 25, 1154 ; 
Henry II. from October 25, 1154, to July 9, 1189; Richard I. from 
July 9, 1189, to April 6, 1199 ; John, from April 6, 1199, to Octo- 
ber 19, 1216; Henry III. from October 19, 1216, to November 16, 
1272; Edward I. from November 16, 1272, to July 7, 1307; Ed- 
M'ard II. from July 7, 1307, to January 25, 1326; Edward III. 
from January 25, 1325, to June 2, 1377 ; Richard II. from June 2, 
1377, to September 29, 1399 ; Heniy IV. from September 29, 1399, 
to March 20, 1412; Henry V. from March 20, 1412, to August 31, 
1422; Henry VI. from August 31, 1422, to March 4, 1460; Ed- 
ward IV. from March 4, 1460, to April 9, 1483 ; Edward V. from 
April 9, 1483, to June 22, 1483; Richard III. from June 22, 1483, 
to August 22, 1485 ; Henry VII. from August 22, 14S5, to April 
22, 1509 ; Henry VIII. from April 22, 1509, to Januai-y 23, 1546 ; 
Edward VI. from January 23, 1546, to July 6, 1553 ; Mary, from 
July 6, 1553, to November 17, 1558 ; Elizabeth, from November 
17, 1558, to March 24, 1602; James I. from March 24, 1602, to 
ilarch 29, 1625 ; Charles I. from INIarch 29, 1625, to Jan. 30, 1648 ; 
Charles II. from Jan. 30, 1648, to Feb. 6, 1685 ; James II. from 
Teb. 6, 1685, to Feb. 13, 1688 ; William and Mary, from Feb. 13, 
1688, to March 8, 1702 ; Anne, from March 8, 1702, to August 1, 
3714; George I. from Aug. 1, 1714, to June 11, 1727 ; George II, 
from June 11, 1727, to Oct. 25, 1760; George III. froin Oct. 25, 
1760, to 1311, prince of Wales, regent, 1811. 

"William I. duke of Normandy, a descendant of Canute, born, 1027, 
paid a visit to Edward the Confessor, in England, 1051, betrothed 
his daxighter to Harold II. 1058 ; made a claim of the crown of 
England, 1066; invaded England, landed at Pevensey, in Sussex, 
the same year ; defeated the English troops at Hastings, on Octo- 
ber 14, 1066; when Harold was slain, and William assumed the 
title of conqueror. He was crowned at Westminster, December 
29, 1065 ; invaded Scotland, 1072 ; subverted the English constitu- 
tion, 1074 ; refused to swear fealty to the pope for the crown of 



24& ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 

England ; wounded by his son Robert, at ^erberot, in Normandy, 
1079 ; invaded France, 1086 ; soon after fell from his horse, and 
contracted a rupture ; he died at Hermentrude, near Rouen, in 
Normandy, 1087 ; was buried at Caen, and succeeded in Normandy 
by his eldest son Robert, and in England by his second son. 

William II. born, 1057 ; crowned at "Westminster, September 27, 
1078 ; invaded Normandy with success, 1090 ; killed by accident 
as he was hunting in the New Forest, by sir Walter Tyrrell, Au- 
gust, 1100, aged 43 ; was bui-ied at Winchester, and succeeded by 
his brother, 

Henry I. born, 1068, crowned August 5, 1 100; married MatSlda, 
daughter of IMalcolm, king of Scots, November 11, folloNving; 
made peace with his brother Robert, 1101; invaded Nonnandy, 
1105; attacked by Robert, whom he defeated and took prisoner, 
1107, and sent him to England ; betrothed his daughter Maude to 
the emperor of Germany, llOy ; challenged by Lewis of France, 
1117; lost his queen. May 1,1119; his eldest son, and two others 
of his children, ship-wrecked and lost, with 180 of his nobility, in 
coming from Normandy, 1120 •, married Adelias, daughter of God- 
frey, earl of Lovain, January 29, 1121 ; in quiet possession of Nor- 
mandy, 1129 ; surfeited himself with eating lampreys, at Lyons, 
near Rouen, in Nonnandy, and died, December 1, 1135, aged 68; 
his body was brought over to England, and buried at Reading. 
He was succeeded by his nephew Stephen, third son of his sister 
Adela, by the earl of Blois. He left 100,000j. in cash besides plate 
and jewels to an immense value. 

I^Iaude, daughter of Henry I. born 1101, married to Henry IV. em- 
peror of Germany, 1109 ; had the English nobility swear fealty to 
her, 1126; buried her husband, 1127; married Geoffrey Plantage- 
net, earl of Anjou, 1130 ; set aside from the English succession by 
Stephen, 1135 ; landed in England, and claimed a right to the 
crown, September 30, 1139 ; crowned, but soon after defeated at 
Winchester, 1141 ; escaped to Gloucester on a bier; fled from a 
window of Oxford castle by a rope, in the winter of 1142; retned 
to France, 1147; returned to England, concluded a peace with 
Stephen, 1153; and died at Rouen in Normandy, September 10, 
1167, and buried in the abbey of Beec. 

gtephen, born, 1105; crowned, December 2, 1135; take« prisoner 
at Lincoln by the earl of Gloucester, Maude's half-brother, Fe- 
bruary, 1141, and put in irons at Bristol, but released in exchange 
for the earl of Gloucester, taken at Winchester ; made peace with 
Henry, Maude's son, 1153 ; died of the piles at Dover, October 25, 
1154, aged 50 ; was buried at Feversham, and succeeded by Henry, 
son of Maude. 

Matilda, Stephen's queen, was crowned on Easter-day, 1136; died. 
May 3, 1151, at Henningham-castle, Essex, and buried in a monas- 
tery at Feversham. 

Henry II. grandson of Heni-y I. boi-n, 1133; married Eleanor, 
heiress of Guienne and Poitou, on Whitsunday, 1152, the divorced 
wife of Louis VII. king of France. He invaded England, January 
7, 1153, and had homage done hun as successor to king Stephen, 
in a council held at Oxford, January 13, 1152; returned into Nor- 
mandy the spring following. He began his reign, October 24, 
1154; arrived in England, December 8, and was, with his queen 
EleaBor, cvpwned at London the I9th ef the same month ; crowned 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGN^. 247 

At Lincoln, 1158; again at Worcester, 1159; quelled tbe rebellion 
at Maine, 1166; had his son Henry crowned king of P^ngland, 
1170; invaded Ireland, October 26, 1171, and reduced the island 
to his subjection in 1172; imprisoned his queen on account of Ro- 
samond, his concubine, 1173 ; did penance at Becket's tomb, July 
8, 1174 ; took the king of Scotland prisoner, and obliged him to 
give up the independency of his crown, 1175; named his son 
John, lord of Ireland, 1176; had the same year an amour with 
Alice of France, the intended princess of his son Richard, 1181; 
lost his eldest son Henry, June 11, 1183 ; his son Richard rebelled, 
1185; had his son GeotFrey trodden under foot, and killed at a 
tournament at Paris, August 19, 1186 ; made a convention with 
Philip of France to go to the holy war, 1188 ; died with grief at 
the altar, cursing his sons, July 6, 1189, aged 61 ; was buried at 
Fonteverard, in France, and succeeded by his son Richard. 

Eleanor, queen to Henry II. died, 1204. 

Richard I. was born at Oxford, 1157 ; crowned at London, Septem- 
ber 3, 1189 ; released the king and people of Scotland, from their 
oaths of homage they had taken to his father for 10,000 marks, 
December 5, 1189 ; embarked at Dover, December, 11; set out on 
the crusade, and Joined Philip of France on the plains of Vezelay, 
June 29, 1190 ; took Messina the latter end of the year ; married 
Berengera, daughter of the king of Navarre, May iz, 1191; de- 
feated the Cyprians, and took their king prisoner, 1191; taken 
prisoner near Vienna, on his return home, by Leopold, duke ot* 
Austria, December 20, 1192; ransomed for 40,0001. and set at 
liberty at Mentz, February 4, 1194 ; returned to England, March 
20, following ; wounded with an arrow at Chaluz, near Limoges, 
in Normandy, and died, April 6, 1199; was buried at Fonteverard, 
and succeeded by his brother 

John, the youngest son of Henry 11. bom at Oxfoi-d, December 24, 
1166 ; was crowned. May 27, 1199 ; divorcfed his wife A\'isa, and 
married Isabella, daughter of the count of Angoulesme, and they 
were both cro\vned at Westminster, October 8, 1200 ; beseiged the 
castle of Mirable, and took his nephew Arthur, prisoner, August 
1, 1202, whom he caused to be murdered, April 3, 1203; the same 
year he was expelled the French provinces ; imprisoned his queen, 
1203 ; banished all the clergy in his dominions, 1208 ; was excom- 
municated, 1209; landed in Ireland, June 8, 1210; surrendered 
his crown to Pandolf, the pope's legate, May 25, 1213; absolved, 
July 20, following; obliged by the barons to confirm magna 
charta, June 9, 1215 ; lost his treasure and baggage in passing the 
marshes of Lynn, 1216 ; died at Newark, October 18, 1216 ; was 
hurried at Worcester, where his corpse was discovered nearly en- 
tire in 1797, ha\-ing been buried 580 years. He was succeeded by 
his son 

Henry HI. born October 1, 1207; crowned at Gloucester, October 
28, 1216; received homage from Alexander of Scotland, at North- 
ampton, 1218 ; crowned again at Westminster, after Christmas, 
1219 ; married Eleanor, daughter of the count of Provence, Janu 
ary 14, 1236; pledged his crown and jewels for money, when he 
married his daughter Margaret to the king of Scots, 1242; obliged 
by his nobles to resign the power of a sovereign, and sell Nor- 
mandy and Anjou to the French, 1258; shut himself up in the 
*<jv.'«r of London, for fear of his nobles, 1261 ; taken prisoner at 



^48 ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 

lewes, May 14, 1264; wounded at the battle of Evesham, 121^4 
died with age at St. Edmonsbury, November 16, 1272; and was 
succeeded by his son Edward. 

Eleanor, Henry III.'s queen, died in a monastery at Ambersbury, 
about 1292, where she had retired. 

Edward I. born June 16, 1239 ;' married Eleanor, princess of Castile, 
1253; succeeded to the cro^^'n, November 16, 1272; wounded in 
the Holy-land, with a poisoned dagger— recovered and landed in 
England, August 23, 1274 ; crowTied at Westminster, August 19, 
following, with his queen ; went to France and did homage to the 
French king, 1279 ; reduced the Welsh princes, 1287 ; Eleanor, 
liis queen, died of a fever on her journey to Scotland, at Homeby, 
in Lincolnshii-e, 1296, and was convej'ed to Westminster, when 
elegant stone crosses were erected at each place the corpse rested ; 
married Margaret, sister to the king of France, September 12, 
1299; conquered Scotland, 1299, and brought to England their 
coronation chair, &c.; died of a flux at Burgh upon the Sands, in 
Cumberland, July 7, 1307; was buried at Westminster— where, on 
May 2, 1774, some antiquarians, by consent of the chapter, exa- 
mined his tomb, when they found his corpse imconsumed, though 
bui-ied 466 years. He was succeeded by his fourth son, 

Edward II. bom at Caernarvon, in Wales, April 25, 1284 ; was the 
first king of England's son that had the title of prince of Wales , 
with which he was invested in 1284. He ascended the throne, July 
7, 1307 ; married Isabella, daughter of the French king, 1308 ; 
and was crowned, with his queen, at Westminster, Feb. 26, 1308 ; 
obliged by his barons, to invest the government of the kingdom in 
twenty-one persons, March 16, 1310; went on a pilgrimage to 
Boulogne, December 13, 1313 ; declared his queen and all her ad» 
lierents enemies to the kingdom, 1325 ; conveyed his French do» 
jninious to his son Edwai'd, September 10, 1325 ; dethroned, Janu- 
ary 13, 1327 : (was succeeded by his son Edward HI.) ; murdered 
at Berkely castle, September 21, following, and was buried at 
Gloucester. 

Kdward III. bom at Windsor, November 15, 1312 ; succeeded to the 
crown, January 13,1322; crowned at Westminster, Febi-uary 1, 
following ; he manied Pliilippa, daughter of the earl of Hainault, 
January 24, 1328 ; claimed the ci-own of France, 1329 ; confined 
his mother Isabella, and caused her favourite, earl Mortimer, to 
be hanged at Tybui-n, November 23, 1330 ; the Scots defeated at 
Halidown, 1339 ; invaded France, and pawned his crown and jew- 
els for 50,000 florins, 1340 ; quartered the arms of England and 
France, 1341 ; made the flrst distinction between lox'ds and com- 
snons. 1342; defeated tlie French at Cressy, 30,000 slain, among 
whom was the king of Bohemia, 1346 ; the queen took the king of 
Scotland prisoner, and 20,000 Scots slain, tlie same year; Calais 
besieged and taken, August 16, 1347, and St. Stephen's chapel, 
Slow the house of commons, built, 1347 ; the order of the garter in- 
stituted, 1349 ; the French defeated at Poictiers, their king and 
prince, taken, and the king of Navarre imprisoned, 1356 : the king 
of Scotland ransomed for 100,0001. 1357 ; (in which year Edward 
]ost his eldest son, Edward the black prince, of a consumption) 5 
;he king of France ransomed for 300,0001. 1359 ; four kings enter- 
tained at the lord mayor's feast, viz. England, France, Scotland, 
n~4 Cyprus, JS64; Phiiippa, liis qvteeaj ^4 at Wjadwr, Aug, 16, 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. . 259- 

lS6y ; and was buried at Westminster; Edward died at Richmond, 
June 21, 1377, and was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II. son to 

Edward the black prince, who was born, June 15, 1330; created 
duke of Cornwall, in full parliament, March 7, 1337, the first in 
England that bore the title of duke ; created prince of Wales, 
1344; brought the king of France prisoner to England, from the 
battle of Poictiers, September 19, 1356; went to Castile, 1367; 
died of a consumption, June 8, 1376, and was buried at Canter- 
bury. 

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, foiu-th son of Edward III, born 
1340 ; married Blancli, daughter of the duke of Lancaster, 1359, by 
whom he became possessed of that dukedom and title— she died 
1369 ; and in 1372 he manned the daughter of the king of Castile 
and Leon, and took that title. In 1396 he married a third wife, 
Catherine Swinfoi-d, from whom descended Henry VII. He died, 
1399, and was buried in St. Paul's, London. 

Richard II. born at Boimleaux, Januai-y 6, 1367— had two royal 
god-fathers, the kings of Navan-e and Majorca ; made guardian of 
the kingdom, August 30, 1372 ; created prince of Wales, 1376 ; 
succeeded his grandfather, Edwai-d III. June 21, 1377, when not 
seven years old, and crowned, at Westminster, July 16, following ; 
(the rebellion of Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, 1378) ; married Ann, 
sister to the emperor of Germany, and king of Bohemia, January, 
1382; who died without issue, at Shene, and was buried in West- 
minster abbey, August 3, lays ; married Isabella, daughter of the 
king of France, November 1, 1396. He was taken prisoner by 
Henrj', duke of Lancaster, his cousin, and sent to the Tower, 
Septemlier 1, 1399 ; resigned his crown, September 29, following, 
and was succeeded by Henry IV. Richard was murdered in Pom- 
fret castle, Februai-y 13, 1400, and buried at Langley, but removed 
to Westminster. 

Thomas, duke of Gloucester, uncle to Richard II. was smothered, 
Februaiy 28, 1367. 

Thomas Beaufort, duke of Exeter, half-brother of Richard II. died 
without issue, December 24. 1424, and was buried at St. Edmonds- 
bury, where his body was discovered uncorrupted, in 1772, after 
hisbuxnal 348 years. 

Henry IV. duke of Lancaster, grandson of Edward III. born 1367 ; 
married Mary, the daughter of the earl of Hereford, who died 1394, 
before he obtained the crown ; fought with the duke of Norfolk, 
1397, and b:inished ; returned to England iii arms against Rich- 
ard II. who resigned him his crown, and Henry was crowned, 
October 13, 1399, when he instituted the order of the Bath, and 
created forty-seven knights ; conspired against, Januaiy, 1400 j 
defeated by the Welsh, 1402 ; married a second queen, Joan of 
Navarre, widow of the duke of Bretagne, 1403 ; she was crowned 
with great magnificence, the 26th of January, following— and died 
in 1407; in 1403 began the rebellion of the Percics, suppressed 
July following. He died of an apoplexy, in Westminster, March 
20, 1413 ; was buried at Canterbury, and succeeded by his son, 

Henry V. who was born in 1388, and, when prince of AVales, was 
committed to prison for affronting one of the judges, 1412; 
crowned at Westminster, April 9, 1413; claimed the crown of 
France, 1414 ; gained the battle of Agincoxu-t, October 24, 1415 ; 

. fledged his regalia for 20,0001. to push his conquests. 1416. Thft 



jtSQ ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 

emperor Sig^smund paid a visit to Henry, and was installed knight 
of the garter, 1416 ; invaded Normandy with an army of 26,000 
men, 1417 ; declared regent, and mamed Catherine of France, on 
May 30, 1420 ; she was crowned at Westminster, the 22d of Febru- 
ary, following ; outlived Henrj', and was afterwards married to 
Owen Tudor, grandfather of Henry VII. Henry died of a pleurisy, 
at Rouen, August 31, 1422, aged 34— was buried at Westminster, 
and succeeded by 

Heniy VI. born at Windsor, December 6, 1421 ; ascended the throne, 
August 31, 1422; proclaimed king of France the same year; 
crowned at Westminster, November 6, 1429; crowned at Paris, 
December 17, 1430; married to Margaret, daughter of the duke of 
Anjou, at Southwick, Hampshire, April 22, 1445, and was crowned 
at Westminster, May 30, following ; Jack Cade's insurrection, 1446 : 
Henrj' taken prisoner at St. Alban's, 1455 ; but regained his liberty 
1461, and deposed March 5, following, by his fourth cousin, Edward 
IV. ; tied into Scotland, and taken prisoner in Lancashire, 1463 ; 
restored to his throne, October 6, 1470 ; taken prisoner again by 
Edward, April 11, ]471; queen Margaret and her son taken pri- 
soners at Tewkesbury, by Edward, May 4 ; the prince killed in 
cold blood, May 21, and Henry murdered in the Tower, June 20, 
following, and buried at Chertsey, aged 49 

Humphrey, duke ot Gloucester, fourth son of Henry IV. was stran- 
gled by order of his nephew, Henry VI. and buried at St. Alban's, 
1447 ; where his remains are yet to be seen. 

Edward IV. born at Rouen, April 29 ,1443 ; descended from the third 
son of Edward III. elected king, March 5, 1461 : and before his 
coronation was obliged to take the field, and fight the battle of 
Towton, when 35,781 fell, and not one prisoner taken but the earl 
of Devonshire, March 13; was crowned at Westminster, June 28, 
1461 ; sat publicly with the judges, in Westminster-hall, 1462 ; mar- 
ried lady Elizabeth Grey, widow of sir John Grey, of Groby, 
March 1, 1464, who was crowned the 26, following; Edward was 
taken prisoner by the earl of Warwick, in Yorkshire, from whence 
he was bx-ought to London, with his legs tied under his horse's belly, 
1467; escaped, and was expelled the kingdom, 1470 -, returned^ 
March 25, 1471, and restored; caused his brother, the duke of Cla- 
rence, who had joined the earl of Warwick, to be drowned in a butt 
of Malmsey wine, March 11, 1478 ; died of an ague, at Westminster, 
April's, 1483, and was buried at Windsor, where his corpse was 
discovered undeeayed in March 11, 1789, and his dress nearly per- 
fect, as were the lineaments of his face. He was succeeded by his 
infant son, 

Edward V bom November 4, 1470; proclaimed king in London, 
April 9, 1483; deposed, June 20, following, and with the duke of 
York, his brother, smothered soon after by their uncle, who suc- 
ceeded him. 

Richard HI. duke of Gloucester, brother to Edward IV. bom, 1453 ; 
took prince Edward, son of Henry VI. pi-isoner at Tewkesbury, 
and helped to murder him in cold blood, (whose widow he af- 
terwai'ds married), 1471 ; perpetrated the deed of drowning the 
duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV. in a butt of Malmsey 
wine, 1470 ; made protector of England, May 27, 1483 ; elected 
king, June 20, and crowned, July 6, foUowmg— and at York, Sep- 
wmber 8 ; lost bis queen, liarch 6, 1485 ; slain in battle, at Bes. 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 251 

U'orth, August 22, 1485, aged 32— was buried at Leicester, and SUC' 
ceedcd by 

Heniy VII. born 1455, who landed at Milford-haven, August?, 1485; 
defeated Richard III. in Boswoi-th-field, and was elected king, 
1485 ; crowned, October 20, 1485 ; married Elizabeth, daughter of 
Edward IV. January 18, 1486, who was crowned, November 25, 
1487, following; defeated Lambert Sjmnel, the impostor, June 16, 
1487 ; received of the Fi-eiich king, as a compromise for his claim 
on that crown, 186,2501. besides 25.000 crowns yearly, 1492 ; mar- 
ried his eldest son Arthur to princess Catherine of Spain, Novem- 
ber 14, 1501; prince Ai-thur died, April 2, 1502; queen Elizabeth 
died in child-bed, February 11, following, and was buried at West- 
minster. ]Mai-y, his third daughter, married Louis XII. of France, 
August 12, 1514, by whom she was left without issue, and she re- 
married October following, Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, by 
■whom she had issue ; died, 153.3, and was buried at St. Edmonds- 
bury, where her corpse was discovered, September 6, 1784, in a 
perfect state; she was grandmother of the unfortunate lady Jane 
Grey. Henry married his daughter Margaret to James IV. of Scot- 
land, 1504; died of a consumption, at Richmond. April 22, 1509, 
aged 51— was buried in Westminster, and succeeded by his son, 

Henry VIII. born June 28, 1491 ; married Catherine, infanta of 
Spain, widow of his brother Arthur, June 3, 1509 ; crowned, June 
24, following ; had a personal interview with Francis I. king of 
France, at Guisnes in Flanders, June, 1520, and again at Boulogne, 
October 21, 1532; received the title of defender of the faith, 521; 
styled head of the church, 1532 ; divorced queen Catherine and 
married Anne BolejTie. May 2, 1533 ; Anne crowned. June 1, 1533 ; 
assumed the title of head of the church of England, in the pre- 
sence of his whole court, January 13, 1535 ; he was excommuni- 
cated by pope Paul, August 30, 1535; Catherine, his first queen, 
died at Kimbolton, Januai-y 8, 1536, aged 50 ; he put Anne, his se- 
cond queen, to death. May 19, and married Jane Seymour, May 20, 
1536, who died in child-bed, October 12, 1537 ; he dissolved the 
religious foundations in England, 1539 ; mai-ried Anne of Cleves, 
January 6, 1540 ; divorced her, July 10, 1540 ; married Catherine 
Howard, his fifth wife, August 8, following, and beheaded her on 
Tower-hill, with lady Rochford, February 12, 1542; the title of 
king of Ireland was confirmed by act of parliament, January 24, 
154i3, to the king and his successors ; manned Catharine Par, his 
sixth wife, July 12, 1543. He died of a fever and an ulcerated leg, 
at Westminster, Januarys 28, 1547, in the 56th year of his age; was 
buried at "Windsor, and was succeeded by his only son. 

Edward VI. born October 12, 1537; crowned, Sunday, February 20, 
1547 ; who died of a consumption at Greenwich, July 6, 1553 ; ^yas 
buried at Westminster, and was succeeded, agreeable to his will, 
by his cousin. 

Jane Grey, born 1537; proclaimed queen, July 9, 1553 ; deposed soon 
after and sent to the Tower, where she, with lord Dudley her hus- 
band, and her father, wei'e beheaded, February 12, 1554, aged 17, 
by order of 

Mary, born Februai-y 11, 1516 ; proclaimed, July 19, 1553 ; and 
crowned October 1, following ; married Philip, of Spain, July 25, 
1554; died ofadiopsy, November 17, 1558— was buried at West- 
niinfter, and was succeeded by her half-sister. 



SiZ tNGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 

Elizabeth, born September 7, 1533 ; sent prisoner to the Tower, 1534 ; 
began to reiga, November 17, 1558; crowned at Westminster, Ja- 
nuai-y 15, 1559. IVIary, of Scots fled to England, May 16, 1568, and 
was imprisoned at Tutbury castle, January, 1569 ; Elizabeth re- 
lieved the protestants, in the Netherlands, with above 200,000 
crowns, besides stores, 1569 ; a marriage proposed to the queen, 
by the duke of Alencon, 1571— but finally rejected, 1581 ; beheaded 
Maiy, of Scots, at Fotheringhay castle, in Northamptonshire, Fe- 
bruary 8, 1587, aged 44; the Spanish armada destroyed, 1588; 
Tyi-one's rebellion in Ireland, 1598 ; Essex, the queen's favourite, 
beheaded, Febmary 25, 1602 ; the queen died at Richmond, March 
24, 1603— was buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by the 

. son of IMary, queen of Scots, then James VI. of Scotland. 

James I. boni at Edinburgh, June 19, 1566 ; was crowned king of 
Scotland, July 22, 1567 ; married Ann, princess of Denmark, Au- 
gust 10, 1589; succeeded to the crown of England, March 24, 
1603; first styled king of Great Britaui, 1604; arrived at London, 
May 7, folloAving; lost his eldest son, Henry, prince of Wales, Nov. 
6, 1612, aged 18 ; married his daughter Elizabeth to the prince 
palatine of the Rhine, 1612; from whom his present majesty, 
George III. is descended ; went to Scotland, IMareh 4, 1617 ; re- 
turned, September 14, 1618; lost his queen, March, 1619; died of 
an ague, March 27, 1625 ; was buried at Westminster, and was 
succeeded by 

Charles I. born, Nov. 19, 1600; visited Madrid to procure a wife, 
March 7, 1623 ; succeeded to the crown, March 27, 1625 ; mar- 
ried Henrietta, daughter to the king of France, the same year; 
crowTied, February 2, 1626 ; ci-owned at Edinburgh, 1633 ; went 
to Scotland, August 1641 ; retui-ned November 25, following ; 
went to the house of commons, and demanded the five members, 
Januar)', 1641-2; retired to Yoi-k, March, 1642; raised his stand- 
ard at Nottingham, August 25, following; travelled in the dis- 
guise of a servant, and put himself into the hands of the Scots, at 
Newark, May 5, 1646 ; sold by the Scots, for 200,0001. August 8, 
following; seized by colonel Joice, at Holmby, June 3, 1647; 
escaped from Hampton-court, and reti-eated to the isle of Wight, 
July 29, 1648 ; close confined in Hurst castle, December 1, follow- 
ing ; removed to Windsor castle, December 23, and to St. James' 
house, January 19, 1649 ; brought to trial the next day, con- 
demned the 27th, beheaded at Whitehall the 30th, aged 48, and 
buried in St. George's chapel, Windsor. His queen, Henrietta, 
died at France, August 10, 1669. 

©liver Cromwell, born at Huntingdon, April 25, 1599 ; chosen mem- 
ber of parliament for Huntingdon, 1628 ; made a colonel, 1643 ; 
went over to Ireland with his army, July, 1649 ; returned. May, 
1650 ; made protector for life, December, 1653 ; was near being 
killed by falling from a coach-box, October, 1654 ; re-admitted the 
Jews into England, in 1656, after their expulsion 365 j^ears ; re- 
fused the title of king. May 8, 1657; died at Whitehallj Septem- 
ber 3, 1658, and succeeded by his son 

Richard Cromwell, proclaimed protector, September 4, 1658 ; de- 
posed, April 22, 1659 ; died at Cheshunt, in Hertfordshire, July 12, 
1712, aged 82. 

Charles II. bom. May 29, 1630 ; escaped from St. James', April 23, 
2648; landed lu Scotland, l§50; qrgwaed at Scone, January i. 



KVai.TSH SOVEREIGNS. 25S 

1651 : defeated at the battle of Worcester, 1651; landed at Dover, 
May 20, 1660, and restored to his throne; crowned, April 13, 
1661; married Catherine, infanta of Portugal, May 21, 1662; 
accepted the city freedom, December 18, 1674 ; died, February 6, 
3685, aged 54, of an apoplexy, was buried at Westminster, and 
was succeeded by his brother James. Catheiine, his queen, died, 
December 21, 1705. 

Tames II. bom October 15, 1633 ; married Ann Hyde, Septembef, 
1660, who died, 1671; married the princess of Modena, Noveni- 
ber 21, 1673; succeeded to the throne, February 6, 1685; Mon- 
mouth, natural son to Charles II. landed in England, June 11, 
3685 ; proclainjed king at Taunton, in Somersetshire, June 20, fol- 
lowing ; defeated near Bridgewatei*, July 5 ; beheaded on Towerr 
hill, July 15, following, aged 35; James' queen had a son born, 
June 10, 1688, fled from his palace, December 12, 1688 ; was 
seized soon after at Feversham, and brought back to Whitehall ; 
left England, December 23, following; landed at Kinsale, in Ire^ 
land, March 12. 1689 ; returned to France, July, 1690 ; died at bf. 
Germain's, August 6, 1701. 

William III. prince of Orange, born November 4, 1650 ; created 
Stadtholder, July 3, 1672 ; man-ied the princess Mary, of Engr 
land, November 4, 1677; landed at Torbay, in England, with an 
army, November 4, 1688; declared king of England, Februaiy 13, 
1689; crowned with his queen, April 11, 1689; landed at Car- 
iSckfergus, June 14, 1690, and defeated James II. at the battle of 
the BojTie, July 1, following ; a plot laid for assassinating him, 
Februarj', 1696 ; fell from his horse, and broke his collar-bone, 
February 21, 1702 ; died March 8, aged 51 ; was buried Apiil 12, 
following, and left his sister-in-law, Anne, his successor to the 
crown. 

Mai7, William's queen, bom April 30, 1662 ; proclaimed (with hej: 
hiisband) queen, regent of England, Feb. 13, 1689; died of the 
small-pox, Dec. 28, 1694, aged 32, and was buried at Westminster. 

Anne, born February 6, 1665 ; married to pi-ince George of Denr 
mark, July 28, 1683 ; by whom she had 13 childi-en, all of whom 
died young; she came to the cx-own, March 8, 1702; crowned^ 
April 13, following; lost her son, George, duke of Gloucester, by 
a fever, July 29, 1700, aged 11 ; lost her husband, who died of an 
asthma and dropsy, October 28, 1708, aged 55; the queen died of 
an apoplexy, August 1, 1714, aged 49; was bm-ied at Westmin- 
ster, and was succeeded by 

George I. elector of Hanover, duke of Brunswick-Lunenburgh, 
born May 28, 1660; created duke of Cambridge, &c, October 5, 
1706. Princess Sophia, his queen, mother of George II. died, 
June 8, 1714, aged 83. He was proclaimed, August 1, 1714^ 
landed at Greenwich, September 18, following; died on his jour- 
ney to Hanover, at Osnaburgh, Sunday, June 11, 1727, of a para- 
lytic disorder, aged 67, and was succeeded by his eldest son 

George II. born October 30, 1683 ; created prince of Wales, Octo- 
ber 4, 1714 ; married the princess Wilhelminia-Carolina-Dorothea, 
of Brandenburgh-Anspach, 1704; ascended the throne, June 11, 
1727 ; lost his queen of a mortification in her bowels, November 
20, 1737, aged 54; suppressed a rebellion, 1745; died suddenly, 
at Kensington, October 25, 1760, aged 77, and y,'S(i .succeeded by 
his graflffson. George III, 



sr^f ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, 

Fi*ederiek Lewis, prince of Wales, son of George II. bom Janoary 
20, 1706; arrived in England, December, 1729; married Augusta, 
princess of Saxe Gotha, April 27, 1736 ; forbade the court the year 
ibllowing; died March 20, 1751, aged 44; having had issue, Au- 
gusta, born August 11, 1737; the present duchess of Brunswick; 
George-Augustus, the present king of England ; Edward-Augus- 
tus, born March 25, 1759 ; died duke of York, September 17, 
1769; Eliza-Caroline, born January 10, 1740; died September, 
1759; William-Henry, born November 23, 1743; late duke of 
Gloucester ; Henry-Frederick, born November 7, 1745 ; late duke 
of Cumberland ; married, October, 1771, Anne Horton, daughter 
of lord Irnham, and died without issue, September 18, 1790 ; Loui- 
sa-Anne, born May 2, 1748 ; died May ai, 1768 ; Frederick-Wil- 
liam, born May 24, 1750; died ]May 10, 1765; Caroline -Matilda, 
born July 22, 1751 ; died queen of Denmark, 1755. His princess 
died of a consumption, February 8, 1772, aged 52. 

George III. eldest son of Frederick, late prince of Wales, was bom 
June 4, 1738 ; created prince of Wales, 1751 : succeeded his grand- 
father, October 25, 1760 ; proclaimed the next day; mai-ried Char- 
iotte-Sophia, princess of Mecklenbui'gh Strelitz, September 8, 
1761, who was bom May 19, 1744; and both were crowned Sep- 
tember 22, 1761. His majesty was deranged in mind from Octo- 
ber, 1788, to March, 1789; when on April 24, 1789, he went in 
procession to St. Paul's cathedral ; again deranged in 1810, when 
a regent was appointed. Their issue are : 

1. George, prince of Wales, born August 12, 1762; married, 
Api-il 8, 1795, Carolina-Amelia-Augusta, the second daughter of 
the duke of Brunswick, (by Augusta, the eldest sister of his ma- 
jesty,) box-n May 17, 1768, "by whom he has issue, Charlotte-Caro- 
iine-Augusta, born January 7, 1796. Regent, 1811. 

2. Frederick, duke of York, bishop of Osnaburgh, born Au- 
gust 16, 1763; married September 29, 1791, to Frederica-Charlot- 
ta-Ulriea-Catharina, princess royal of Prussia, who was born May 
7, 1767. 

3. William.Henry, bom August 21, 1765; duke of Clarence, 
admiral in the royal navy. 

4. Charlotte- Augusta-Matilda, born, September 29, 1766 ; mar- 
ried May 18, 1797, to Frederick-William, duke of Wirtemburgh, 
son-in-law to the duke of Brunswick Wolfenbuttle. 

5. Edward, born November 2, 1767. 

6. Sophia-Augusta, born November 8, 1768. 
7: EUzabeth, bom May 22, 1770. 

8. Ernest-Augustus, bom June 5, 1771. 

9. Augustus-Frederick, bom January 27, 1773o 

10. Adolphus-Frederick, born February 24, 1774. 

11. Mary, born April 25, 1776, 

12. Sophia, born November 3, 1777. 

13. Octavius, born February 25, 1779; died May 3, 1783. 

14. Alfred, born September 22, 1780 ; died August 20, 1788. 

15. AmeUa, bom August 8, 1783. 

Brother and Sister to his Majestj'. 
Princess Augusta, born August 11, 1737; married the present 
duke of Brunswick Lunenburgh, January 16, 1764, by whom she 
has several children,, among whom is the present princess of 
Wales. 



yOPES OF ROME. - £55 

Prinee WiUiam-Henry, duke of Gloucester, born November 25, 
1743; married, 1766, Maria, countess dowager of Waldegrave, by 
whom he has a daughter livmg, named Sophia-Matilda, born 
May 19, 1773; and a son, named William-Frederick, bom at 
Rome, January 15, 1776. He has had also a daughter named 
OaroUne-Augusta-Maria, born June, 1774 ; who died March 14, 
1775. 



Of the Popes of Borne, and their 
Succession, 

I. Saint Peter, was crucified at Rome, with his head downwards, 
and was buried near the Vatican, in the Aurelian way, not far 
from the gardens of Nero, having sat (saith Platina) in that see, 
twenty-five years. He, together with the apostle Paul, was put 
to death in the last year of Nero's reign, A. D. 67, and was suc- 
ceeded by 

II. Linus, by nation a Tuscan, who continued from the last year of 
Nero, to the times of Vespasian, the emperor, and was martyred 
by Saturninus, the consul, A. D. 78, He sat eleven years. 

III. Cletus, (or Anacletus) a Roman : he was martyred under Do- 
mitian, A. D. 91, and his body laid in the Vatican, near to that of 
saint Petei', after he had sat twelve years, one month, and eleven 
days. 

IV. Clement, a Roman, a modest and holy man: he was thrown 
into the sea, with an anchor tied about his neck, in the third year 
of Trajan, A. D. 100, having sat nine years, two months, and ten 
days. 

V. Euaristus, a Grecian: he ordained that the peojile's accusation 
should not be received against u uishup. He sat eight years, ten 
months, and two days, and died, A. D. 108. 

VI. Alexander, the first, a Roman, young in years, but old in his 
composed manners: he ordered that holy water, mixed with salt, 
should be used ; and that water, mixed with wine, should be in 
the sacrament of the Lord's supper. He sat eight years, seven 
months, and two days, and died, A. D. 116. 

VIL Sixtus, the first, a Roman, oi-dered that holy things and vessels, 
should be touched by none but ministers ; and that priests should 
minister in linen surplices. He was buried in the Vatican, A. D. 
126, having sat ten years, three months, and twenty-one days. 

VIII. Telesphorus, a Grecian, instituted the lent of seven weeks be- 
fore Easter, and the celebration of the masses in the night of our 
Saviour's birth. He sat seven years, three months, and twenty- 
two days, and died, A, D. 137. 

IX. Hyginus, a Grecian, of Athens : he ordained that one god-father 
or god-mother, at least, should be present at the bajitism of a 
child. He sat four years, three months, and four days, and died, 
A. D. 141. 

X. Pius, the first, an Italian : he ordained that none of the Jewish 
heresy should be received to baptism; that the feast of the passo- 
ver should be on the Sunday. He sat sixteen years, four mpnllis, 
and three days, and died, A. D. 157. 



456 POPES OF ROME. 

XI. Anicetus, a Sjnian, was crowned with raatjTdom, A. D. 168, 
and buried in the church-yard of Calistus, in the Appian wa^, 
ihaving sat eleven years, four months, and three days. 

XII. Sorter, a Campanian, sat nine years, three months, and twenty- 
one days ; died, A. D. 177. 

XIII. Elutherius, a Grecian, of Nicopolis : he sent Fugatias and 
Damianus into Britain, at the request of king Lucius, to baptise 
him and his people. He sat fifteen years, three months, and two 
days, and died, A. D. 192. 

XIV. Victor, the first, an African : in his time was the controversy 
about the keeping of Easter. He sat nine years, three months, 
and ten days. 

XV. Zephyrinus, a Roman, succeeded him, A. D. 201, He ordained 
that wine in the sacrament should be consecrated in a vessel of 
glass, and not of wood as before. He sat eighteen years, seven 
months, and ten days. 

XVI. Calistus, the first, succeeded Zephyrinus, A. D. 219, a native 
of Ravenna, ordained a three-fold fast in the year; in the fourth, 
seventh, and tenth months, beginning the year as the Jews do. 
He sat five years, ten months, and ten days. 

XVII. Urbanus, the first, a Roman, ordained that churches should 
receive farms and lands, given by devout persons, and the reve- 
nues to be parted among the clergy. He was martjored, A. D. 
231, having sat sus years, ten months, and twelve days. 

XVIII. Pontianus, a Roman, was banished into Sardinia, where he 
suffered g^-eat torments for the faith of Jesus Christ, and died, 
A. D. 235, having sat four years, five months, and two days. 

XIX. Anterus, a Grecian : he ordered that the noble acts of the 
martyrs should be recorded, and kept in the treasury of the 
church. He was martyred, A. D. 236, having sat only one month, 
and twelve days. 

XX. Fabianus, a Roman : he ordained that the ohrisiii in the Lord's 

supper, should be reucwctl every year, and the old One burnt in 

the church. He was martyred, A. D. 250, having sat fourteen 
years, eleven months, and eleven days. After him was a vacancy 
of eighteen months. 

XXI. Cornelius, a Roman, obtained the see, A. D. 251. He was 
banished and then beheaded, having sat two years, two months, 
and three days. 

XXII. Lucius, the first, a Roman, succeeded, A. D 253, and was 
martyred ; having sat two years, three months, and three days. 

XXIII. Stephanus, the first, a Roman : a controversy fell out be- 
tween him and saint Cyprian, concerning the i*e-baptising of 
those baptised by heretics, which Cyprian would not allow, but 
Stephanus was strenuous for. He was beheaded, A. D. 257; hav- 
ing sat two years, five months, and two days. 

XXIV. Sixtus, the second, an Athenian : v/hile he endeavoured to 
refute and extinguish the Chiliasts, was taken, accused, and mar» 
tyred, A. D. 259. He sat two years, ten months, and twenty-three 
days. 

XXV. Dionysus, withstood to his power the pride and heresy of 
Paulus Samosatinus. He is said to have converted the wife and 
daughter of the emperor Decius. He died, A. D, 271. UsLyingSax 
twelve years, two months, and f9ur days. 



?OPES OF ROMEi. 2S\ 

XXVI. FoBlix, the first: he appointed yearly sacrifices in niemoi^ 
of the martyrs : that no mass should be said, but by sacred per- 
sons, and in consecrated places, except upon pressing necessity. 
He died a martyr, A. D. 275, and sat four years, three monthSji 
and fiften days. 

XXVII. Eutychianus, a Tuscan: he is reported to have buned with 
his own hands, three hundred and forty-two iitartyrs, and to have 
blest grapes and beans and such like upon the altar, and would 
have the martyrs buried in purple. He was martyred, A. D. 283, 
having sat nine years, one mouth and one day. 

XXVIII. Caius, of Dalmatia, was a kinsman to Dioclesian the empe- 
ror : his brother Gabinius had a daughter called Susanna, who 
should have married the emperor Galerius; but all tliese were 
martyred. Caius sat thirteen years, four months, and eleven 
days: he died, A. D. 296. 

XXIX. Marcellinus, a Roman, out of fear, offered incense to Mars, 
for which he was questioned by the council of Sinuesa, but no man 
condemned him. Repenting his fear, he reproached the tyrant 
to his face, and was martyred, A. D. 304. He sat eight yeai-s, two 
months and sixteen days. 

XXX. Marcellus, the first, a Roman: Maxentius was incensed 
against him, because Lucina, a noble matron, had made the 
church her heir, hereupon the holy man was doomed to keep 
beasts in a stable, and was choked by the stench and filth, A. D. 
309. He sat five years, six months, and twenty-one daj-s. 

XXXI. Eusebius, a Grecian: (his father a physician) the cross of 
Christ was found in his tini'^, by Judas a Jew, and adorned and 
honored by Helena, the mother of Constantine. He died, A. D. 
311, having sat two years, one month, and three days. 

XXXII. Melchiades, an African : Constantine gave him the house 
of Plautius Lateranus, proscribed by Nero, which hath continued 
to this day by the name of the Lateran palace. He died, A. D. 
314, having sat three years, seven months, and nine days. 

XXXIII. Sylvester, the first, a Roman, is said to have baptised Con^^ 
Stan tine the emperor; others say it was done by Eusebius of Nico- 
demia. Constantine appointed this man to wear a crown of gold. 
He sat twenty-two years, ten months, and eleven days, and died, 
A. D. 336. 

XXXIV. Marcus, the first, a Roman, brought in the singing of the 
Nicene creed, and the giving of the pall to the bishoj) of Ostia. 
He sat eight months and twenty days. 

XXXV. Julius, the first, a Roman : Athanasius made his creed in his 
time at Rome, which was then approved by Julius and his clergy. 
He ordained prothonotaries to register the acts of the churcli. He 
sat sixteen years, two months, and six days, and died, A. D. 352. 

XXXVI. Liberius, the first, a Roman, either through fear or ambi- 
tion, subscribed to Arianlsm and Athanasius's condemnation ; but 
recovered himself, and sat fifteen years, three months, and four 
days, and died, A. D. 367. 

XXXVII. Foelix, the second, a Roman, was intruded on the see, by 
order of the emperor Constantius, during the exile of Liberius in 
355. FojlLx condescended to communicate with the Arian^, 
though he was none of them ; hut afterwards in a tumult, A. D. 
358, he was driven away by them, and Liberius ve-instatfed. He 
^ied, A, D. 375, 



%58 P03PES OF ROME. 

XXXVIIL Damasus, the first, a Spaniard, succeeded Liberius, 
A. D. 367. He accursed Usurers, and appointed Gloria Patri, &e. 
to close up every psalm. He sat eighteen years, three months, 
and eleven days, and,died, A. D. 385. 

XXXIX. Syricus, the first, a Roman: he excluded them that were 
twice married, and admitted monks, into holy orders. In his 
time the temple of Serapis was demolished and the idol broken. 
He sat thirteen years, eleven months, and twenty-five days, and 
died, A. D. 398. 

XL. Anastasius, the fii'st, a Roman : he was careful to repress the 
errors of Origen, and was the first that brought in the standuig up 
at the reading of the gospel. He sat four years and ten days, and 
died, A. D. 402. 

XLI. Innocentius, the first, an Alban, a great stickler against the 
Pelagians : in his time Alaricus plundered Rome ; Innocentius 
being then at Ravenna. He sat fifteen years, two months, and 
twentj^-five days, and died, A. D. 417. 

XLII. Zozemus, brought the use of tapers into the church, forbade 
priests to drink in public, or servants to be admitted into the 
priesthood. He sat one year, three months, and twelve days, and 
died, A. D. 418. 

XLIII. Bonifacius, the first, a Roman, the son of Jocundus, a priest : 
he was chosen in a tumult and sedition of the clergy : was opposed 
by Eulalius the deacon, but at last carried it against him. He sat 
five years, eight months, and seven days. 

XLIV. Ccelestinus, the first, a Campanian : he sent Germanus and 
liUpus into England, Paladius into Scotland, and Patrick into Ire- 
land. He first caused the psalms to be sung in Antiphony. He 
sat nine years and ten months, and died, A. D. 432. 

XLV. Sixtus, the third : he was accused by one Bassus for seducing 
a nun, but was acquitted by the synod, and his accuser sent into 
exile. He built much, and therefore had the title of Enricher of 
the church. He sat eight years, and died, A. D. 440. 

XLVI. Leo, the first, dissuaded Attila from sacking Rome, Peter 
and Paul terrifying the Hunn, while Leo spake to him. In his 
time the Venetians settled themselves in the gulph, now so fa- 
mous. He sat twenty-one years, one month, and thirteen days, 
and died, A. D. 461. 

XL VII. Hilarius, the first : in his time was the rectifj-ing of the gol- 
den number, by Victorinus of Aquitain, and the bi-inging in of the 
Litany, by Mamerius Claudius, of Vienna. He sat six years, three 
months, and ten days, and died, A. D. 467. 

XLVIII. Simplicius, the first, a Tiburtine : he took upon himself the 
jurisdiction of the church of Ravenna : decreed that none of the 
clergy should hold a benefice of a layman. He sat sixteen years, 
one month, and seven days, and died, A. D. 483. 

XLIX. Fcelix, the third, son of a Roman priest, decreed that no 
church should be consecrated but by a bishop ; opposed the pro- 
posal of union by the emperor Zeno, to the great confusion of 
the Eastern and Western churches; sat nine years, and died, 
A. D. 492, 
L. Gelasius, the first, an African, ordered the canon of scripture, 
branding as counterfeit books, some that before passed for cano- 
nical or authentic; banished the Manichees, and burned their 
books. He sat four years, eight months, and seyenteen days, an<^ 
died, A. D. 496. 



POPES OF ROME. 2B9 

LI. Anastasius, the second, a Roman, eKcommunicated Anastasius, 
the Greek emperor, for favouring the heretic Acatius, whose 
heresy he afterwards himself favoured. He sat one year, ten 
months, and twenty-four days, and died, A. D. 498. 

LII. Symmachus, the first, a Sardinian, succeeded in opposition to 
Laurentius": he was a lover of the poor, and bountiful to the exiled 
bishops and clergy. He sat sixteen years, six months, and twenty- 
two days, and died, A. D. 514. 

LIII. Hormisdas, the first : the emperor Justinus sent him his am- 
bassadors with the confirmation of the authority of the apostolic 
see. He condemned the Eutychians in a provmcial sjTiod ; sat 
nine years and eighteen days, and died, A. D. 523. 

LIV, Johannes, the first, a Tuscan, a man of great learning and 
piety; was cast into prison by Theoderick, and there killed by 
the stench and filth of it, A. D. 526. He sat three years and 
eight n\onths. 

LV. Fcelix, the fourth, a Samnite, exconununicated the patriarch of 
Constantinople; divided the chancel from the church; com- 
manded extreme unction to be used to dying men. He sat four 
years, two months, and thirteen days, and died, A. D. 530. 

LV. Bonifacius, the second, a Roman, decreed that no bishop should 
choose his successor ; and that no pope (if it might be) should be 
chosen within three days after his predecessor's death. He sat 
two years and two days, and died, A. D. 532. 

LVII. Johannes, the second, a Roman, condemned Anthemius, the 
patriarch of Constantinople : was surnamed Mercury for his elo- 
quence. He sat three years and four months, and died, A. D. 535. 

LVIII. Agapetus, the first, a Roman : sent ambassador, by king 
Theodatus, to pacify Justinian the emperor, for the death of the 
noble and learned queen Amalasuntha. He sat eleven months 
and nineteen days, and died, A. D. 536. 

LIX. Sylverius, a Campanian; was deposed by the empress, for 
refusing to put cut Menna and restore Anthemius, her favorite. 
He died in exile, A. D. 540, having sat one year, five months, and 
twelve days : and his death was in the third year of his exile ; in 
the isle of Calmaria. 

LX. Vigilius, the first, was made pope by the empress and Belisa- 
rius, diuing the life of Sylverius ; but for breach of promise, to 
the empress, was brought to Constantinople, there, with a halter 
about his neck, drawn about the streets and banished, by Justi- 
nian ; but soon after he was recalled to Rome ; and died on his 
journey to Syracuse, A. D. S55. He sat fifteen years, seven 
months, and twenty days, after the death of Sylverius. 

LXI. Pelagius, the first ; ordained that heretics and schismatics 
should be punished with temporal death; and that no man, for 
money, should be admitted into orders. He sat four years, ten 
months, and twenty-eight days, and died, A. D. 559. 

LXII. Johaiines, the third : in his time the Armenians received the 
faith of Christ. He was settled in his chair by Narses; and sat 
thirteen years, eleven months, and twenty-six days, and died, 
A. D. 573. 

LXIII. Benedictus, the first, a Roman : in his time the Lombards 
foraged Italy; the grief of this, and other calamities in Italy, oc- 
casioned the death of this pope, A. D. 577. He sat four years, 
one month, and twenty-eight days. 
P3 



26.0 POPES OF ROME. 

LXIV. Pelagius, the second, a Roman ; was made pope during tKe 
siege of the city by the Lombards, without the emperor's consent, 
which election he sent Gregory to excuse. He sat thirteen years, 
two months, and ten days, and died, A. D. 590. 

LXV. Gregorius, the first, surnamed the Great, called himself Ser- 
vus Servorwn Dei ; sent Austin into England, to convert the Eas- 
tei-n Saxons; and withstood the claim of Universal bishop, or 
Head of the church. He sat thirteen years, five months, and ten 
days, and died, A. D. 604. 

LXVI. Sabinianus, the first, the last of the Roman bishops, who de- 
clined that arrogant title, of Universal bishop, or Head of the 
church : he opposed all that Gregory had done ; distinguished the 
hours of offices ; sat one year, five months, and nine days, and 
died, A. D. 606. 

LXyir. Bonifacius, the third : obtained of Phocas, the murderer of 
his lord, that popish supremacy which to this day is so much 
stood upon ; and volumus and jubemus to be the style u -ed by 
this priest. He enjoyed his i^omp but a short time ; for he sat 
but nine months, dying in November, 606. 

LXVIII. Bonafacius, the fourth : he instituted All-hallow-day ; de- 
dicated the temple of Pantheon to the Virgin Maiy; made his 
father's house a monastery ; and died, A. D. 614 ; having sat 
seven years, eight months, and thirteen days. 

LXIX. Deus Dedit, the first, a Roman : he loved and enriched the 
clergy ; is said to have cured a leper with a kiss. He died, having 
sat only three years and twenty-three days, A. D. 617. 

LXX. Bonifacius, the fifth, a Campanian : he privileged murderers 
and thieves that took sanctuaiy in the churches, and decreed that 
the hands of justice should not pluck them thence. He died, 
A. D. 625 ; having sat eight years and ten days. After his death 
was a vacancy for one year. 

LXXI. Honorius, the first : he covered the church of saint Peter 
with the brazen tiles taken from the capitol. He also instituted 
the feast of the exaltation of the ci-oss, and died, A. D. 639 ; hav- 
ing sat twelve years, eleven months, and seventeen days. 
LXXII. Severinus, the first, a Roman ; in his time Isaacius, the ex- 
arch of Italy, took away the Lateran treasure, to pay his soldiers, 
for which the pope dared not excommunicate him. He sat two 
months only. 

iXXIII. Johannes, the fourth, a Dalmatian ; with the remainder of 
the treasure redeemed some exiles of his countrymen : he busied 
himself about the celebration of Easter, and translation of the 
bones of martyrs ; sat upwards of two years, and died, A. D, 641. 

LXXIV. Theodorus, the first, a Grecian, son to the bishop of Jeru- 
salem : he deprived Pyrrhus, patriarch of Constantinople, for the 
heresy of the Acephali. He died, A. D. 649 ; having sat eight 
years, five months, and eighteen days. 

LXXV. Martinus, the first, an Italian; ordained priests to shave 
theii- polls and keep themselves single : he excommunicated Pau- 
lus, patriarch of Constantinople, for which he was banished into 
Pontus, where he died, A. D. 655. He sat six years, one month, 
and twenty-six days. 
LXXVI. Eugenius, was less active and sped better: he ordained 
that bishops ^ould have prisons for their priests, to repress their 
oyer-boldness. He ?at only six months: died, A. D, 655. 



POPES OF ROME, 261 

LXXVII. Vitalianus, the first, brought the first organ into the di- 
vine service of the church of Rome : he excommunicated Marus, 
the archbishop of Ravenna. Theodorus and Adrian were sent 
by him into England td introduce the Latin service. He sat four- 
teen years and six montlis ; and died, A. D. 669. 

LXXVIII. Adeodatus, the first, was formerly a monk: earthquakes, 
comets, and tempests, such as never were before, did amaze men 
in liis time. He died, A. D. 676; having sat seven years, two 
months, and fi\'e days. 

LXXIX. Domnus, the first, had the church of Ravenna subjected 
to him, by Theodorus the ai-chbishop, which before that time had 
pretended equality with that of Rome, He adorned the church 
porch of saint Peter with marble ; sat two years, and died, A. D. 
573. 

LXXX. Agatho, the first, a Sicilian ; ordained that the popes' sanc- 
tions should be as firmly kept as those of the apostles. He sent 
John, abbot of St. ]Martins, into England, to have our church ser- 
vice in tune, and with other superstitious injimctions. He is said 
to have died of the plague ; sat five years, six months, and fif- 
teen days, and died, A. D. 683. 

LXXXI. Leo, the second, a Sicilian, skilled in Greek, Latin, and 
music : he ratified the sixth synod to confirm the mass, and re- 
strain the Western priests' marriages ; and brought in the kissing 
of the slipper. He sat only ten months. 

LXXXII. Benedictus, the second, a Roman : he got to be first 
styled Vicar of Christ, and that the popes should be freely elected 
by the clergy, without the consent of the exarchs or emperors : 
this pope (as his predecessor) sat but ten months. 

LXXXIII. Johannes, the fifth, a Syrian, was consecrated by the 
three bishops of Ostium, Portus and Valiturnum. He died in the 
fii-st year of his popedom, the manner of his consecration being 
observed by his successors. 

I,XXXIV. Coiion, the first, a Thracian, sent saint Killian the Scot, 
and some others, to convert some places in Germany, where they 
were martyred. He sickened upon his election, sat only eleven 
months, and died, A. D. 686. 

LXXXV. Sergius, the first, a Syrian ; for refusing to receive the 
canons of TruUo, was sent for by the emperor, but rescued by 
the Italians. He was taxed with adultery: sat fourteen years, 
eight months, and died, A. D. 700. 

LXXXVI. Johannes, the sixth, a Grecian: some say that he w.is 
famous for feeding the poor in a great famine, and that he died a 
martyr. He sat four years, three months, and died, A. D. 705. 

LXXXVII. Johannes, the seventh; sat three years, seven months, 
and seventeen days ; and died, A. D. 708. 

LXXXVIII, Sisennius, the first : this man had the gout, both in 
his hands and feet : he left provisions and materials for the city 
walls and temples. He sat but three weeks: it is suspected he 
had foul play. 

LXXXIX. Constantius, the first: going to Constantinople, Justin- 
nian, the second, kissed his feet in sign of honour, which the am- 
bitious succeeding popes drew, first into example, then into cus- 
tom as it now continueth. He sat six years and twenty days, and 
died, A. D. 714. 

P4 



262 POPES OF ROME. 

XC. Gregorius, the second, a Roman ; excoramnnicated Leo Isaii- 
rus, the emperor, for standing against images ; forced Luitpran- 
dus, king of Italy, to confirm the donations of his predecessor 
Arithpest. He sat seven years, nine months, and died, A. D. 7S1. 

XCI. Gregorius, the thii-d, a Syrian ; espoused the quarrel about 
images; excommunicated the emperor; drove the Greeks out of 
Italy by the Lombards, and afterwards checked the Lombards by 
the assistance of the French under the conduct of Charles Martell. 
He sat ten years : died, A. D. 741. 

XCII. Zacharius, the first, a Grecian, deposed Childerick, King of 
France, and by the same high hand, turned Raches, king of Loin- 
bardy, and Caroloman, of France, from their thrones to be monks. 
He held the chair for ten years and three months, and died, A. D. 
751. 

XCIII, Stephanus, the second, a Roman: he excited Pepin, of 
France, to turn Astolphus out of Lombardy, and bestow it on the 
pope, for freeing him of his oath ; for this success he was the first 
that was carried on men's shoulders. He sat five years and one 
month; died, A. D. 576. 

XCIV. Paulus, the first, a Roman, and brother of Stephen ; excom- 
municated Constantine Copronimus, the emperor, upon the old 
quarrel : he was an honourer of saint Petronella, the daughter of 
saint Peter. He sat ten years and one month, and died, A. D. 766. 

XCV. Stephanus, the third, a Sicilian : he brought in the worship- 
ing and censing of images, and subjected Milan to his see. He sat 
five years and five months : died, A. D. 772. 

XCVI. Adrianus, the first : this pope having done Charles the Great 
a piece of service, he, to reward him, coufinned the gift of his fa- 
ther to the Roman see ; adding the dukedoms of Spoleto and 
Benevento unto it : perhaps they call this Constantine's donation. 
He sat twenty-three years, ten months, and died, A. D. 795. 

XCVII. Leo, the third, to get the favour of Charles the Great, pros- 
tituted his keys and the Roman liberties at his feet, for which the 
Romans plucked him from his horse and whipped him ; Charles 
coming to P^ome to protect the pope is pi-onounced emperor. 
He sat twenty-one years, and died, A. D. 816. 

XCVIII. Stephanus, the fourth, decreed it should be in the power 
ct the clergy to elect the pope, but not to consecrate him, onlj- in 
the presence of the emperor's ambassador. He sat but sis months 
and some days. 

XCIX. Paschal, the first, caused certain parish priests to be called 
cardinals, they are companions for kings, and ax-e in number 
about seventy, but more or less at the pleasure of the popes. He 
sat seven years and three months, and died, A. D. 724. 

C. Eugenius, the second, took the authority in the tenitories of the 
church, to create dukes, earls, and knights, as the exarchs of 
Ravenna used to do. He was called " the Father of the poor," 
and sat three years. Died, A. D. 827. 

CI. Valentmius, the first, was a man too good to hold the chair 
long; great were his accomplishments, and exemplary his life; 
but he was soon gone, for he died on the fortieth day after his 
election. 

CII. Gregoi-ius, the fourth : in his time the luxun' of the clergy was 
very great, against which a synod was held at Aquisg^*ave. This 
pope sat almost eighteen years, and died, A. D. 844. 



POPES OF RO:SUE. 26S 

cm. Sergius, Ihc second, was the first that changed his dis^cefUl 
name, Bocca di Porca, or swine's mouth, into Sergius; which pre- 
cedent his successors have since followed, at their creation chang- 
ing their names. He died, A. D. 847. 

CIV. Leo, the foui-tli, a Roman monk : he compassed the Vatican 
with a wall ; gave a dispensation to Ethelwolfe to leave his mo- 
nastery, and reign in England ; for which he gratified his holiness 
with yearly Peter-pence. He sat seven years, three months, and 
six days, and died, A. D. 854. 

CV. Joan, is by most confessed to be a woman, and is usually called 
pope Joan. To avoid this like disgrace, the poi-phyry chair was 
ordained. She died in child-birth in going to the Lateran, A. D. 
S54 ; having sal only a few months. 

CVI. Benedictus, the third, a Roman, was withstood by one Anasta- 
sius, but to no purpose. He made a shew of great humility, and 
tlierefore would not be buried in, but without the threshold of 
saint Peter's church. He sat three years, six months, and nine 
days, and died, A. D. 858. 

CVli. Nicholaus, the first, was the first that prohibited by law mar- 
riage to the Roman clergy. He deprived John, of Ravenna, for 
not stooping to him. He sat nine years, nine months, and thirteen 
days, and died, A. D. 868. 

OVIII. Adrianus, the second : the emperor's ambassador excepted 
against his election, but had a delusive answer. The emperor Lo- 
tharius came to Rome to receive absolution of him, which has been 
much insisted upon. He sat upwards of five years, and died, 
A. D. 874. 

CIX. Johannes, the eighth, crowned three emperors, Charles the 
Bald, Charles the Gi-oss, and Lewis. He held a council at Trecas, 
di-ove the Saracens out of Italy and Sicily, and died, A. D. 882; 
having sat ten years and two days, and was buried in saint Peter's. 

ex. Martinns, the second, a Frenchman : died, A. D. 884 ; having 
sat only one year and five months. 

CXI. Adrianus, the third, ordained that the election, or confirma- 
tion of the pope should no longer depend on the emperor, but 
that it should be left wholly to the Roman clergy. He died in the 
second month of his popedom, A. D. 885. 

CXII. Stephanus, the fifth, a Roman : he abrogated the purging 
of adultery and witchcraft, by going over bwming coals, and cast- 
ing the suspected into water. He died, A. D. 891 ; having sat 
six years and eleven days. 

CXIII. Formosus, the first, was so hated, that pope Stephen, the 
sixth, caused his body to be unburied, all his acts reversed, two of 
his fingers to be cut of, and then buried among the laity. Sergius, 
the third, took him up again, caused his head to be cut off, and 
the body to be thrown into the Tyber. He died the sixth month 
of his sixth year, A. D. 897. 

CXIV. Bonifacius, the sixth, a Tuscan, is inserted in the catalogue 
only because he was rightly elected. He died upon the twenty- 
sixth day after his election. 

CXV. Stephanus, the sixth, a Roman, abrogated all the acts of 
Formosus, his predecessor : which afterwards became customary, 
from his example, the following popes iiifringing, if not fully can- 
celling, all the acts of their immediate pi-edecessors ; this pope' 
died, A. Q. 90X ; the third year ot his popedom. 



264 POPES OF ROME. 

CXVI. Roraanus, the first, a Roman, made void all the decrees and 
acts of Stephen that was before him. He died in the third month 
of his popedom. 

CXVII. Theodorus, the second, a Roman, restored the acts of For- 
mosus, and his followers were in great esteem with him. In his 
time the Saracens broke into Apulia, and made great spoil ; but 
were repelled by the Italians. The pope died, A. D. 901 ; having 
sat in his chair only twenty days, 

CXVIII. Johannes, the ninth, a Roman, restored the acts of Formo- 
sus ; and being therein opposed by the people, he fled to Ravenna, 
summoned a council of seventy-four bishops, who restored the acts 
of Formosus, and rescinded those of Stephen. He died. A. D. 904, 
haA'uig sat three years. 

CXIX. Benedictus, the fourth, a Roman, for his humanity and cle- 
mency was created pope. Platina says, that in a bad time he pre- 
served much gi-avity and constancy in his life, and died, A. D. 905, 
a few months after obtaining his chair. 

CXX. Leo, the fifth, historians give no account of his country: he 
was made prisoner by his familiar friend, Christoplier, and there- 
upon is thought to have died of grief, upon the tbrtieth day after 
receiving the popedom. 

CXXI. Chistophorus, the first, was so base that his coimti-y was not 
known : having obtained the chair by evil arts, he soon lost it — was 
thrust into a monaster}', the then only refuge for the miserable, 
and this, in the seventh month of his usurpation of the seat, where- 
of he had deprived his friend. 

CXXIl. Sergius, the third, ordained the bearing of candles at the 
feast of the purification of the virgin Mary, from thence called can- 
diemass-day : he imprisoned Christopher, rescinded the acts of For- 
mosus, and died, A. D. 909, having sat 3 years and four months. 

CXXIII. Anastasius, the third, a Roman, affixed no mark of igno- 
miny upon any of his predecessors, and lived himself with that 
modesty and uategrity, that there was nothing to be reproached 
in him. He died in the third year of his popedom, A. D. 912. 

CXXIV. Landus, the first, a Roman, his life is so obscure that some 
will not allow him a place among the popes. Nothing is said of 
him but that he died in the sixth month, on the 21st day of it, and 
was buried in St. Peters, A. D. 912. 

CXXV, Johannes, the tenth, the bastard of pope Sergius, overthrew 
the Saracens. In a sedition he was taken and put in bonds, where 
he was stifled by a pillow, A. D. 928 ; having sat fifteen years, two 
months, and three days. 

CXXVI. Leo, the sixth, a Roman, ^ modest and honest man: he 
took care of the service of God, as much as the corruption of that 
time would admit of. He died, A. D. 928 ; ha^ang sat but till the 
15th day of his seventh month, much lamented by the Romans. 

CXXVII. Stephanus, the seventh, a Roman; in his time Sperencus, 
duke of Bohemia, received the Christian faith- The pope himself 
was a man of much meekness and i-eligion : he died, A. D. 931, 
having sat two years, one month, and twelve daj-s. 

pXXVIII. Johannes, the eleventh, a wicked, cruel, and libidinous 
man; was taken in adulteiy, and slaiu, by the husband of the wo- 
man, A, D. 936. He was supposed to have poisoned two hundred 
persons, among whom were Leo and Stephen, his predecessors. 
He sat four years and t^t months. 



POPES OF ROME. S(i5 

CXXIX. Leo, the seventli, a Roraan : in his time, Boson, bishop of 
Placentia, Theobald, bishop of Milan, and another great prelate, 
were all bastai-ds of king Hugh, by his concubines, Besola, Rosa, 
and Stephana. He sat three years, six months and ten days, and 
died, A. D. 939. 
CXXX. Stephanas, the eighth, a German ; vexed with seditions, and 
in them so deformed with wounds, that he was ashamed to be seen 
in public. He died in the fourth year of his papacy, A. D. 943. 
CXXXI. Martinus, the third, a Roman, a inan of peace and piety, 
rebuilt ruinous churches, and gave gteat alms to the poor. He 
.died in the fourth year of his papacy, A. D. 946. 
CXXXII. Agapetus,' the second, a Roman : in his time the Hunga- 
rians broke into Italy, and were overcome, in two set battles, by 
Henry, duke of Bavaria. I'his pope was a man of great inno- 
cence, and died in the tenth year of his papacy, A. D. 955. 
CXXXIII. Johannes, the twelfth, a man, from his youth, polluted 
with all kinds of villainy and dishonesty ; he was deposed by Otho, 
in a council, and slain in the act of adultery, A. D. 964, in the 
ninth year of his papacy. 
CXXXIV. Leo, the eighth, crowned Otho emperor: he remitted 
onto him the right of choosing the popes, which had been for some 
time in the hands of the clergy and people, for which was ratified 
unto the papacy, Constantine's (or rather, Pepin's) donation. He 
died in his first yeai*, A, D. 964. 
CXXXV. Benedictus, the fifth, a Roman, from a deacon, advanced 
to the papacy ; but the emperor did not approve of the election, 
he therefore took the pope with him, into Germany, who died of 
grief, at Hamburg, his place of banishment, A. D. 964, having sat 
only six months and five days. 
CXXXVI. Johannes, the thirteenth, bishop of Narnia, was also wea- 
ried with seditions, and imprisoned, but freed by the emperor Otho. 
In his time bells began to be baptized, and had names given them. 
He died in his eighth year, A. D. 972, 
CXXXVII. Bonus, the second, a man of great modesty: he died in 
the first year of his papacy, and was buried in St. Peter's, A. D. 972. 
CXXXVIII. Benedictus, the sixth, a Roman, first imprisoned, arid 
then strangled, in the castle of St. Angelo, by Centius, a powerful 
citizen, A. D. 974. Platina fears Benedict deserved all he suffered, 
because none stirred in his quan-el. He died in his second year. 
CXXXIX. Bonifacius, the seventh: the citizens opposed him, he 
therefore stole the church ornaments and treasure, and fled to 
Constantinople : he afterwards returned, and recovered his place ; 
but soon after died of an apoplexy, A. D. 974, having sat only se- 
ven months and five days. 
CXL. Benedictus, the seventh, a Roraan, he turned out Gilbert, the 
conjurer, from the archbishoprick of Rheims, and restored Arnnl- 
phus. " He was a good man," saith Platina, " and died, A. D. 984, 
m his tenth j'ear." 
CXLI. Johannes, the fourteenth, was taken by the Romans, and 
imprisoned by Ferrucius, the father of Boniface. He died in his 
third month, with famine, grief of mind, and the filth of his prison, 
A. D. 984. 
CXLII. Johannes, the fifteenth, a hater of the clergv, and hated by 
them: he was all for enriching his kindred. He died in his eighth 
month, saith Platina: by others he is supposed to have died before 
bis ordination, and omitted in the catalogue of the popes. 



^§^ EOPES OF ROlSffii 

CXLIII. Johannes, the sixteenth, reputed a great scholar: Ue vteas 
driven from Rome into Hetruria, by Crescentius, the Roman con- 
sul, but he submitting himself, John returned. He died, A. D. 996, 
in the eleventh year of his papacy. 

CXLIV. Gregorius, the fifth, projected the election of the future 
emperors by the princes of Germany, by which the Germans were 
distracted into factions, and the Romans weakened, by this means 
the popes wei-e ultimately exalted above kings or emperors. He 
sat three years, and died, A. D. 999. 

CXLV. Sylvestpr, the second, a Frenchman, first called Gerbertus, 
a magician. He is said to have contracted with the devil for the 
papacy, of which he afterwards repented. He died, having sat 
three yeax-s and ten daj^s, A. D. 1003. 

CXLVI. Johannes, the seventeenth, was given to magic. He took 
the choice of the jiopes from the people, appointed the feast of 
All Souls; and died, the 20th day of the fourth month of his 
papacy A. D. 1003. 

CXLVII. Johannes, the eighteenth, crowned the emperor Conrade, 
and was always protected by him. He died in his seventh year, 
A.D. 1009. 

CXLVIII. Sergius, the fourth, was the first, that on Christmas night, 
conseci-ated swords, roses, or the like, to be sent as tokens of love 
and honor, to such pruiees as deserved best, and whom he desired 
to oblige. He died, A. D. 1012. 

CXLIX. Benedictus, the eighth, a Tuscan : he crowned the emperor 
Henry. In his time there was so great a plague, that the living 
scarce sufficed to bury the dead. He died in his thirteenth year, 
A. D. 1024. 

CL. Johannes, the nineteenth, son to the bishop of Portua ; some 
say, not in orders before he took the popedom. Platina says, he 
was a man of excellent life, and died, upon the ninth day of the 
eleventh year of his papacy, A. D. 1034, 

CLT. Benedictus, the ninth, a conjurer, was wont, (with Laurence 
and Gracean, conjurors also, whom he had made cardinals), to 
wander in the woods to invoke devils, and bewitch women to fol- 
low them. He sat ten years, four months and nine days, and was 
deposed, A. D. 1045. 

CLII. Sylvester, the fifth, was made pope while Benedict was living, 
but the other soon recovered his seat. When Sylvester had sat 
but forty-nine days, he created Casimer, a monk, king of Poland. 
He is seldom esteemed as pope. 

CLIII. Gregorius, the sixth, received the keys when there were 
three popes extant at one time ; but Henrj-, the emperor, expelled 
Benedict, Sylvester, and Gregory, (this last having sat two years 
and seven months), A D. 1046. 

CLIV. Climes, the second: he made the Romans renounce, by oath, 
the right they claimed of choosing popes ; but Henry, the emperor, 
being gone, they poisoned this pope, A. D. 1047, when he had sat 
not full niae months. 

ChY. Damasus. the second, a Bavarian, without consent of the 
clergy or people, seized on the popedom; hut he enjoyed it only 
a short time, for he died upon the twenty-third day after his usur? 
pation. 

CLVI. Leo, tlie ninth, a German, a man of great piety, innocence. 
, and hospitality to sCi'angers and the poor. At Versailles fee Beld 



POPES OF ROME. 267 

a council against Berengarius. He sat five years, two months and 
six days, and died, A. D. 1054. 
CLVII. Victor, the second, a Bavarian, made pope by favour of 
Henry, the emperor. He held a great council at Florence, de- 
prived divers bishops for fornication and simony, and died in his 
third year, A. D. 105. 
CLVIII. Stephanus, the ninth, brought the church of Milan under 
the obedience of the popes of Rome, which, till that time, chal- 
lenged equality with them. He died at Florence, the eighth day 
of liis seventh month, A. D. 1057. 
CLIX. Bencdictus, the tenth, a Campanian, made pope by the fac- 
tion of nobles; but by a council, held at Sutrinum, he was deposed 
and b-onished, having sat eight months and twenty days. 
CLX. Nicholas, the second, tooli from the Roman clergy, the elec- 
tion of the popes, and gave it to the college of cardinals ; caused 
Berengarius to recant his opinion against transubstantiation, and 
died in his third year, A. D. 1061. 
CLXI. Alexander, the second, a Milanese, inclining to the emperor's 
right in choosing the popes, was imprisoned and poisoned by Hil- 
debi-and, A. D. 1073 ; ha\-ing sat twelve years and six months. 
CLXII. Gregorius, the seventh, commonly called Hildebrand, a tur- 
bulent man, excommunicated the emperor, Henry IV. : but, after 
many vicissitudes, the emperor compelled him to fly ft'om Rome. 
He died in exile, in his twelfth year, A. D 1085. He was the last 
pope whose election was sent to the emperor for confirmation. 
CLXIII. Victor, the third, an Italian, defended all the acts of Gre- 
gory ; but, not long iiftoi , ht- was poisoned, by his sub-deacon, in 
the chalice, having sat but ten months. 
CLXIV. Urbanus, the second, a Hetrurian, excommunicated the 
emperor, set all Christendom in commotion, and thence was called 
Turbulens. He died in the twelfth year of his papacy, A. D. 1099. 
CLXV. Paschalis, the second, caused the emperor, Henry IV. to 
submit to him, and attend barefoot at his door ; he also excomrau* 
nicated Heniy V. and intei-dicted priests' marriages. He sat nine- 
teen years, and died, A. D. 111,8. 
CLXVI. Gelasius, the second, a Campanian, was vexed with sedi- 
tions all his time : some say, the knights templars had their be- 
ginning in his papacy. He sat but one year, and died, A. D. 1119. 
•CLXVII. Celestus, the second, a Burgimdian: he appointed the 
four fasts, decreed it adultery for a bisliop to forsake his see, and 
interdicted priests' marriages. He sat five years, ten months and 
six days, and died, A. D. 1124. 
CLXVIII. Honorius, the second, a lover of learned men. Amul- 
phus, an Englishman was murdered in his time, for taxing the 
vices of the clergy. He died lamented, A. D. 1130; having sat six 
years and two months. 
CLXIX. Innocentius, the second, opposed by an anti-pope, callied 
Anacletus. He ordained that none of the laity should lay hands 
on any of the clergy, and died, in the fourteenth year and seventh 
month of his papacy, A. D. 1143. 
GLXX. Celestinus, the second, was the inventor of that mad manner 
of cursing, with bell, book, and candle; besides which, it is only 
said of him, that he died in the fifth month of his papacy. 
CLXXI. Lucius, the second, a Bononian : he mightily incited men 
t© the holy war. Ift his time, a synod was held In France, against; 



9$ft POPES OF ROME. 

Peter Abelard, who thereupon changed his opinion. Lucius sat 
eleven months and four days, and was succeeded, A. D. 1145. 

GLXXII. Eugenius, the third, a Pisan, a monk of the abbey of St. 
Bernard ; he would not permit the Romans to choose their own 
senators. He died, A. D. 1153; having sat eight years and four 
months. 

CLXXIIL Anastasius, the fourth, a Roman: In his time, there was 
a famine all over Europe. He gave a great chalice to the church 
of Lateran, and died, A, D. 1154 ; having sat one year. 

CLXXIV. Adrianus, the fourth, an Englishman, (the only one who 
ever attained this station): he forced Frederick, the emperor, to 
hold his stirrup ; and then, excommunicated him for claiming his 
right of signing his name before the popes. Being choked \Nith 
a fly, at Anagnia, he died, A, D. 1159 j having sat fi%'e years and 
ten months, leaving some letters and homilies, which are still 
extant. 

GLXXV. Alexander, the third: he excommunicated the emperor, 
Frederick I. and obliged him to prostrate himself at his feet, 
when he (the pope) trod on his neck. He sat twenty-two years, 
and died, A. D. 1181. 

6LXXVI. Lucius, the third, strove to abolish the Roman consuls, 
for which he was forced to quit Rome, and retire to Verona, 
where he died, A. D. USS ; having sat four years and two months. 

CLXXVII, Urbanus, the thii-d, a Milanese: in his time Jerusalem 
was taken by Saladine ; with grief whereof the pope died, A. D. 
1186. He sat one year and ten months. 

CLXXVIII. Gregorius, the eighth, iiu>itc«l the Christian princes to 
the recovery of Jerusalem, in which endeavour he died, in the 
fifty-seventh day of his papacy. 

CLXXIX. Clement, the third, excommunicated the Danes, for 
maintaining the marriages of their clergy ; composed the diffe- 
rences at Rome, and died, A. D. 1191, in the fourth year of his 
papacy. 

CLXXX. Celestinus, the third, put the crown on the emperor's 
head with his feet, and then struck it off again, saying, j6er me reges 
regnant. He sat seven years, and died, A. D. 1198. 

CLXXXI. Innocentius, the third, brought in the doctrine of tran- 
substantiation ; ordained a pix to cover the host, and a bell to be 
rung before it ; and first imposed auricular confession upon the 
people. He sat eighteen years, and was succeeded, A. D. 1216. 

CLXXXII. Honorius, the third, who confirmed the orders of Domi- 
nick and Francis, and set them against the Waldenses ; exacted 
two prebends of every cathedral in England. He sat eleven years 
and seven months, and died, A. D. 1227. 

CLXXXIIL Gregoi-ius, the ninth, thrice excommunicated the em- 
peror Frederick. In his time began, the deadly fends of the papal 
Guelphs and the imperial Gibbelines. He sat fourteen years and 
three months, and died, A. D. 1241. 

CLXXXIV. Celestinus, the fourth, a man of great learning and 
piety ; but being very old, and perhaps poisoned at his entrance, 
he kept his seat but eighteen days. 

CLXXXV. Innocentius, the fourth, in a council, at Lyons, deposed 
the emperor Frederick. Terrified with a dream, of his being 
cited to judgement, he died, A. D. 1253; having sat eleven ycarc 
and six months. 



POPES OF ROME. 269 

CLXXXVI. Alexander, the fourth, condemned the, book of William 
de Sancto Araore, sainted Clara, pillaged England of its treasure, 
and died at Veterbium, A. D. 1160, in the seventh year of his 
papacv. 

CLXXXVlI. Urbanus, the fourth, formerly patriarch of Jerusalem: 
he instituted the feast of Corpus Christi day, solicited thereto by 
Eva, an anchoress. He sat three years, one month and four days, 
and died, A. D. 1264. 

CLXXXVIII. Clement, the fourth, the greatest lawyer in Franee, 
had, before his election, a wife and thi'ee children; sent Octobonus 
into England to take the value of all church revenues. He sat 
four years, and died, A. D. 1268. After him, was a vacancy of two 
years. 

CLXXXIX. Gregory, the tenth, an Italian, held a council at 
Lyons, whereat was present, Michael Paliologus, the Greek 
emperor, who acknowledged there, the procession of the Holy 
Ghost from Father and Son. This pope sat four years, two 
months and ten days, and died, A. D. 1276. 

CXC. Adrianus, the fifth, a Genoese, before called Octobonus, and 
legate in England, in the days of Henry HI. He died before he 
was consecrated, in the fortieth day of his popedom. 

CXCI. Johannes, the twentieth, a Spaniard, and physician ; though 
a learned man, yet, unskilled in affairs. He sat but eight months. 

CXCII. Nicholas, the third, first practised to enrich his kindred. 
He raised a quaixel between the French and Sicilians, which oc- 
casioned the massacre of the Sicilian vesper. He sat three years, 
and was then succeeded, A. D. 1281. 

CXCIII, Martinus, the fourth, a Frenchman. He kept the concur 
bine of his predecessor, Nicholas; removed all pictures of bears 
from the palace, lest his concubine should bring forth a bear. He 
sat four years and died, A. D. 1285. 

CXCIV. Honorius, the fourth, confirmed the Augustine friars, and 
caused the Carmelites to be called " our Lady's brethren." He 
died, A. D. 1287; havuig sat two years and one day. 

CXCV. Nicholas, the fourth, preferred persons solely out of respect 
to their virtue, and died of grief, to see church and state in a re- 
mediless confusion ; having sat four years and one month, A. D. 
1292. After him there was a vacancy for two years. 

CXCVI. Celestinus, the fifth, a hermit, was easily prevailed on to 
quit the chair ; the cardinals persuading him tliat it was above his 
ability: he resigned, was imprisoned, and died; havittg sat five 
months only. 

CXCVII. Bonifacius, the eighth, by his general bull, exempted the 
clei-gy from being chargeable with taxes and payments to tempo- 
ral princes ; first set forth the decretals, and established the feast 
of Jubilee. He sat nme years and was succeeded, A. D. 1303. 

CXCVIII. Benedictus, the tenth, a Lombai-d, was a man of great 
humility, and desired to compose all broils ; but was poisoned, by 
a fig, A. D. 1303; having sat eight months and seventeen days.... 
After him was a vacancy of eleven months. 

CXCIX. Clement, the fifth, first made indulgences and pardons 
saleable. He removed the papal see from Rome to Avignon, in 
Franee, where it continued for seven years. He sat eight years, 
and died, A. D. 1315. In his time the order of the knights temp- 
lars was extinguished, and the grand master, with maoT oi th« 
brethren, were burnt, at Paris. 



!S8> f»OPES OF ROlSffi. 

CC. Johannes, the twenty-first: he sainted Thomas Aquinas, aind 
Thomas of Hereford; challenged supremacy over the Greek 
church, and died, having sat eighteen years and four months, 
A. r>. 1234. 

CCI. Benedictus, the eleventh, a man of that constancy, as by no 
means to be swayed from that which he thought right. He died, 
A. D. 1342, in the ninth year of his papacy. 

ecu. Clement, the sixth. A dreadful pestilence was in his time, in 
Italy, so that scarcely a tenth man remained alive. He died« 
A. D. 1352; ha\Tng sat ten years, sis months and twenty-eight 
days. 

CCIII. Innocentius, the sixth, a lawyer, burnt John de Rupe Seessa 
for foretelling shrewd thmgs of antichrist. He sat ten years, and 
died, A. D. 1362. 

CCIV. Urbanus, the fifth, a great stickler for popish privileges: 
he confirmed the order of saint Bridget. Being poisoned, as it is 
thought, he died, A. D. 1370; having sat eight years and four 
months. 

CC V. Gregorius, the eleventh, returned the papal chair to Rome : 
he excommunicated the Floi-entines ; sat seven years, and five 
months, and died, A. D. 1377. 

CCVI. Urbanus, the sixth. Gunpowder was invented m his time. 
He made fiftj'-four cardinals; held a jubilee, to gather money, and 
died, A. D. 1389 ; having sat eleven years and eight months. 

CCVII. Bonifacius, the ninth, scarce thirty years old, when made 
pope ; very ignorant, and a great seller of church livings. He sat 
fourteen yeavs aiid nine montlis, and died, A. D. 1403. 

tCVlII. Innocentius, the seventh, demanded the money of ecclesi- 
astical benefices, both in France and England ; but was stoutly de- 
nied. He sat but two years, and died, A. D. 1406. 

CCIX. Gregorius, the twelfth, swore to resign for the peace of the 
church; but a collusion being discerned between him and Bene- 
dict, both were ai-rested, A. D. 1409. 

CCX. Alexander, the fifth, a Cretan, a man of great sanctity and 
learning : he deposed Ladislaus, king of Naples and Apulia, and 
sat but eight months. 

CCXI. Johannes, the twenty-second, (of Naples): by his consent, a 
council was assembled at Constance, where he himself was de- 
posed, A. D. 1414. After him, was a vacancy of almost three 
years. 

CCXII. Martinus, the fifth, condemned Wickliff", burned John Husg, 
and Jerome, of Prague, his followers. He sat fourteen years and 
some months, and died, A. D. 1431. 

CCXIII. Eugenius, the fourth, a Venetian, refused to appear at the 
council of Basil, which thereupon deposed him, A. D. 1447. He 
sat sixteen years. 

CCXIV. Nicholas, the fifth, (of Genoa): m his time the Turks took 
Constantinople. He built the Vatican, and died in the eighth year 
of his papacy. 

CCXV. Celestus, the third, a Spaniard, sent preachers throughout 
Europe, to animate princes to war against the Turks. He sat but 
three years, and died, A. D. 1458. 

CCXVI. Pius, the second, an Italian, approved of the marriage o^ 
the clergy; and turned out numerous cloistered liffJCiSt He sat 
six years, and was succeeded, A, D. 1464.. 



POPES OF ROME. 2y 

CCXVII, Paiilus, the second: he exceeded all his predecessors in 
pomp find show ; enriched his mitre with all kinds of precious 
stones ; honom-ed the cardinals with a scarlet gown, and reduced 
the jubilee lh)m fifty to twenty-five years. He sat seven years, 
and died, A. D. 1471. 

CCXVIII. Sixtus, the fourth, ordained a guard to attend his person j 
was the fii-st founder of the Vatican Library, and brought in beads. 
He sat thirteen years, and died, A. D. 1484. 

GCXIX. Innocentiiis, the eighth, of Genoa; much given to excess 
in drinking and venery. He sat seven years and ten months, and 
died, A. D. 1492. 

CCXX. Alexander, the sixth, first openly acknowledged his ne- 
phews (as they call their natural sons) to be his sons ; was inces- 
tuous with his daughter, and died, A. D. 1503, of poison, which 
was given him in mistake, by his servants, instead of some cardi- 
nals, whon\ he had invited to an entertainment, and for whom he 
had prepared it. 

CCXXI. Pius, the third, proposed to compel all Frenchmen to 
leave Italy; but died, in tlie interim, of an ulcer in his leg; 
ha^ ing sat but twenty-five days. 

CCXXII. Julius, the second, moie a soldier than a prelate, passing,' 
oyer a bridge of the Tiber, threw his key into the river, and bran- 
dished his sword; excommunicated Lewis, of France, sat ten 
years, and died, A. D. 1513. 

CCXXIII. Leo, the tenth, bui-nt Luther's books, declaring him a 
heretic ; Luther did the like, at Wirtemburg, with the pope's 
canon law, declaring him a persecutor, tyrant, and the very anti- 
christ. Leo ditd, A. D. 1522. 

CCXXIV. Adrian, the sixth, a Low-countryman, made shew, at his 
entrance, of reformation ; but was diverted : the Lutherans began 
to spread, and the Turks to approach; these, and other things, 
bi'oke him so tliat he died in his second year, A. D. 1523. 

C'CXXV. Clement, the seventh, ot Florence, in his time, Rome was 
sacked, and the pope made prisoner, by the duke of Bourbon; and 
the pope's supremacy was cast oft', in England, by Henry VIII. 
Some say that he died of the lousy disease, A. D. 1534. 

CCXXVI. Paul, the third, called the council of Trent; prostituted 
his sister ; committed incest with his daughter, and poisoned hev 
hjisband ; attempted the chastity of his niece, and being found in 
the fact, was marked by her husband. He was a necromancer, i. e. 
an astronomer : he was learned and judicious, and wrote well in 
verse and prose, and cori-esponded with Erasmus, and other 
learned men of his time. He died, A. D. 1549, aged 82. 

CCXXVII. Julius, the third, gave a cardinal's hat to a sodomitical 
boy, called Innocentius: m his time, Casa, archbishop of Bona- 
ventum, printed a book in defence of sodomy. England recon- 
ciled to the mother church in queen Mary's time. Julius died. 
A. D. 1555. 

CCXXVIII. Marcellus, the second, a Hetruscan : he esteemed the 
Lutherans worse than Turks, and persuaded Charles V. and Fer- 
dinand i-ather to turn their forces against them. He was pope 
but t\\ enty-three days. 

CCXXIX. Paul, the fourth, the Neapolitan, a great patron of the 
.resiiits and their inquisition, in which had been made awav,o\ie 



m POPES OF ROME. 

liundred and fifty persons, for religion. Being hated for his cdfi- 
elty, after his death A. D. 1569, his statue was east into the Tyber, 

CCXXX. Pius, the fourth, continued the couucii at Trent, brought 
it to an end, and thereby settled and confirmed the interest of 
the church of Rome. His legates were forbid footu)g in England, 
by queen Elizabeth. Venery aad luxury shortened this pope's 
days, and was succeeded, A. D. 1566, 

CCXXXI. Pius, the fifth, a Lombard : he commanded the prosti- 
tutes in Rome to be niamed or whipt : he had a hand in the death 
of king Charles of Spain, and of king James' father, of England, 
and in most of the treasons against queen Elizabeth, whom he ex- 
communicated by bull. He left his seat, A. D. 1571 

CCXXXII. Gregoiius, the thirteerith, a BononJau. The massacre 
at Paiis was by this man's procurement: he altered the calendar 
to his new stjle, which anticipates the old account ten days : he 
excommunicated and ousted the archbishop of Collen because he 
married: would have deposed the king of Portugal, but was pre- 
vented. He sat thirteen years, and then was succeeded, A. D. 
1585. 

CCXXXIII. Sixtus, the fifth, of Marca Ancona,- his parents were 
so poor that, when a boy, he was hired as a swineherd, but ran 
away, and attached himself to a Franciscan fiiar, saying he "would 
willingly suiiier the pains of purgatory to be made a scholar." By 
his perseverance, talents, and learning, he obtained the highest 
honours of the convent. His ambition was boundless, when but a 
ragged errand boy to the friars, he pi-oroised " to pay for a pair of 
shoes when he should be pope." His hypocrisy was equal to his 
ambition, for when Pius V. gave him a cardinal's hat, (at m hich 
time he assumed the name of cardinal Montalto), he affected a to- 
taJ disregard of all secular concerns, and for fifteen years, pretend- 
ed to be decrepit with age and disease, so as scarcely to move, 
even with a staff. Upon pope Gregory's death, the conclave be- 
ing divided by the interest of the French and Spanish cardinals, 
and each fearing to risk the decision, they proposed the pontifi- 
cate to Montalto, but he told the parties separately, " he was too 
feeble to govem, and too old to live long ; that the care of the holy 
see must rest upon them, if he was chosen pontiff:" this fixei 
their decision. 

As soon as the votes were counted, he threw away his staff, and 
called for the sacred robe; which, as the cardinals assisted in put- 
ting on, he pronounced a sovereign panacea : to one of them, who 
renJiJiked the change in his person, he i-eplied, "yes, I was then 
looking tor the keys of heaven, but now, that I have found them, 
I may look upwards. When cardinal Famese tendered his ser- 
vices in the duties of office, he dismissed him, gravely saying, that 
"he needed no assistance, but found himself capable of governing 
two such empires," 

Notwithstanding the means by which he attained the triple 
crown, he used his power to the J)enefit of the citizens of Rome, 
by suppressing assassins, and checking many vices; firmly ad- 
hering to the motto he assiuned with the pontificate: "I came 
not to seisd peace upon earth, but a sword." 

He gave it as his opinion that there wei-e but three potentates 
at that tiiiic. capable ot govemiiig; "^iiaus V. queen Elizabeth, 
and Henry IV of France and Navarre ; although he bad excom- 
municated them botUf Sixtus died, A. D. 1590. 



POPES OF ROME. 273 

CCXXXIV. Urbanus, t)ie seventh, a Genoese, ascended the chair 
after him: he enjoyed his popedom but one fortnight, dying before 
his inauguration. 

CCXXXV. Gregorius, the fourteenth, of Milan: he held a jubilee, 
and exhausted the treasury- of the church, which Sixtus before had 
seaJed by an oath, to be employed in the recovery of the Holy 
Land: he cursed king Hem^, oi" Navarre, as a i-eiapsed heretic: 
his bulls M'ere burnt by the hands of the hangman. He died of 
the stone, before he had sat one year. 
CCXXXVI. Innocentius, the ninth, a Bononian, for the two months 
he was in, expressed a hatred against the king of Navarre, and a 
good liking tor the Jesuits. One year, four months, and three 
days, made an end of four popes, A. D. 1592. 

CCX'XXVII. Clement, the eighth, made Henry, of France, turn pa- 
pist to be quiet : was mucli troubled with the gout, but eased, as 
he said, when the archduke Maximilian kissed his gouty toes. He 
was succeeded, A. D. 1604. 

CCXXX VIII. Leo, the eleventh : he came in with this motto over 
his triumphal pageant, "Dignus est Leo in virtute agni acciperi 
librum & sohan-i septem signacula ejus :" but a fever ended him 
before he had sat twentj'-eight days. 

CCXXXIX. Paul, the fifth, an Italian, promoted the powder plot ; 
interdicted the state of Venice, whereupon the Jesuits were ba- 
nished: the oath of allegiance to king James was forbidden, by 
breves from this pope He sat sixteen years. 

CCXL. Gregorius, the fifteenth, a Bononian, obtained the see; 
elected by way ot adoration : he instigated the French against the 
protestants; sainted Ignatius Loyola, and quarrelled with the 
Venetians. He sat two years. 

CCXLI. Urhanus, the eighth, a Floi-entine, was chosen, A. D. 1623 : 
he advanced his kindred. In his time, the archbishop of Spoletta 
turned from xiapist to protestant, and from thence to papist again. 
He was a more polite scholar than most of them, and was suc- 
ceeded, A. D. 1644. 

CCXLII. Innocentius, the tenth, sat eleven years. 

CCXLIII. Alexander, the seventh, was chosen, A. D. 1655; sat 
twelve years, and then was succeeded, A. D. 1667. 

CCXLIV. Clement, the ninth, sat three years. 

CCXLV. Clement, the tenth, obtained the chair, A. D. 1670, and sat 
six years. 

CCXLVI. Innoc, nt, the eleventh, obtained the chair in 1675, and 
continued thirteen years. 

CCXLVII. Alexander, the eighth, made pope, A. D. 1689; and sat 
two years. 

CCXLVIII. Innocent, the twelfth, came in, A. D. 1691; and sat 
upwards of eight years. 

CCXLIX. Clement, the eleventh, succeeded, A. D. 1700; and sat 
twenty-one years; dying, A. D. 1721. 

CCL. Innocent, the thirteenth, made pontiff: he sat near three 
years, and died, A. D. 1724. 

CCLI. Benedict, the thirteenth, sat upv/ards of five years : dvinir 
A. D. 1730, ' ;■ 6? 

CCLII. Clement, the twelfth, obtained the popedom, which he held 
ten years, and was succeer!ed, A. D. 1740. 

CCLU'l. Benedict, the fourteenth, who sat eighteen years; died- 
A. D. 1758. 



334 KINGS OF SCOTLAND. 

CCLIV. Clement, the thirteenth, who died, A. D. 17d9. 

CCLV. Clement, the fourteenth, who died, A. D. 1775. 

CCLVI. Pius, the sixth: he visited Vienna, 1782, to solicit the em- 
peror in favour of the church ; took shelter, from the French, in 
Iifaples, 1796; quitted Rome, when the French took possession, 
Feb, 1798 ; died, the prisoner of Buonaparte, Sept. 1799. 

CCLVII. Pius, the seventh ; crowned Buonaparte emperor of the 
French, Dec. 2, 1804 ; deprived of all his territories by Buonaparte, 
1808; prisoner of Buonaparte, 1811. 



Kings of Scotland. 

THIS nation has as great pretensions to antiquity as any in Europe, 
having, according to their historians, possessed that kingdom for 
above two thousand years, without ever beuig entirely conquered ; 
though they have been subdued at certain periods, by the Romans 
and English, and, in a great measure over-run by the Danes.... 
They boast a line of one hundred and fifteen kings, who can, all of 
them, deduce their pedigree trom Fergus I. who was sent by the 
people of Ireland, and came into Scotland abovit the time that 
Alexander the great took Babylon, viz. 330 years before Christ. 

As to the origin of the Scots, there are various opinions, and 
the historians who contend for their great antiquity say, they 
came from Spain. Those are opposed by others, who in general 
suppose them to be a remainder of the Britons who fled from the 
lloman servitude. However, we shall begin with Metellaus, the 
seventeenth king of Scotland, (in the second year of whose reign, 
Jesus Chiist was bom), who died, A. D. 29, and was succeeded by 
Caractacus. 

l:\ames. Began to reign. A. D. 

Caractacus, - - - 32 

Corbred I. - - 54 

Dardanus, .......... 70 

Corbred H. .--...--- - 72 

Luctatus, - 'i 104 

Mogaldus, 107 

Conarus, 142 

Argadus, 146 

3Ethodius I. ----- 161 

Sati-ael, . , . . 193 

Donald I. . . . . = 197 

Ethodius II. - - - 216 

Achiro, 230 

Nathalocus, 242 

Findocus, - - - 252 

Donald II. - - ■ 262 

Donald III. ..,..---.. 263 

Crathilinthus, - 277 

Finchoi-marchus, - - - 320 

Roraachus, ......---- 368 

Angusianus, 371 

Fethelemanus, 373 

E^igenius L - r - - • f '- - - - 376 



KINGS OF SCOTLAND. 275 

Karnes. Began to reign, A. D. 

Fergus II -403 

Euginins II 4^0 

Doiigard, l^t 

Coiistantine I. >„ 

^oi^SMI. 1^1 

Goran, - - - S01 

Eugeiiius III 54J 

Coiigall II. Ill 

Chitilane, or Curnatillus, 56g 

Aidan, ■----...... 5ga 

Kennet I. ^^^ 

f"s-»"%iv lit 

Ferehard I (,„, 

Donald IV ^^f 

Ferehard II 'Zi 

IVIaldwin, - IVi 

Eugenius V ' - 684 

Eugenius VI. ggy 

Amiierchelet, cq* 

Eugenius VII. 69g 

Mordac, ^^^^ 

Etsiuius, . .. -Of, 

Eugenius VIII. . . Li" 

fj-&"«"I- ■ ■ ■ 763 

Solvutius, ~fifi 

ACllUlUS, yo- 

^«"S^»III 819 

^f''.SA 824 

Alpni, J, 

Kennet II s,^ 

Donald V. ' SS4 

Constantine II oco 

J^'"^-. 874 

Gregoi-v, o„;- 

Donald'VI. °5° 

Constantine III on, 

Malcolm I g3g 

Indulphus, osa 

Duplius, 'Ill 

Cullenus, q7„ 

Keniiet III - - - ^73 

Constantine IV gg^ 

Gi-imus, gof. 

Malcolm II 



1004 



Duncan I 

1040 



1057 



Malcolm III . 

S«"'»id vn ■ . 1,93 

Duncan II .1005 

Donald VII. again, 1095 

Interregnum 1 1096 

*;^8^^^"' , ■ - - - 1097 

Alexander iinr 

^avidl . \\f^ 



276 REMARKABLE PERSONS, 

Names. Began to reign. A. D. 

Malcolm IV. 1153 

William, 1165 

Alexander II. 1214 

Alexander III. - - 1249 

Interregnum II. - - - 1275 

John Baliol, 1292 

Robert I. 1306 

David II. 1329 

Edward Baliol, 1332 

David II. again, 1341 

Robert II. 1347 

John Robeit, 1390 

James I. 1405 

.Tames II. 1437 

.Tames III. 1460 

James IV. 1433 

James V. 1513 

Mary Stuart, 1542 

James VI. began to reign, 1567. But on the death of Elizabeth, 
queen of England, he ascended that throne in 1603. and liis de- 
scendants were the kings of England till 1707, when the two 
kingdoms were united under the title of Great Britain . 



Eminent and BemarkaMe Persons. 

AARON, the first high priest of the Jews, bom 1570, died 1453 

B. C. 
Abbott, archbishop of Canterbury, killed his park-keeper, January 

20, 1621; died Augusts, 1633, aged 71. 
Abaddie, the Rev. James, bom 1658, died 1727. 
Adams, John, poet and minister, Rhode island, 1704—1740. 
Adams, John, second president of the United States, from 1797 to 

1801. 
Adams, Samuel, governor of Massachusetts and a distinguished pa- 
triot, 1722—1803. 
Adams, George, the mathematician, died August 7, 1795. 
Abel, bom m 3 of the world, killed by Cain 129, ditto. 
Abelard, Peter, died 1142, aged 62. 
Abraham entertained three angels, 1897; offered up Isaac 1871; 

died 1821 B. C. aged 175. 
Abu, Bekr, died 624, aged 63. 
Abulfeda, the geographer, died 1345, aged 72. 
Achilles died 1184 B. C. 
Achmet III. emperor of the Turks, who encouraged printing in 

Constantinople, died 624, aged 63. 
Adam died 3074 B. C. 

Addison, Joseph, bom 1672, died June 17, 1719. 
Adrian, the emperor, visited Britain and built a strong rampart, and 

died 138, aged 72. 
Adrirn IV. pope, an Englishman, died 1159. 
iEschylns the poet, died 456 B. C. aged 69. 



Afiricanus, Jnlius, the historian, died 232. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS, 877 

Ag;amc)nnon died about 904 B. C. 

Agartl, Arthur, the antiquarian, died 1615, aged 75. 

Agis died 241 B. C. 

Aglionby, John, one of the translators of our Bible, died 1609- 

Agnes, St. died 308, aged 13. 

Agricola, the Roman general, died 93, aged 56. 

Agrippa, Cornelius, died 1534, aged 48. 

Agrippa, king of Judea, died 94, aged 54. 

Ahab died 8^7 B. C. 

Ajax, the son of Telamon, flourished 1149 B. C. 

Ajax, the son of Teucer, flourished 1154. 

Akenside, Dr. Mark, born 1721, died .Tune 23, 1770. 

Alban, St. the first English martyr, died 303. 

Alberoni, cardinal, died 1752, aged 88. 

Alceus, the lyric poet, flourished 607 B. C. 

Alceus, the tragic poet, flourished 373 B. C. 

Alcibiades, the Athenian, died 404 B. C. aged 46. 

Alden, John, one of the first settlers in New England, died 1687, 

aged 89. 
Alexander the Great, bom 356; succeeded Philip, 336 ; founded the 

Grecian empire, 331; died at Babylon, March 21, 323 B. C. aged 

32. 
Alexander III. pope, compelled the kings of England and France 

to hold his stirrups, died 1181. 
Alexander, William, (lord Stirling) N. Y. a distinguished officer in 

the American revolution, died 1783, aged 57. 
Alfred the Great, died 901, aged 52. 
Alfred, son of Ethelred II. had his eyes put put by earl Godwin, 

and 600 of his train murdered at Guildford, 1636; died at Ely 

soon after. 
Allen, James, expelled from the legislature of Massachusetts for 

censuring the governor in a speech ; re-elected, but not allowed 

to take his seat; died 1755, aged 58. 
Allen, William, chief justice of Pennsylvania, flourished 1774. 
Allen, Moses, Massachusetts, minister, and zealous patriot in the 

pulpit and field, drowned 1779, aged 31. 
Allen, Henry, Nova Scotia, founder of a religious sect, died 1783. 
Allen, Ethan, Connecticut, Brigadier general in the American army , 

died 1789. 
Allison, Francis, minister, Philadelphia 1705—1777. 
Ally Cawn, made a nabob by col. Clive, June 23, 1765. 
Alphonsus X. of Castile, died 1284, aged 67. 
Alva, duke of, died 1582, aged 74. 
Ambrose, St. bishop of Milan, 374, died 397. 
Ambrosius, Aurelius, chosen king of the Britons, and crowned at 

Stonehenge. 465, died 508. 
Araericus Vespucius, first writer of American history, died 1526. 
Ames, Joseph, typographical historian, died 1759. 
Ames, Fisher, a distinguished oi-ator and statesman, Massachusetts, 

died July 4, 1808. 
Amherst, lord Jeffery, soldier, died 1796, aged 80. 
Anacharsis, the Scythian philosopher, lived 554 B. C. 
Anacreon died 474 B. C. aged 85. 
Ananias and his wife Saphira struck dead, 33. 
Anastasius died 518, ag«i 87. 



278 REMARKABLE PERSONS. 

Anaxa^oras died 428 B C. aged 70. 

Anaxandrides, the comic poet, flourished 378 B. C. 

Anaxarchus flourished 340 B. C. 

Anaximander died 547 B. C aged 64. 

Anaximeiies died about 504 B. C. 

Anderson, James, commercial writer, died 1764. 

Andre, John, adjutant general in the British army, hanged as a spy, 

October 2, 1780. 
Andrew, St. martji-ed November 30, 69. 
Androniciis, the peripatetic, flourished 100 B. C. 
Andros, Edm. governor of New England, 1672, of NeAV York, 1167, 

of Virginia, 1692; died 1714. 
Anello, Thomas, a fishennan of Naples, who rose to great power, 

and was assassinated, born 1623. 
Annet, Peter, pillored and persecuted for his moral writings, died 

1679, aged 75. 
Annibal, a Carthaginian general, died 260 B. C. 
Anselm died 1109, aged 76. 
Anson, admiral, died 1762, aged 62. 

Anthony, Mark, the Roman orator, flom-ished 100, B. C. 
Anthony, Mark, the triumvir, died 30 B. C. aged 53. 
Anthony, the Great, St. died February 14, 356, aged 105. 
Anthony, St. of Padua, died 1231. 
Antiochus died 164 B. C. 
Antipater died 321 B. C. 
Antisthenes, the philosopher, lived 325 B. C. 
Antoninus, Pius, the empei-or of the Romans, died 161- 
Antoninus, M. the orator, died 87 B. C. aged 56. 
ApoUodorus, the architect, flourished 104. 
Apollonius, the geometrician, lived 242 B. C. 
Appian, the historian, flourished in 123. 
Aquinas, St, Thomas, died 1274, aged 50. 
Aram, Eugene, executed for a muixler committed fourteen jears be- 

fore, 1759, aged 54. 
Arbuthnot, Dr. bom 1671, died 1735. 
Arcesilaus, the academic, flourished 300 B. C. 
Archdale, John, governor of Cai'olina, 1695. 
Archelaus, of Macedon, patron of learning, 440 B. C. 

Archilocus invented Iambic verse 686 B. C. 

Archimedes, the mathematician, inventor of the sphere, killed at 
Syi-acuse 208 B. C. 

Archytas, the inventor of the vice and pulley, shipw^recked 408 
B. C. 

Aretine, Peter, the poet, died 1556. 

Ai'gal, Samuel, the deputy governor of Virginia, 1609. 

Argyll, marquis of, beheaded May 27, 1661. 

Argyll, earl of, executed at Edinburgh, 1685. 

Arion, the musician, flourished 620 B. C. 

Ariosto, the Italian poet, born 1474, died 1534. 

Aristai-chus, the astronomer, died 260 B. C. aged 81= 

Arisiarchus, the poet, lived 143 B. C. 

Ai-istides, the Grecian orator, lived 488 B. C. 

Aristophanes died 200 B. C. aged 80. 

Arisiotle died at Calcide 322 B. C, aged 63. 

Arius, the heretic, died 336. .. > - ^ 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 279 

Arkw)-ight, sir Richard, inventor of the spinning jennies, died Au- 
gust 3, 1792. 

Anninus, James, founder of a sect, died 1609. 

Armstrong, Dr. born 1732, died 1779. 

Arnobius flourished 303. 

Arnold, Benedict, the traitor, died 1801. 

Arsaces died 255 B. C. 

Artaxerxes, king of Persia, died 242 B. C. 

Artemidorus flourished 146 B. C. 

Artemisa, wife of Mausolus, lived 350 B. C. 

Arthur, king of Britain, died about 542, aged 70. 

Arviragus, the general, flourished in 80. 

Anmdel, earl of, who brought the Arundelian marbles to Englaut^ 
died 1645. 

Asaph, St, died 590. 

Ascue, Anne, burnt for heresy 1546. 

Asdrubal, the Carthaginian general, killed 224 B. C. 

Ai-undel, archbishop of Canterbury, persecutor of the Lollards, died 
Februaiy 19, 1414. 

Ash, Dr. autlior of the English grammar, &c. died aged 55, April, 
1775. 

Athanasius, St. died 371, aged 73. 

Athenagoras, the Athenian philosopher, flourished 177. 

Attalus, founder of the monarchy of Pergamus, and inventor of 
parchment, died 198 B. C. 

Attiila, the Hun, died 454. 

Augustin, St. father of the Latin church, born 354, baptised 387, 
died 431. 

Augustin, St. landed on the isle of Thanet 597, made the first arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, died 694. 

Aurelian, the Roman emperor, the first who wore a diadem, assassi- 
nated 275. 

Aurengzebe died 1707, aged 90. 

Ausonius Decimus Magnus died about 394. 

Bacon, Roger, born 1214, died 1294. 

Bacon, Francis, loi-d Verulam, sent to the Tower 1622 ; died April 
9, 1625, aged 57. 

Bacon, Nathaniel, an insurgent in Virginia, 1676. 

Bajazet, sultan, conquered by Tamerlane, died 1413. 

Baldwin, the emperor, died 1206. 

Balchen, admiral, lost in the Victoiy, man of war, October, 1774. 

Baldwin, Ab. statesman, president of the university of Georgia, died 
1807. 

Bale, bishop of Ossory, the historian, born 1495, died 1563. 

Baliol. John, founder of Baliol college, Oxford, died 1209. 

Bashaiu, Hugh, founder of Peter-house, Cambridge, died 1288. 

Balzac, the French writer, born 1594, died 1654. 

Banister, John, botanist, Virginia. 

Barl>arossa, the famous corsair, died 1517, aged 43. 

Barclay, Robert, the quaker, born 1648, died 1690. 

Baron 'de Tot died 1793. 

Baroiiius died 1607, aged 69. 

Barratier, Phil, a Prussian. Hebrew lexicographer before 10 yeais 
of age. ^L■^ster of the mathematics at 12; died 1740, aged nineteen 
years and eight months. 

q4 



280 REMARKABLE PERSONS, 

Barrf, John, first commodore in the United States navy, died 1803. 

Bartholomew, St. martyred August 24, 71. 

Barton, Elizabeth, holy maid of Kent, executed 1534. 

Baitram, John, botanist, Pennsylvania, died 1777, aged 76. 

Basil, St. died 378, aged 51. 

Bass, Ed. first bishop of Massachusetts, 1726—1803. 

Baskerville, John, of Birmingham, died January 18, 1775. 

Bathurst, earl of, died 1794. 

Baxter, Rev. Richard, bom 1615, died 1691. 

Bayard, le chev. French warrior, died 1524. 

Baj'er, the astronomer, died 1627. 

Bayle, Peter, died 1706, aged 59. 

Bayley, Matthias, North Carolina, died 1789, aged 136. 

Beaumont, Francis, the poet, born 1555, died 1615. 

Beaton, cai-dinal, murdered May 28, 1546. 

Beccari, Aug. first Italian pastoral poet, died 1550. 

Becket, Thomas, made chancellor to Henry II. 1157; made arck- 

bishop of Cantei-burj', 1162; impeachtd, 1164; retired to France 

that year; reconciled to Henry, June 2, 1170; murdered in the 

cathedral chtirch at Canterbury, December 29, 1170; canonized 

by Alexander III. Ash Wednesday, 1172; his bones enshrined in 

gold set with jewels, 1220 ; dismantled and striped of its treasures 

by Henry VIII. 1541. 
Bede, Venerable, died 735, aged 70. 

Bedford, duke of, made regent of France, 1422 ; died 1435. 
Belcher, Jonathan, governor of Massachusetts and Nev/ Jer5e^, 

1618—1757. 
Belcher, Jonathan, son of the last, chief justice of Nova Scotia, died 

1776. 
Belknap, Jeremy, writer, Massachusetts, 1744—1798. / 
Bellai, cardinal du, died 1560. 
Bellamont, Richard, earl of, governor of New^ York, I\IassachusettSj 

and New Hampshire, 1695. 
Bellingham, Richai-d, governor of Massachusetts 1641, died 1672, 

aged 80. 
Bellarmin, born in Italy 1542, died 1621. 
Belleau, the French poet, died 1577. 
Belleisle, Marshall, and his bi-other, prisoners at Windsor-castlCj 

1745. 
Bellisai-ius deprived of all his dignities 561, died 565. 
Bembo, cardinal of Venice, died 1547, aged 68. 
Benbow, John, a brave British admiral, died 1702. 
Benedict, St. founder of the Benedictines, died 546, aged 66. 
Benezet, Anthony, a celebrated philanthropist of Philadelphia, died 

1784, aged 72. 
Benserades, the French poet, born 1612, died 1691. 
Bentivoglio, cardinal, died 1644, aged 65. 
Bentley, the Rev. Dr. Richard, born 1662, died 1742, 
Berenger died 1088, aged 90. 
Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne, died 1753, aged 73. 
Berkeley, George, writer, died 1753, aged 69. 
Berkeley, sir William, governor of Virginia in 1639. 
Berkeley, Norborne, baron de Botetoi't, governor of Virginia in 

1768, died 1770. 

Bernard, St. died 1170. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 281 

Bernard, Dr. Edward, the astronomer, born 1633, died 1696. 
Bernard, sir John, (statue erected on the exchange) died 1764, aged 

80. 
Bernard, Francis, governor of New York and Massachusetts, diett 

1779. 
Bemouilli, James, the mathematician, died 1705. 
Ecraouilli, Daniel, died 1782. 

Berosus, the Chaldean historian, flourished 268 B. C. 
Berthoidus, who discovered gunpowder, died 1340. 
Bidloo, the anatomist, born 1649, died 1713. 
Biron, duke of, executed in the Bastile, Paris, 1602. 
Blackmore, sir Richard, died 1729. 
Blackstone, Judge, author of the Law Commentaries, born 1723, 

died February 14, 1780. 
Blackwell, Dr. executed at Stockholm, July 29, 1747. 
Blair, Dr. author of the Grave, a poem, died 1782. 
Blair, Dr. Hugh, lecturer on Rhetoric, died 1800. 
Blair, James, tirst president of William and Mary college, Virginia, 

died 1743. 
Blaii-, John, judge supreme court of the United States, died 1800, 

aged 69. 
Blake, admiral, born 1589, died 1657. 

Bland, Richard, political writei-, Virginia, flourished 1766. 
Bland, Theodoric, patriot and statesman, Virginia, died 1790, aged 

49. 
Bleecker, Ann Eliza, poetess. New York, died 1783. 
Blodget, Samuel, celebrated lor chemical and mechanical improve- 
ments, and tor founding Araoskeag canal at an advanced age, 

died 1804, aged 87. 
Blois, Peter, the historian, died 1200. 
Blood, seized the duke of Ormond with an intent to hang him at 

Tyburn, but was prevented, December 6, 1670; attempted to steal 

the crown, May 9, 1671. 
Boadicea, queen of the Britons, burnt London, and killed 70,000 of 

the inhabitants ; poisoned herself 61. 
Boceace, born in Tuscany 1313, died 1375. 
Bochart, Samuel, of Rouen, born 1599, died 1667. 
Bcerhaave, Dr. died September 23, 1738, aged 69. 
Bcelius, tine historian, died about 1450. 
Boilcuu, the French poet, born 1630, died 1712. 
Bohtmia, queen of, visited England, May 17, 1667, and died there. 
Boliugbroke, lord, died 1751, aged 73. 
Bond, Thomas, phjsician, Philadelphia, flourished 1763. 
Bonner, bishop of London, born 1512 ; deprived May 1550 ; died in 

the Marshalsea, September 5, 1569. 
Booth, Harton, the player, born 1631, died May 1733. 
Borda, C. died 1798. 
Bordley, John B. writer on agriculture, Maryland, died 1804, aged 

77. 
Borgia, Caesar, killed himself, March 12, 1508. 
Boscawen, admiral, died 1761, aged 50. 
Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, born 1627, died 1704. 
Boswell, James, boi-n 1740, died May 19, 1795. 
Bougainville, the navigator, was killed in Paris, August 10, 179^. 
Bouriguon, Mad. the enthusiast, born 1617, died 1680. 



?S2 REMARKABLE PERSONS. 

Bowdoin, John, L. L. D. govei-nor of Massachusetts, died 1790, aged 
64. 

Bowles, the widow of West Hannay, Berks, died April 4, 1749, aged 
124. 

Bowyer, William, the printer, bom 1699, died November 18, 1777. 

Boyer, the lexicographer, born 1664, died 1729. 

Boyle, Richard, earl of Cork, born 1566, died 1632. 

Boyle, Roger, inventor of the orrery, bom 1521, died 1679. 

Boyle, Robert, the philosopher, died 1691, aged 65. 

Boyle, Charles, earl of ori-ery, bom 1676, died 1731. 

Boyse, John, a diviile, and one of the translators of the Bible, born 
1560, died 1643. 

Eoyse, Samuel, born 1708, died 1749. 

Boyston, Zabdiel, physician, first inti-oduced the innoculation of the 
small-pox in America in 1721, died 1766, aged 87. 

Bradbury, Theophilus, a .judge of the superior court of Massachu- 
setts, died 1803, aged 63. 

Braddock, Edward, major general and commander in chief of the 
British forces in America in 1755, killed in an expedition against 
Fort du Quesne. 

Bradford, William, second governor of Plymouth colony, died 1657, 
aged 69. 

Bradford, William, one of the first printers in America, died at Phi- 
ladelphia 1752, aged 94. 

Bradford, William, also a printer, and editor of the Pennsylvania 
journal, died 1791, aged 73. 

Bradford, William, attorney general of the United States, and judge 
of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, died 1795, aged 40. 

Bradstreet, Simon, governor of Massachusetts, died 1697, aged 94. 

Bradley, Dr. James, the astronomer, died 1762, aged 70. 

Brahe, Tycho, born 1546, died 1601. 

Brandt, colonel, a famous Indian chief, educated at Dartmouth col- 
lege, translated St. ''lark's gospel into the Mohawk; died 1807. 

Brearly, David, chief justice of New Jersey, died 1790 

Breckenridge, John, attorney general of the U. States, died 1806. 

Briant, Solomon, an Indian minister, died 1775, aged 80. 

Bright, Mr. of Maiden, in Essex, died November 10, 1756, who 
weighed 44 stones, or 616 lb. aged 29. 

Bi-iggs, Henry, born 1556, died 1631. 

Briggs, Dr. William, died 1704. 

Brindley, Mr. the duke of Bridgew^ater's engineer, died Septembei 
27. 1772. 

Britton, Thomas, the musical small-eoal man, died 1714. 

Brookey, John, of Broad Rush Commons, in Devon, was 135 years 
old, and was livuig there Julj', 1778. 

Brown, R. founder of the BrowTiists, died 1630, aged 80. 

Brown, count, a celebrated general, slain 1757, aged 53. 

Brown, sir Thomas, physician, antiquarian, &c. died 1682, 

Brown, Edward, natural historian, died 1708. 

Brown, Moses, a divine, born 1703, died 1787, 

Browne, Isaac Hawkins, the poet, born 1706, died 1760, 

Browne, sir William, physician, born 1692, died 1774, 

Browne, Charles B, author, died 1809, 

Bruce, Michael, Scotish poet, died . 

Bruce James, traveller, died 1794, 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 5)B > 

Bruce, Robert, Scotch general and king, 1306, died 1329. 

Bruno, (buiider of the Carthusians, died 1101, aged 71. 

Brutus, Junius, died 509 B. C. 

Brutus, Marcus, died 24 B. C. aged 43. 

Bruyere died 1696, aged 56. 

Bryan, George, judge, Pennsylvania, died 1791. 

Bueer, Martin, born 1491, died 1554, 

Buchanan, George, born 1506, died 1582. 

Buckingham, duke of. killed at Portsmouth bv Felton, August 23, 

1628, aged 35. 
Buckingham, George Villiers, duke of, bom 1627, died 1688. 
Buckingham, John Sheffield, duke of, born 1649, died Februaiy 2^, 
1721. 

Bude, William, French writer, bom 1467. died 1540. 

Bunyan, John, born 1628, died 1688. 

Burgojaie, John, lientenant general, died 1792. 

Bell, Benjamin, surgeon, died 1806. 

Burgh, James, ingenious Scotch autiior, died 1775. 

Burgo, Luc. de, the first European writer on Algebra, died 1494. 

Burki:-. Edmund, died July 8, 1797, aged 68. 

Burleigh, lord E.\eter, made minister of state to queen Elizabeth 
1560, died 1598. 

Burnet, bishop ofSarura, bom 1643, died 1715. 

Burn, Richard, L. L. D. author of the Justice of Peace, &c. died. 
November 20. 1788. 

Burns, Robert. Scottish poet, died July 21, 1796, aged 38. 

Burr, Aaron, president of New .lersey college, died 1757. 

, , son of the last person, vice-president of the United 

States from 1801 to 1805. 

Buss. John. Dr. died in New Hampshire, aged 108, 

Butler, Richard, colonel, killed by the Indians in 1791. 

, Thomas, brother to the last, a remarkably brave and pru- 
dent officer during the revolution ; tried by a court martial, by 
order of genei-al Wilkinson, in 1803, on a charge of disobedience 
of orders in wearing his own hair ; condemned and died of a bro- 
ken heart 1805. 

Busby, Rev. Dr. Richai-d, born 1606, died 1695. 

Bute, John, earl of, died 1792, 

Buffon, count de, died 1787. 

Butler, Samuel, poet, born 1612, died 1580. 

Bylston, Nicholas, Massachusetts, died 1771, aged 56. See Harvard 
college. 

Bjng, admiral, misbehaved off Minorca, May 20, 1756; brought pri- 
soner to Greenwich, August 9, 1756; tried at Portsmouth and 
condemned, January 28, 1757; shot at Portsmouth on board the 
Monarch, ship of war, March 14, 1757. 

Byrara, .Tohn, inventor of short hand, bom 1691, died 1753. 

Cabot, Sebastian, died 1557, aged 70. 

Cade, Jack, ihe rel>el, killed by Alexander Iden 1451. 

Cadmus, the first king of Thebes, 1094 B. C. 

Ctesalpinus, And. the first systematic writer on Botany, bom 1519, 
died 1603. 

Caesar, after fighting fifty pitched battles, and slaying above 
1,192,000 men, was killed in the senate-house, 44 B. C. 

Csesar, sir Julius, the antiquarian, died 1639. 



234 EEIVIARKABLE PERSON^. 

Caille, Njc. Lou. de la, astronomer, died 1762, aged 49. 

Calefini, Amb. the lexicographer in eight languages, died 151G. 

Caligula died 40, aged 29. 

Callimachus, the inventor of wildfire, died 670. 

Callimachus, the inventor of the Corinthian order of architecture, 

flourished 540 B, C. 
Calmet, the learned Benedictine, died in France, October 25, 1757, 

aged 86. 
Calvin died at Geneva, May 27, 1564, aged 45. 
Calvert, George, baron of Baltimore, founder of the province of 

IVIaryland, bom 1582, died 1632. 
Calvert, Leonai-d, first governor of Maryland, brother of Cecilius, 

the proprietor and son to the preceding, took possession of the 

countiy March 27, 1634. 
Cambray, Fenelon, archbishop of, died 17i6, aged 64. 
Cambtlen, earl of, statesman, died 1794. 
Cameron, Mary, died at Ivernes, May 1785, aged 130. 
Camoens, Portuguese poet, died 1579, aged 50 : translated by Mickle 

and lord Strangford. 
Candaules, king of Lydia, 735 B. C. 
Candiac, John-James, who knew his letters at 13 months old, and at 

7 years was master of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, &c. died 1726, aged 

but 7. 
Carracalla died 217, aged 43. 

Caractacus, king of the Britons, carried prisoner to Rome in 52. 
Caradoc of Llancarvon, the Welsh histoiian, died 1157. 
Cardan, Jer. died 1576. 
Carlos, Don, prince of Spain, poisoned by order of his father, through 

jealousy, 1568. 
Carleton," Guy, lord Dorchester, a distinguished British officer in | 

Amei-ica, during the revolution, died 1808, aged 84. 
Carneades, a philosopher, died 128 B. C. aged 90. 
Cartes, Rene des, philosopher, born 1596, died 1650. 
Carrier, Thomas, died at Colchester, Connecticut, 1735, aged 109. 
Carver, John, an enterprising traveller, born m Connecticut, 1732, 

died 1780. 
Casimir III. of Poland, died 1370. 

Caslon, William, letter-founder, died January 24, 1766, aged 74. 
Cassander flourished 298 B. C. 
Cassandi-a flourished 1149 B. C. 

Cassini, J. Dom. mathematician and astronomer, died 1712. 
Catharine de Medicis died 1589. 
Cato killed himself February 5, 45 B. C. aged 48. 
Catullus born at Verona 87 B. C. 
Cavallerius, Bon. inventor of indivisibles, died 1647. 
Cave, Edward, the compiler of the first periodical magazine, born 

1691, died 1754. 
Cavedon, Thomas, British circumnavigator, died 1592. 
Caverely, sir Hugh, the first person who used guns for the service 

cf England, died 1389, 
Caxton, William, the first printer in England, 1474, died 1491, 

aged 70. 
Cecrops, first king of Athens, 1556 B. C. 
Ceisus, a gi-eat phvsician, flourished 150. 
Cevva,nt£s, Mich. 'de. born at Maidrid, died 1620, aged 69. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS.. 285 

Chambers, Ephi-aira, author of the Dictionary, died 1740. 
Chambers, sir William, architect, died March 8, 1796. 
Chainplain, Samuel de, founder of Quebec, died 1635. 
Charlemagne died 813, aged 74. 
Chai-levoix, Peter Francis Xavier de, historian, Canada, died 1761, 

aged 78. 
Charles XII. of Sweden killed at Frederickshail, in Norway, No- 
vember 30, 1718, aged 36. 
Cliase, Samuel, justice of the supi-eme court of the United States, 

died 1811. 
Chatterton, Thomas, poet, born 1752, died 1770. 
Chaucer, Geoffrey, born 1328, died 3409. 
Chaucey, Charles, second president of Harvard college, died 1672 , 

aged 82. 
— son to the former, eminent divine, Boston, died 

1787. aged 83. 
Chazelles, the French mathematician, died 1710. 
Cheselden, William, the anatomist, died 1752. 
Chestei-field, earl of, polite pliilosopher, died 1773. 
Cheyne, George, the physician, died 1748. 
Chicheley, Henry, founder of All Souls college, Oxford, arclibisliop 

of Canterbury, died 1443. 
Chittenden, Thomas, first governor of Vei*mont, died 1797, aged 67. 
fchristiana, queen of Sweden, resigned the crown, June 6, 1654 ; died 

at Rome, April 9, 1689. 
Chrj'?ostom, St. made bishop of Constantinople 398; banished 404. 

aged 53. 
Churchill, Rev. Chai-les, born 1731, died 1764. 
Cibber, Mrs. the actress, died 1766. aged 57. 
Cibber, Colley, born 1671; made poet-laureat December, 1730; died 

1758. 
Cicero, born 107: made an oration against Verres 70; his second 

oration against the Agrarian law, and banished April, 57 ; put to 

death 43 B. C. aged 64. 
Cineinnatus, Q,uintus, made dictator of Rome from the plough, born 

456 B. C. 
Cinna died 84 B. C. 
Clarence, duke of, brother to Edward IV. murdered in the Tower 

1478, aged 27. 
Clarendon, Hyde, earl of, born 1612; banished December 12, 1667 ; 

died December 7, 1674. 
Clarke, Rev. Dr. Samuel, born 1675, died May 17, 1729. 
Claude, John, French writer, died 1687. 
Claudian, bom at Alexandria about 395. 
Clayton, Elizabeth, now (1810) living at Fredericksburg, Virginia, 

aged 129. 
Clemens, Alexandrinus, flourished 152. 

Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, 50; killed herself 20 B. C. aged 41. 
Cleveland, John, popular poet, died 1658. 
Clive, Mrs. Catherine, the actress, died 1785. 
Clive, lord, defeated the Nabob, June 26, 1757; created a peer 1762; 

killed himself, November, 1774, aged 49. 
Clum, .Mrs. near Litchfield, died January 23, 1772, aged 138; had 

lived 103 years in one house. 
Cobb, Ebenezer, died in Massachusetts, aged 107 and upwai-ds. 



286 REMARKABLE PERSONS. 

Codrus, the last Athenian king, voluntarily gave his life for the 

good of his country, after reigning 21 years, 1095 B. C. 
Coke, lord chief justice, born 1549, died 1634. . 
Coles, Elisha, the grammarian, died 1680. 
Cole, William, philosopher, died 1662. 
Colet, Dr. John, foimder of St. Paul's school, died 1519. 
Coligni, admiral, killed 1572. 
Coliinson, Peter, botanist, died 1736. 
Colnett, James, was the first explorer of the western coast of Japan, 

1791. 
Columbus, Christopher, discovered America 1492, died 1506. 
Columbus, Bartholomew, map and/chart maker, died 1514. 
Commines, historian of Flanders, died 1509, 
Condamine, M. de, F. R. S. died Februa;y 8, 1774, aged 74. 
Conde, pri>:ce of, the great, died 16S6. 
Confucius, the Chinese philosopher, born 515 B. C. 
Congreve, William, born 1672, died 1729. 
Conon, of Samos, Greek astronomer, flourished 300 B. C, 
Constantine the Gi-eat died 337, aged 66. 
Constantius, empei-or of Rome, died at York, 306. 
Cook, captain James, the na^igatoi-, killed February 14, 1779. 
Cooper, earl of Shaft sbury, died 1713. 
Copernicus, of Thorn, in Prussia, died 1543, aged 70. 
Coram, captain Thomas, projector of the Foundling hospital, died 

March 29, 1751, aged 84. 
Corelli, Signora, the learned Italian lady, received the triumph of a 

coronation at Rome, July 31, 1776. 
Coriolanus banished from Rome 491 B. C. 
Connack, James, of Banffshire, aged 106, died 1806. 
Cornbury, lord, earl of Clarendon ; governor of New York in 1702^ 

of detestable character. 
Comeille, Peter, di-amatic poet, died 1684, aged 78. 
Comeille, Thomas, ditto and historian, died 1709. 
Cornelius Nepos died about 25 B. C. 
Comwallis, marquis, K. G. died in India, 1806. 
Cortes, Ferdinand, died 1547, aged 62. 
Cosmo de Medicis died 1464. aged 75. 
Costard, George, astronomical writei', 1782. 
Cotes, Roger, the mathematician, died 1716. 
Cotte, the French ai-chitect, died 1"35. 
Cotton, sir Robert, the antiquarian, died 1631, aged 60. 
Coventry, sir John, maimed and defaced, December 25, 1670. 
Cowley, Abrah^im, born 1618, died 1667. 
Cowper, William, poet, died 1800. 
Cox. bishop, translator of the Bible, died 1581. 
Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbui-y, introduced to king Henry VIII. 

1529 ; burnt at Oxford, March 21, 1556. 
CrcEsns, king of Lydia, flourished 562 B. C. 
Cromwell, lord, made vicar-general, October, 1535 ; beheaded July 

28, 1540. 
Cruden, Alexander, author of the Concoi-dance, died 1770. 
Ctesias. the historian, died about 384 B. C. 

CuUcn, Dr. William, of Edinburgh, died February 5, 1790, aged 8©. 
Cumberland, Richard, critical author, died 1718. 
Ctmiberland, Richard, author, died 1811. 



- REMARKABLE PERSONS. 237 

Cunningham, the poet, died tV73. 

Ciirtius, M. rode into a guiph at Rome, 362 B. C. 

Cuvtius, Quintus, lived in 64. 

Cyprian, St. martyred 258. 

Cyril of Alexandria flourished 412. 

Cyril of Jerusalem flourished 350. 

CjTUS died 529 B. C. 

D'Ablancourt, French writer, born 1606, died 1664. 

Dacier, Andrew, French writer, born 1651, died 1722. 

Dacier, Madame, born 1651, died August 6, 1720. 

Difidalus, the architect, flourished 987 B. C. 

D'Alembert, Mons. t!ie mathematician, died October 27, 1783. 

Dampier, William, the navigator, died 1699. 

Daniel sent captive to Babylon 606 ; interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's 

dream 603 ; cast into the lions' den 538 ; predicted the Persian 

empire 534 B. C. 
Daniel, the French historian, bom 1649, died 1723. 
Dante, an Italian poet, born 1265, died 1321. 
Darius the Mede, king of Persia, 538 B. C. 
Darius, the last king of Persia, slaiii 330 B. C. 
Darnley, loril, married Mary, queen oi Scots, 1561 ; murdered and 

blown up, February 10, 1567. 
Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, author of the Botanic Garden, Zoonomia, 

&e. died 1804. 
D'Aubigne, French writer, born 1550, died 1630. 
David succeeded Saul in Israel 1055 ; committed adultery with 

Bathsheba 1035 ; married her 1034 ; died 1015 B. C. 
David, king of Scotland, died in London, Februaiy 22, 1731. 
Davie, Mary, died in Massachusetts, 1752, aged 116. 
Davics, Samuel, pi'esident of Piinceton college, died 1761, aged 36. 
Da\is, John, English navigator, died 1685. 
Day, John, printer, the first introducer of the Greek and Saxon 

characters into England, died 1584. 
Deane, Silas, member of congress, &c, died in poverty, m England^ 

1789. 
Death, captain, killed in an engagement, December 23, 1777, 
Decker, Thomas, contemporary with Ben. Johnson. 
Dee, John, born 1527, died 1608. 
Deering, sir Cholmlej-, killed in a duel, May 9, 1711. 
Detbe, Daniel, political writer, died 1731. 
Delany, Dr. historian, died 1768. 
De L'Isle, Joseph Nicholas, astronomer, died 1772, 
De L'Isle, William, geographer, died 1726. 
De Lima, don John Taverra, a native of Portugal, died 1738, aged 

198 years. 
Demociitus died 361 B. C. aged 109. 
Demoivre, celebrated mathematician, died 1754. 
Demosthenes recalled from banishment 322; poisoned himself 313 

B. C. aged 60. 
Demster, Thomas, historian and commentator, died 1625. 
Denham, sir John, bom 1615, died 1669. 
Dennis, John, born 1656, died 1733. 
Demham, Dr. William, born 1657, died April 1735. 
Derrick, Samuel, master of the cei-emonies at Bath, died 1769. ^ 
Derwentwater, earl of, lord Kenmuir, beheaded on To>yer-hiIi, Fe- 
bruary 24, 1716. 



288 REMARKABLE PERSONS. 

Descartes, born at Touraine 1556, died 1650. 

Deshouliers, Anthony, French wi-iter, born 1638, died 1694, 

Desmond, Thomas, earl of, beheaded in Ireland 1468. 

Despard, colonel, executed for high treason, 1803. 

Desportes, Philip, French writer, born 1546, died 1606. ■ 

Deucalion died 15r B. C. 

D'E\ves, sir Symond, born 1602, died 1650. 

De Witt, John, statesman, born 1625, died 1672. 

Dickinson, Jonathan, first president of New Jersey college, died 

1747, aged 60. 
Dickinson, John, president of Pennsylvania and Delaware, died 

1808. 
Dias, iMichael, the navigator, died 1512. 
Dido flourished 833 B. C. 
Digby, sir Everard, born 1581; hanged with other conspirators in 

the powder plot, Januaiy 30, 1606. 
Digby, sir Kenelm, born 1603, died 1665. 
Diodorus, Siculus, lived 45 B. C. 
Diogenes, the cjTiic, died 324 B. C. aged 89. 
Diogenes, Laertius, flourished 147. 
Dionysius, of Alexandria, flourished 235 B. C. 
Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, died 368 B. C. 
Dionysius, Halicarnasseus, lived 30 years B. C. 
Dionysius, the Areopagite, flourished in 100. 
Diophantus, the first writer on Algebra, 365. 
Dodd, Rev. Dr. executed for forgery, June 27, 1777. 
Dodsley, Robert, poet and bookseller, died 1764, aged 61. 
Dougherty, Michael, one of the first settlers of Georgia, died May 

1808, aged 135. The day before his death he walked two miles. 
Dolon, the first comic artor, flourished 562 B. C. 
Domitian died 96 after Christ, aged 45. 
Doria, Andrew, Genoese admiral, died 1560, aged 84. 
Draco flourished 624 B. C. 
Drake, sir Francis, set sail on his voyage round the woi-ld, 1577 

died January 28, 1595, aged 50 
Drakenburgh, Christian Jacob, died in Denmark, 1770, aged 146. 
Drayton, William Henrj", political writer, president of congress^ 

chief justice, died 1776, aged 37. 
Drayton, William, associate judge supreme court of the United 

States, died 1790, aged 58. 
Drinker, Edward, of Philadelphia, died 1782, aged 102, 
Drusius, John, bom at Oudenarde 1550, died 1616. 
Dryden, John, bom 1613, died May 1, 1700. 
Dudley, D. of Northumberland, (whose son man-ied lady Jane Grey) 

beheaded on Tower-hill February 12, 1554. 
Dulany, Daniel, eminent lawyer in Maryland before the revolution, 

died 1804. 
Duncan, king of Scotland, murdered by Macbeth, 1053. 
Duncan, lord, admiral, died 1804. 
Duns Scotus died 1308, aged 33. 
Dunstan, St. died 988. 
Dyer, John, English poet, born 1700. 
Eachard, Rev. Laur. the historian, born 1671, died 1730. 
Eaton, William, general, the hero of Dern, died 1811, aged 4-5. 
Edgar, Atheling, died about 1120, aged 70-. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 24? 

Edwai-ds, William, died at Caereu, near Cardiff, iii Glamorganshire, 

in 1668, aged 168. 
Egialeus, kuig of Sycion, 2089 B.C. 
E^iihart. the historian, died 829. 
Eli, the eleventh judge of Israel, broke his neck at Shiloh 1116 B. CJ. 

aged 98. 
Eliot, John, divine, Massachusetts, tlie apostle of the Indians; pubr 

lished a translation of the Bibli- into the Indian tongue in 1663; 

psalms in Indian metre, he; died 1690, aged 86. 
Elijah prophesied 911 ; supported by the widow of Sarepta 910 ; 

taken up into Heaven 896 B. C. 
Elisha died 830 B. C. having prophesied 60 years. 
Ellis, Mr. W. died at Liverpool, August 1780, aged 130 yeai's anU 

a half 
Ellsworth, Oliver, chief justice of the United States, died 1807, 

aged 63. 
Elzevir, Lewis, a celebrated Dutch printer, flourished 159S. 
Elzevir, Daniel, ditto, died 1680. 
Emma, mother of Edward the Confessor, accused of incontinency 

1042 ; stripped of her possessions 1043 ; sent to Wherwall nunivery 

1051. 
Empedocles flourished 455 B. C. 
Eneas, the Trojan general, died 1177 B. C. 
Ennius, Quintius, Iwrn 239 B. C. died aged 70. 
Enoch translated into Heaven 987 of the world, aged SQjr. 
Epaminondas, Theban general, slain 363 B. C, 
Epictetus lived in 94. 
Epicurus born 342, died 270 B. C. 

Epiniethus, the inventor of earthen vessels, died 171 B. Q, 
Erasmus born at Rottei-dara 1467, died 1536. 
Esop died 556 B. C. 
Euclid died about 280 B. C. aged 74. 
Eudosia died 460, aged 60. 
Eugene, pi-ince, commanded at the battle of Hochstet, August 4, 

1704 ; \-ictorious at Turin, September 7, 1706 ; victorious at Oud^- 

ai-de, 1708 ; wounded before Lisle, 1708 ; defeated the grand vizigt 

at Peterwarden, August 5, 1716 ; died April 10, 1735, aged 73. 
Euler, Mons. the mathematician at Petersburgh, digd September 18, 

1783. 
Euripides died 407 B. C. aged 77. 
Eusebius flourished 315. 
Eutropius flourished 428. 
Eutychius born 876, died after §00. 
Evagrius, ecclesiastical historian, flourished 330. 
Everemont, St. died September 9, 1703. 
Ewing, John, provost, university of Pennsylvania, philosoplier and 

divine, died 1802, aged 71. 
Ezra flourished 447 B. C, 
Fairbrother, Mr. died at Wigan, in Lancashire, aged 138, in May, 

1770. 
Fairfax, sir Thomas, the general, died 1671. 
Fancourt, Samuel, the first promoter of circulating libraries, died 

1768. 
Falstolfe, sir John, died 1459, aged 80. 

FaugeresJ-JIargarettaY. poetess, New York, died 1801, aged 30, 
R \ 



2§0 REMARKABLE PERSOJ^!^. 

Faulkner, George, of Dublin, printer, died 1775. 

Faust, or Faustus, Jolin. claimant of the invention of printing, dted 

1466. 
Faux, G I. y, executed in Parliament-yard, January 31, 1606. 
Fejieion, arciibishop of Cainbray, died 17i6. 
Ferguson, Jamts, the astronoiner, died November 16, 1776. 
Fielding, siriohn, died Sipteiiiber 6, 1780. 
FingHl. *^he king of Cak-donia, died 283. 

Fitzg-erald, George Robert, hanged at Castlebar, June 12, 1786. 
Fitzgerald, lord Edward, executed as a rebel under martial law in 

Bubiin, May. 1798. 
Fitzgerald, captain, commonly called the fighting Fitzgerald, died 

1804. 
Fitzjames, James, duke of Berwick, natural son of James II. slain 

before Philipsburgh, 1734. 
Flamstead, c'ohii, astronomer, born 1646, died 1719. 
Fletcher, .''olin, dramatic writei-, born 1576, died 1625. 
Fleury, Claude, French writer, bom 1640, died 1723, 
Fleury, cai-dinal, died 1743, aged 90. 
Fontriine, John de la, born 1621, died 1695. 
Fontenelle died January 9, 1757, aged 100. 
Foote, Samuel, the English Aristophanes, died October 21, 1777, 

aged 59. 
Forester, John Rainhold, navigator, died January 9, 1799, aged 70, 
Foster, Samuel, the mathematician, died 1652. 
Fothergill, Dr. died December 26, 1780, aged 69. 
Foucquet, raarshall Bellisle, died 1761. 
Fournier, P. S. the Parisian letter-founder, died 1168. 
Fowlei-, John, an English printer, died 1758. 
Fox, George, rounder of the Quakers, born 1624, died 1696. 
Fox. John, martyrologist. boru 1517, died 1587. 
Foxi Charles James, died September 13, 1806. 
Francis, St. died 1227, aged 46. 

Franklin, Br. Benjamin, philosopher and statesman, died in Phila- 
delphia April 17, 1790. 
Fresne, Charles de, French writer, born 1610, died 1638. 
Froben, John, an eminent German printer, died 1517. 
Frobisher, Martin, admiral, died 1594. 
Fryth, John, burnt ii, Smithfield, July 4, 1533. 
Turst, Walter, Swiss patriot, flourished 1310. 

Fust, or Faustus, of Mentz, one of the earliest printers, diedl46§, 
Galba, the Roman emperor, died 69, aged 73, 
Galenl born at Pcrgamos about 131, died 201. 
Oaliieo, mathematical instnunent maker, born in Italy 1564, died 

1642. 
Galvatii, L< died 1798. 

GRmsIiel. chief of the synagogue, died in 63. 
Garriek, David, the English Roscius, died January 20, 1779, ag^ 

sixty-two years and ten months; first appeared on the Londoh 

stage in 1741. 
Garth, sir Ssmuel, died January, 1719. 
Gaseoignc. George, inventor o telescopic sights, died 1645. 
Gascoigi'p, sir William, judge, who committed the prince of Wdlei 

for insulting kim on the bench, died 1413. 
Gates, Horatio, major general, died 1806, aged 7S, 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. £?! 

eaveston, the favourite ol" Edw ard II. beheaded, June 19, 13lS. 

Gay, John, poet, born 1688, ditd 1782. 

Gaza, TJieodore, died 1476. 

Ged, William, an impi-ovei- in printing, died 1749. 

Gellibrand, Henry, mathematician, died 1636. 

Gcnghis-kan, the illustrious warrior, died 1720. 

Gent, Mr. of York, the priiiier, died 1778, aged 87. 

Geonrey, of Monmouth, liritish historian, died 1152. 

Gerbert, afterwards pope Sylvester II. introduced the Arabic figucfis 

into Europe about 1000, 
Gervase, of Canterburj', the historian, wrote in 1202. 
Gesner, M. German poet, died 1788. 

Gibbon. Edward, iiistorian, died January 16, 1794, aged 56. 
Gibbs, James, architect, died 1754. 
Gilbei-d, William, Enghsh chemist, died'1603, aged 63. 
Gildas, the historian, born 493, died 570, 
Gilpin. Bernard, died March 4, 1583, aged 65. 
Gibia, Flavio, a Neapolitan, inventor of the European compass, 

died 1600. 
Glauber, the chemist, die^l 1600. 
Gloucester, duke of, uncle to Richard II. smothered between two 

feather-beds, February 28, 1397. 
Gloucester, Humphrey, duke of, fourth son of Henry IV. murdered 

and buried at St. Alban's, 1447. 
Gloucester. Richard, duke of, brother to Edward IV. murdered 

Edward, prince of Wales, 1433 ; drowned the duke of Clarence, 

his brother, in a butt of Malmsey wine, 1478.— Vide Richard III. 
Gljime, Serjeant, died Septemix r 1779. 
Gobelin, Gilles French dyer, flourished 1632. 
Goddar-d, Jonathan, first promoter of the Royal Society, died 1674. 
Godfrey, of Bolougne, died 1100. 
GodlVey, Thomas, inventor of tiie instrument called Hadlei/s quad* 

r.ant,"born at Philadelphia, died 1749. 
Godfry, sir Edmondbury, murdered October 17, 1678. 
Godwin, earl of Kent, invaded England, 1052 ; tried for the iViurdeir 

of Alfred, the same year, and bought his pardon; choked in pror 

testing his innocence at talkie with tl^e l^ing, 1053. . 

Goflfe, William, one of the judges of Charles I. fled to Boston in 

1660, died 1679. 
Goldsmith, Dr. Oliver, died April 4, 1774, aged 46. 
Gordon. William, historian, Massachusetts, died 1807, aged 78. 
Gordon, lord Geoi-ge, died in Newgate,^ November 1, 1793. 
Gower, sir .lohn. tii-st English poet, died 1404. 
Graham, George, improved clocks, and invented the compound 

pendulum, 1751. 
Grandier, burnt in France for witchcraft, 1634. 
Granville, lady, burnt to death, 1804. 
Gralian flourished 1151. 

Gray, Thomas, the poet, died July 30, 1771, aged 54. 
Gravson, William, Virginia, a conspicious member of congress, died 

1790. 
Grft-aterix, who healed by stroking, born in Ireland, 1629, died after 

1680. 
Greaves, John, English mathematician, born 1602, died 1652; 
Greene, Nathaniel, major general, died 1786, aged 47. 



29Z REMARKABLE PERSOTsiS. 

Gregory, St. died 270, after 30 j^ears episcopacy. 

Gregory, James, tlie mathematician, died 1675, aged 40., 

Gregoiy, Dr. James, died 1778. 

Grimston, sir Harbottle, law writer, died 1683. 

Grotius, Hugo, born at Delft, 1583. died 1645. 

Guericke, Otto de, invented the air-pump, 1654. 

Guicciardini, Italian historian, died 1540, aged 58. 

Guise, duke of, murdered 1558. 

Gunter, Rev. Edm. the mathematician, died 1726, aged 46. 

Gurney, William, the short-hand writer, died 1770. 

Gubtavus, Adolpluis, king of Sweden, killed in battle, November 6 
1632. 

Gustavus III. king of Sweden, shot at a masquerade by count An- 
kerstroem, March 16, 1792, 

Gustavus A^asa died 1560, aged 70. 

Guthrie, William, died 1770. 

Guttemberg, John, one of the candidates for the invention of print- 
ing, at Mentz, in Gei'many, died 1467. 

Guy, Thomas, bookseller, died December 27, 1724, aged 79, an?i 
left 200,0001. for maintaining his hospital. 

Guyon, Lady, the quietist, born 1648, died 1717. 

Gyles, Henrj^ eminent painter on glass, flourished 1687, 

Habakkuk, the prophet, floui-ished 731 B. C. 

Haggai, the prophet, flourished 520 B. C, 

Hawkesworth, Dr. Joseph, died 1775. 

Halde, J. B. Du, historian, died 1743. 
Hale, sir Matthew, died December 25, 1676, aged 66. 
Haller, Dr. of Berne, Swisserland, died December 1777, aged 75, 
Halley, Edmund, born 1656, died 1742. 
Haman hanged by order of Ahasuerus, 509 B. C. 
Hampden born 1594, killed in battle June 24, 1643. 
Hamilton. Alexander, first secretary of the treasury, United States, 
eminent as a soldier, statesman, and lawyer; murdered in a duel 
July 11, 1804, aged 47. 
Hammond, Rev. Dr. Henry, bom 1605, died 1660, 
Hammond, Mr. died 1743, aged 30. 
Handel, George Frederick, died April 12, 1759, aged 74. 
Hannibal died 162 B. C. 
Hanno flourished 453 B. C. 

Harley, Robert, earl of Oxford, born 1661, stabbed at the council- 
board, March 8, 1711, died 1724. 
Harrison, John, inventor of the watch for discovering the longitude, 

died March 24, 1776, aged 84. 
Harvard, John, founder of Harvard college, died 1638. 
Harvey, Dr. William, who discovered the circulation of the blood, 
born 1578, died 1657, aged 79. ■ 

Hawkings, sir John, English admiral, died 1595. 
Hawkings. sir Richard, the navigator, died 1600. 
Hawkesworth, Dr. John, died November 17, 1773, aged 50, 
Heath, James, English chronological historian, died 1664. 
Hector, the Trojan general, died 1184 B. C. 
Heidigger, J. J. the famous humourist, died 1749. 
Heinetken, Christopher, the learned prodigy of Lubeck, who was 
master of several languages at four years old, when he ^ed, 1725» 
Heister, Laur. anatomist, died 17/;8» 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 29S 

Helen, rape of, by Paris, 1198, B. C. 

Heliodorus flourished 400. 

Helniont, J. Bap,tist Van, pliilosopher and chemist, died 1644. 

Helvetius, the learned, died 1772. 

Henley, John, commenced orator, July 10, 1726, died October 14, 

1756. 
Henry, Patrick, orator, of Virginia, died 179Q. 
Henry, Dr. historian, died Novemuer 24, 1790, aged 72. 
Henry III. of France, murdered by a monk, August 1, 1589. 
Henry IV of France, killed by Ravilliac, May 14, 1610. 
Henry, Dr. W. historian ol England, died 1790. 
Hephestion, the Macedonian general, died 325 B. C. 
Herodotus bom 484, died 413 B. C. 
Herod reigned in Judea, 55 ; put his wife Mariamne to death., his 

mother-in-law, Alexandria, 28 ; his two sons put to death by order 

of the Jewish council, 6 years B. C. died November 25, 4 B. C. 
Hen-ijig, archbishop of Canterbui-y, died 1757. 
Hervev, James, English divine and poet, died 1758. 
Hesiod lived 944 B. C. 
Hetherington, Rev. William, died December 2, 1778, who left 

20,0001. for a fund to relieve fifty blind persons, each, with lOL 

annually. 
Hicks, William, left 3001. per annum to the Marine Society, die* 

1763. 
Hill, sir John, the botanist, died November 22, 1775. 
Hipparchus floiu'ished between 160 and 125 B. C. 
Hippocrates died 361 B. C. aged 98. 
Hiram, of Tyre, died 900 B. C. 
Hobbes, Thomas, died 1679, aged 90. 
Holt, loi-d chief justice, died March 6, 1710, aged 67. 
Home, Heni-y, lord Kaimes, Scotland, died 1782. 
Homer born about 1041, flourished 907 B. C. 
Hood, Robin, and Little John, noted highwaymen, 1189. 
Hooke, Robert, inventor of the pendulum watches, born 1635, died 

1703. 
Hopkinson, Francis, celebrated for his taste and genius in relation 

to the fine arts, died 1791. 
Horace born 65, died 8 B. C. 
Home, Dr. bishop of Norwich, died 1792. 

Horrebow, Peter, Danish mathematician and astronomer, died 1674. 
Horrox, Jeremiah, the astronomer, born about 1619, died 1641. 
Horsa slain by Vortimer in 455. 
Hosier, English admiral, died 1722. 

Hotham, sir John, and his son, beheaded January 1, 1645. 
Hotspur, Henry Percy, killed July 22, 1403. 
Hovedon, Roger de, the historian, wrote 1192. 
Howard, Mr. the philanthropist, died January 20, 1790. 
Howe, loi-d viscount, slain in America, July 8, 1758 aged 34. 
Hudson, Henry, celebrated English navigator, died ifill. 
Huet, Peter Daniel, French writer, bom 1674, died 1721. 
Hume, DaA-id, died August 25, 1776, aged 65. 
Hmiter, Dr. John, the anatomist, died October 16, 1793, aged 60 
Huss, John, the martyr, burnt July 15, 1415. ' . 

Hutton, Dr. James, Edinburgh, died 1797. 
Huxham, Dr. died 1768. / 

R2 



■i9-i REMARKABLE PERSONS. 

Huygens, Dutch astronomer, bom 1629, died 1695. 

Hyde, Dr. I'homas, the first librarian of the Bodleian library) didSl 
February 18, 1703. 

Hyginus, bishop of Rome, the first pope, martyred 1.58. 

Hypathia died about 415. 

Ignatius made a bishop by St. Peter and Paul, died i07. 

Ignatius, Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, born 1491, died 1555, ca- 
nonized by Paul V. 1609. 

Ilivtf, Jacob, English printer, died 1763. 

Inaehus, first king of Argos, 1859 B. C. 

Ingulphus, the histoi-ian, lived 1100. 

Innocent XI. pope, died August 2, 1689. 

Irenseus died 202, aged 82. 

Isaac, Abraham's son, died 1717 B. C. aged 180. 

Isaiah began to prophesy 786, put to death 696 B. C, 

Isoci-ates, Athenian orator, died 338 B. C. aged 89. 

Jacob stole the blessing from Esau 1776 ; went into Egypt 1723 ; 
and died 1689 B. C. aged 147. 

Jacob, Giles, English law writer, died 1744. 

James, St put to death aged 41, made patron to Spain 796. 

James, St. the less, bishop of Jerusalem, martjTed 62. 

James I. of Scotland, mui-dered by his uncle, 1437. 

James III. of Scotland, killed by his nobility, 1487. 

James IV. of Scotland, killed at Flowden, September 9, 1513. 

Jansenius, Cornelius, died 1638. 

Jason flourished 937 B. C. 

JeiFei-ies, lord chief justice, sent to the Tower by the lord mayor of 
London, December 12, 1688, where he destroyed himself, April 
18, 1689. 

Jenyiis, Soame, died 1787. 

Jephthah took his rash vow 1187, died 1182 B. C. 

Jeremiah began to prophesy 629, foretold the Jewish captivity 607^ 
and died 577 B. C. 

Jerome, St. bom 329, died 420. 

Jerome, of Prague, burnt May 30, 1416. 

Jesus, son of Sirach, lived 247 B. C. 

JESUS CHRIST was born December 25, in the year of the world 
4005, died April 3.— Vide Religious Institutions. 

Joan d' Are, or the Maid of Orleans, burnt 1451, aged 24. 
. Joanna of Naples straiigled her husband, October 5, 1345. 

Joan, pope, died 857. 

Job died 1553 B. C, aged 189. 

Joel prophesied 800 B. C. 

John, King of France, taken prisoner by Edward, the black prince, 
and brought to England, but afterwards ransomed for 500,0001. 
1357; died at the Savoy, in the Sti-and, London, on a ^'isit, 1364. 

John, of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III. was born 1339 ; created 
duke of Lancaster, 1362 ; appointed regent to Richai-d II. 1377: 
supported Wickliff against his opposers, 1378 ; had his palace at 
the Savoy destroyed by Wat Tyler's mob, 1381 ; ravaged Scotland 
to the gates of Edinburgh, 1384 ; assumed the title of kuig ot 
Castile and Leon, having married the daughter of Peter the Criiei 
1385 ; died Febmarj', 1399. 
John, St. the baptist, died 32. 
Joho; St. the eyangelist, died December 37, 99, aged 91. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. -295 

JoUnson, Dr. Samuel, the lexicographer, died Dec. 14, 1784, aged 78. 

Johnson, Ben, died 1637, aged 64. 

Jones, Inigo, born 1572, died 1651. 

Jones, sir William, one of the greatest and best of modern philoso- 
phers, died 1795. 

Jortin, Dr. John, English divine and writer, died 1770. 

Joseph and Mary, with Jesus, returned to Nazareth, three years be- 
fore the conimou era. 

Joseph sold to the Egyptians, 1728 ; tempted hy Potiphar's wife, 
1718; made governor of Egypt, 1715; died in Egypt, 1635 B.C. 
aged 110. 

Joseph II. emperor of Germany, poisoned March 1, 1792. 

Jose phus, Fiavius, Jewish historian, died 93. 

Julian, the apostate, sent a vicar into Britain, 353, died 363, aged 31. 

Julius Caesar, born July 10, lOO ; landed at Deal, August 26, 55 ; 
killed March 15, 44 B. C. 

Justin Martyr flourished 140. 

Justin, St. died 163, aged 64. 

.fustin hved about 250. 

.Tuveual born 45, died 127. 

Juxon, William, archbishop of Canterbury, died 1663. 

Kalb, baron de, major general, killed at the battle of Camden, 1780. 

Kempis. Thomas a, died 1471. 

Keunicott, Dr. Benjamin, died August 24, 1783, aged 83. 

Kent, tlie maid of, executed at Tyburn, 1534. 

Kent, William, EngUsh architect', died 1748. 

Kepler, John, bom at Wirtemburg 1571, died 1630. 

Keysler, J. G. historian and traveller, died 1743. 

Sidder, bishop of Bath, and his lady, killed in bed by the fall of a 
stack of chimnies, 1703. 

King, captain, companion of captain Cook, died November 1784. 

King, John, Glen. English topographer, died 1787, aged 55. 

Kirch, Christian Frederick, Prussian astronomer, died 1740. 

Knight, Mr. cashier of the South-sea company, absconded with 
100,0001. 1720 ; compounded with government for 10,0001. and re- 
turned to England in 1743. 

Knox, John, the reformer, born 1515, died 1572. 

Knox, Henry, major general, died 1806, aged 56. 

Kouli Kan usurped the Persian throne, March 11, 1732; assassinatol 
June 8, 1747, by Iiis nephew. 

Kunckell, John, eminent chemist, died 1702. 

Langhome, Dr. John, the writer, died September 1, 1779. 

La Soeur, Hubert de, the statuary, died 1650. 

Latuner, bishop of Worcester, burnt at Oxford, October, 1555. 

Laud, archbishop, beheaded January 10, 1645, aged 71. 

Laurens, Heni-y, president of congress, died 1792, aged 70 ; directed 
his body to be burned. 

John, son of the preceding, jomed the army in 1777, and 

was pi-esent and foremost in every action under gen. Washington, 
until 1782, when he was killed, aged 26. 

3.avator, G. physiognomist, died 1801. 

Lay, Benjamin, an eccentric and benevolent Q^uaker, died 17C0, 
aged 80. 

Laiarus raised from the dead 33 ; died December 17, 63. 

IiQiike, sir JoliDj English admiral, died 1720. 
R 3 



see REMARKABLE PERSONS. 

iedyard, John, the celebrated traveller, born in Connecticut, diei 

at Cairo. 178Q. 
Lee, the Rev. Mr. who invented the stocking frame, resided at 

Cambridg-e, 1589. 
Lee, Charle-, major genei-al. died 1782. 

Lee, Richard Henry, president of con^-ess, Virg. died 1794, aged 6'5. 
Lee, Arthur, M. D. minister plenipotentiary, &c. died 1792. 
Lecse. Anna, founder of the sect of Sliakers, died 1784. 
Leibnitz, born at Leipsic, 1646, died 1716. 
Leland, John, the antiquarian, died 1552, aged 45. 
LeJand, William, of Ireland, died Jannaiy 1732-3, aged 13Q. 
Leo 1. the emperor, ordered 200.000 books to be burnt, 476. 
Leo IX. the first pope that kept an army, 1054. 
Leo X. the pope who conferred the title" of "defender of the feitli" 

on Henry VIII. of England, died 1521. 
Leofricus. the first bishop of Exeter, died 1073. 
Lesley, bisliop of Ross, born 1527, died 1596. 
Lesley, the great writer, di'jd April 13, 1722. 
Lestock, admiral, tried and acquitted, June 1746. 
Lever, sir Ashton, collector of the museum, died January- 30, 178'8, 
L'Estrange. sir Rogei-, born 1617, died December 11, 1704. 
L'Enclos, Ninon de, died 1706, aged 80. 
Liewelliu, last prince of the Welch, defeated 1284. 
Llewellin, Martin, died 1682, aged 65. 
Lewis XV. of France, narrowly escaped being burnt July 1, 1747; 

stabbed by Damien, January 5, 1757 ; died May 10, 1774, agetl 64 

having reigned fifty-nine years. 
Levris XVI. deposed August 10, 1792; beheaded January 21, 1793, 

and his queen beheaded, October 16, following. 
Lilbume, John, whipt February 19, 1638, died August, 1657. 
Lilio, /iloys, inventor of the Gregorian calendar, 1570. 
Liliey, AVilliam, the astrologer, born 1602, died 1681 
Linn, John Blair, di\^ne and poet, died 1804, aged 28. 
Linnseus, Dr the botanist, died at Upsal, in Sweden, Jan. 10, 1778. 

aged 71. 
Li%iius, Titus, born B. C. 58, died A. D. IS. 
Locke, John, born 1632, died November 28, 1704. 
Logan, James, founder of the Loganian library at Philadelphia, died 

151, aged 77. 
Logan, an Indian chief, died about 1775. 
Lollard propagated his opinions 1315, burnt 1351. 
Lombard, Peter, flourished 1158. 

Lombe, sir Tiiop.ias, introduced the silk mill, died 1739. 
Longinus, the orator, put to death, 273. 
Lowell, John, L. L. D. justice of the supreme court of the U. States 

died 1802, aged 59. 
Lucan, born at Corduba, in Spain, November 11, 37; condemned and 

bled to death in a bath, April 30, 64. 
Lucius, the first Christian king of Britain, reigned 77 years ; found.?d 

the first church in London, at St. Peter's, Comhill, which was 

made the see of an archbishop, (till removed to Canterbury;, 179. 
Lucretius, born at Rome 95 ; put an end to his life in a raging fit; 

52 B. C. 
Ludlow, Edmund, the republican wiitev, dietl 1693,. 
J^Tke. St. died about 70, aged SO. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 297 

Luther, Martin, began the reformation 1518, died 1546. 

JLycurgus, the Spartan law-giver, born 926; established his laws, 

834; died in Crete, 872 B. C. 
Lyons, Israel, jun. the mathematician, of Cambridge, died May 1, 

1775, aged 32. 
I.viimachus, died 281 B. C. aged 80. 
Lyticlton, lord, horn 1700; married 1742 ; created a peer 1756 ; died 

August 25, 177.5. 
Mawmiay, Graham, Mi«5. the historian, died June 23, 1791. 
31aciiiuliay, esq. of Tipperary, died June 1773, aged 143. 
Machiavel died 1530. 

Mackenzie, George, born 1636, difd 1691. 
Miiclaurin, Colin, the mathematician, died 1746. 
ZVtickliu Ro'.x-rt, died in New Hampshire, aged 115; at the age of 

80 he rode 66 miles in one day. and returned the next. 
M'Piierion, translator of Ossiaii, died 17>J7. 
Magellan, Fei-dinand, the navigator, died 1520. 
Miigiiabechi, the librarian, died 1714, aged 81. 
3faJiomet, born at Mecca May 5, 570 ; began his system 612 ; the sect 

commenced 622; died Juno 18, 631. 
Maiiitenon, Madame de, died 1719, aged 84. 
Maii-e, James le, Dutch navigator, died 1622. 
3Iiuttaire, Michael, eminent writer, died 1747. 
Maluchi flourished 397 B. C. 
Malboive, Edward G. eminent portrait painter, Rhode Island, died 

1807. 
Malebi-anche, boi-n at Paris 1638, died 1715. 
Malherbe, Francis, French writer born 1555, died 1628. 
3fcillet, David, dramatic author, died 1765. 
ilalmesbury, Wdliara of, wrote in 1140. 
Sialpighi bom in Italy 1628, died 1694. 
Msnasseh chosen high priest, 253 B. C. 
Mrtndeville, sir John, the traveller, died 1372. 
Maidius, M. thrown down the Tarpeian rock, 484 B. C. 
Maniy, John, captaui in the navy of the United States in 1775, dieU 

1793, aged 60, 
Manning, Cramweirs spy, executed abroad, 1655. 
Margaret, countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of king Heni-y 

VIL died June 2^, 1509. 
Margaret, countess of Salisbui-y, daughter of the duke of Clarence 

brother to Edward IV. beheaded May 27, 1541, aged 70. 
Miriana, Juan, historian of Spain, died 1624, aged 87. 
Mark, St. died in 68. 
3I;irlborough, John, duke of, died June 16, 1722, aged 72. 

Sarah, duchess of, died October 18, 1744. 

>Iartin, St. died about 402. 

Martin, Benjamin, English mathematician, died 1782. 

>IiUtial, born at Bilboa 34, died 109. 

Mutyr, Peter, born 1500, died at Zuric, November 12, 1562. 

M.u-v'el. Andx-ew, the patriot, born 1620, died 1678. 

Mary de Medicis, queen-motiier of France, visited England 1638. 

Mary, mother of Christ, died in 45, aged 60. 

Mary, queen of Scots, lied to England ^lay 16, 1568, (vide Sove^ 

reigus), beheaded February 8, 1589, aged 44. 
Maskeline, Neville, English astronomer, died 1772. 
R4 



29,8 REMARKABLE PERSOIv'^. 

Maso, of Florence, inventor of engraving, died 1450. 
5Iason, George, Virginia, member of congress, died 1792, aged 67, 
Refused to sign the constitution of the United States, though a 
delegate at that time. 

Zvlather, Cotton, a distinguished divine in Boston, died 1728, aged 
65. 

Matthew, St. died in 65. 

Matthews, admiral, discarded the navy service October 22, 1744. 

Matthias was high priest 6 B. C. 

Maurice of Nassau, prince of Orange, died 1625. 

Slaximillian, the emperor, enlisted as a captain, and subject und,^- 
Henry VIII. when he invaded France, 1513. 

Mayer, Tobias, the astronomer, died 1762. 

Mayersbach, the celebrated water doctor, died Januaiy 1798« 

Mazarine, cardinal, died 1661, aged 59. 

Mela, Pompouio, a Spanish geographer, died 45, 

Melancthon, Philip, died 1560, aged 63. 

Mercator, Gerard, Flemish geographer, died 1594. 

Mercator, Nicholas, of Holstein, astronomer, died 1690. 

JMercer, Hugh, brigadier general, killed at the battle of Princetoiij 
1777. 

Ttferlin, the prophet, lived in 477. 

Metastasio, the Italian poet, died 1732, aged 84. 

Methuselah died 1656 of the world, aged 969. 

Metius, James, of Antwerp, inventor of telescopes, died 1612. 

Meton, inventor of the Metonic circle, 430 B. C. 

Mezeray. the French historian, born 1610, died 1683. 

Micah, the prophet, flourished 754 B. C. 

Michaelis, Prof, died 1791. 

Middleton, sir Hugh, who brought the New river water to Londoii 
died 1589. 

TMifflin, Thomas, major general, and governor of Pennsylvania, a 
Quaker, one of the most active and zealous patriots of the Ameri- 
can revolution, died 1799, aged 57. 

Mildmay, sir Walter, foimder of Emanuel college, Cambridge, die4 
1640. 

Milton, John, bom 1608, died blind 1674. 

Minos, the law-giver, reigned at Crete 1432 B. C. 

Minot, George Richard, historian, Massachusetts, died 1802, aged 
44. 

Minto, Walter, professor at Princeton college, died 1796, aged 4S.> 

Mirabeau, the French statesman, died April, 1791. 

Mist, the printer, imprisoned June, 1721. 

Moliere, born 1620, died 1672. 

Molineaux, William, astronomer, born 1656, died 1693. 

Moil, Herm. English geographer, died 1732. 

Monboddo, lord, author of Origin and Progress of Languages, 1799. 

Monis, Judah, fii-st Hebrew instructor in Harvard college, baptised 
in 1722, died 1764, aged 82. 

Monk, general, arbiter of England's fate 1659, made duke of Albe- 
marle, July 13, 1660, died January 4, 1669-70. 

Monmouth, Jefferv, of, wrote in 1152. 

Monmouth, duke of, beheaded 1685, aged 35. 

Monro, Dr. Alexander, sen. died 1751. 

Mojftro, Dr. Jehn. died December 27, 1791, aged 77. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 2§9 

Montagne, Michael do, died 1502, aged 59. 

Montague, lady Marj' Woitley, elegant writer, died 1762. 

Mor.tcalm, Loiiis Joseph de, killed on the plains of Abraham, before 

Quebec, 17'5g. 
Montgomery, Ricliard, major general of the Americans, killed at 

the attack of Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775, aged 38. 
Montfaucon, died 1741, aged 86. 
Moore, Philip. English divine, translator of the Bible into the 

Manks' language, &c. died 1783. 
More, sir Thomas, beheaded July 5, 1535, aged 55. 
Morris, Robert, superintendant of the financies of the United States, 

died 1806, aged 72. 
Moses, born 1571; the ten plagues of Egypt sent, 1492; received 
the tables of stone on Mount Sinui, May 4, 1491 : died 1451 B. C, 
Moului, Charles du, French writer, born 1500, died 1566. 
Mountain, Mr. the mathematician, died May 5, 1779. 
Muntzcr, Thomas, founder of the sect of Anabaptists, put to death 

1525. 
LIurraj-, William Vans, of Maryland, minister to France, and mem- 
ber of congi-ess, died 1803, aged 42. 
Nahum, tlie prophet, flourished 758 B. C. 
Napier, John, inventor of logarithms, died 1622, aged 67, 
Naylor, the Quaker, whipped, &c. December 4, 1656, 
Nebuchadnezzar, king of Assyria, 606 B. C. 
Negro woman died at Jamaica, aged 134, 1806. 
Nehemiah, the prophet, flourished 450 B. C. 
Nelson, lord, killed at the battle of Trafalgar, 1805. 
Nero murdered his mother 55, dietl 68, aged 32. 
Nevernois, duke de, died 1798. 

Newhotf, Theodore, king of Corsica, died in London, 1757. 
^^Tewton, sir Isaac, born December 25, 1642; knighted by queen 

Anne 1705; died March 20, 1726-7. 
Newton, Dr. Thomas, bishop of Bristol, eminent writer, died 1782, 
Nicolle, Peter, born in France 1625, died 1695. 
Nicomedcs, tlie mathematician, inventor of the geometrical curve, 

called conchoides, flourished 220. 
Nicot, J. introducer of tobacco into France, died 1600. 
Nisbet, Charles, divine, first president of Dickenson college, Penn- 
sylvania, died 1804, aged 67. 
Noah directed to build the ark 1536 of the world, 120 before the flood, 

died 1998 B. C. aged 950. 
Nonius, Spanish physician and mathematician, inventor of the an- 
gles of 45 degrees in every meridian^ died 1577. 
Noden, Frederick, eminent designer and engraver, died 1742. 
Norman, John, the first lord mayor of London that went by water 

to "Westminster to be sworn, 1453. 
Non-is, sir .John, English admiral, died 1749. 

Northumberland, Dudley, beheaded for attempting to put lady- 
Jane Grey on the English throne, 1553. 
Northuml>erIand, earl of, beheaded at York, 1572. 
Nugent, Thomas, L. L. D. died May 27, 1772. 
Norwood, Richard, measured a degree in England 1632, which was 

the first accurate measure. 
Obadiah prophesied 587 B. C. 

©cclave, Hiomas, English poeti successor to Chaucer, flottrisked 
14-20. 



^0 REMARKABLE PERSONS. 

Occura, Sampson, ISIassachusetts, an Indian preacher and write.r, 
educated by Dr. Wlieelock, died 1792, aged 69. 

O'Connor, Roderie, last Irish monarch, died 1198, very old. 

Oecolampadius, the reformer, died 1531, aged 49. 

Oedipus, king of Thebes, 1266 B. C. 

Ogle, sir Chaloner, brave English admiral, died 1750. 

Oglethorpe, James, general, founder of Georgia, died 17S5, aged 97. 

Oldcastle, sir John, hanged and burnt without Temple-bar 1418 j 
the first Protestant martyr. 

O'Leary, Arthur, died 1801. 

Orange, William I. prince of, assassinated June 30, 1584. 

Origen died 254, aged 69. 

Orlando, Furioso died 1772. 

Orleans, duke of, assassinated at Paris, November 23, 1407, by ordei"' 
of the duke of Burgundy. 

Orleans, the infamous duke of, (or E^alite) was guillotined Novem- 
ber 5, 1793. 

Orono, chief of the Penobscot Indians, ISIassachusetts, died 1801, 
aged 113. His people are all catholics. His wife, madam Orono, 
died 1809, aged 109. 

£>rme, R. historian of India, died 1801. 

Ormond, duke of, impeached June 21, 1715 : degraded from nobility, 
ana retired to France August following ; 10,0001. i-eward oifered 
by Ireland for taking liim, January 19, 1718-19 ; 50001. offered by 
the English, March, 1718-19 ; died m France, and was brought to 
England and buried at Westminster, May 22, 1749. 

Orpheus, the poet flourished 576 B. C. 

Osborn and his wife murdered at Tring, Hertfordshire, for suppose^ 
witchcraft, April 22, 1751. 

Ossian, the Caledonian bard, flourished as a poet 300. 

Ostei-vald, John Frederick, the divine, bom 1663, died 1747. 

Otho, traperor of Germany, Aasited England 1207. 

Otis, James, patriot and statesman, died 1783. 

Ottoman, first emperor of the Turks, 1323. 

Otway, Thomas, English poet, bom 1651, died 1685, 

Overbury, sir Thomas, poisoned in the Tower, September 17, 1513^ - 
aged 32. 

Ovid born at Sulmo 43 B. C. died 15 after Christ. 

Ozanam, James, an eminent mathematician, born 1640, died 1717. 

Paley, Dr. Archibald, deacon of Carlisle, died 1805. 

Palladio, the architect, flourished 1570. 

Palliser.' sir Hugh, died IMarch 19, 1796, aged 75. 

Pan, Mallet du, died 1806. 

Pantaloon, Sa, the Spanish ambassador's brother, executed for mur- 
der, July 6, 1654. 

Par, Robert, died at Kinvor, Salop, September 21, 1757, aged 124. 

Par, Thomas, died 1635, aged 152. He lived in ten reigns. 

Paracelsus died 1534, aged 48. 

Paris, INIatthew, the historian, died 1259. 

Pamell, Thomas, English divine and poet, died 1718. 

Parry, Dr. executed for a plot against queen Elizabeth, 1535. 

Partridge, Jolm, the astrologer, bom 1644, died 1715. 

Pascal, Blaize, born at Auvergne 1623, died 1662. 

Paterculus, Vail, flourished about 30. 

Paterson, William, eoyernor af N?w Jersey, justice supreme couri.. 
4ied 1806. 4. , » 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. Styt 

Patrick, St. first bishop in Ireland, died 491, aged 122. 

Patten, Miirgarei, died near Paisley, in Scotland, in 1739, aged 138. 

Paul. St. converted 33, caught into the third heaven 44; visited 
Athens and Corinth 50 ; died June 29, 67. 

Peckam, John, archbishop of Canterbury, the first writer on per- 
spective, 1279. 

Pelham, Henry, English statesman, died 1754, aged 60. 

Pendleton, Ed.u. Virginia, member of the first congress, died 1803, 
aged 83. 

Penn, sir William, English admiral, died 1670. 

Penn, William, settler of Pennsylvania, born 1644, died 1718, aged 
74. 

Pennant, Thomas, the tourist, died December 16, 1798, aged 73. 

Percy, Henry, earl of Northumberland, last male heir of that familyj 
died 1669. 

Pericles, Athenian general, died 429 B. C, aged 70. 

Perkins, William, died in New Hampshire 1732, aged 116. 

Perrjult, Charles, French writer, died 1688, 

Persius, Flaccus, horn December 4, 42, died aged 28. 

Perlinax died 193, aged 66- 

Peter, St. baptised Cornelius, and established a bishop at AntiocU 
37, established the see oi" Rome 41, died 76. 

Peter I. of Russia, visited England 1697; disinherited his eldest 
son, February-, 1716-i7; condemned him to death, June 26, 17 8 ; 
took the title of emperor, Octobi r, 1721. 

Peter II. married his prime minister's daughter, November 30, 1729 ; 
died of the small-pox, January 19, 1730. 

Peter III. deposed and murdered, July 16, 1672. 

Petrarch, Fi-ancis, born at Arez/.o 1304, died 1374. 

Phcedrus born 47 B. C. died 31 after. 

Phalaris, the tyrant of Crete, died 561 B, C. •■ 

Pharamond. first French monarch, died 428. 

Pharaoh ordered all the male children oithe Hebrews to be destroyed 
1573; drowned with his army, IMouday, May 11, 1491 B. C. 

Phidias, the statuary, lived 486 B. C. , 

Philetos, of Cos, grammarian, flourished 280 B. C. 

Philip, Iiidian king ot ]Mouut Hope, Rhode Island, killed by cap- 
tain Church, 1676, 

Philip, king of Macedon, murdered by Pausanius, 336. 

Philip, of Castile, driven by a storm to England, 1505. 

Philip, Dormer Stanhope, lord Cliesterfield, died 1773. 

Philips, Ambrose, dramatic poet, died 1748, 

Philips, Catherine, the celebrated Orinda, died 1644. 

Philpot, Jphn, an alderman of London, stablied Wat Tyler in Smith- 
field, 1381. 

Picari, John, the mathematician and astronoiner, died 1693. 

Pieus, prince of Mirandola, memorable for his extraordinary genius 
and meinory in languages, died 1494. 

Pilate mads governor of Judea 27, slew himself 40. 

Pindar, the poet, died 435 B. C. aged 80. 

Pitt, Thomas, governor of Madras, possessor of the great diamond, 
father of the earl of Chatham, died 1726. 

Pitt, William, earl of Chatham, died May 11, 1778, aged 70, and 
buried at the public e.xpeiisc in Westminster Abbey, June 9, ibl- 
Jowing. 



30^ REMARKABLE PERSONS^ 

Pitt, William, premier of England for twenty-six years, died Jan, 
23, 1806, bui-ied in Westminster Abbey at the public expense. 

Pizarro, admiral Francis, died 1541, aged 63. 

Platiiia, the historian, died 1481, aged 60. 

Plato died 384 B. C. aged 80, 

Plautus died 184 B. C. 

Plim , the elder, died in 79, aged 56. 

Pliny, the younger, lived in 92. 

Plutarch died 119, aged 69. 

Pocohuntas, daughter of Powhatan, emperor of the Indians of Vir- 
ginia, received at the court of king James, 1616, died 1617. 

Pocoeke, Dr. Richard, bishop of Meath, the traveller, died 1765. 

Poggius, tlie reviver of Greek and Latin literature, died 1459. 

Pole, cardinal, died November 18, 1558, aged 58. 

Polignac, cardinal, French writer, died 1741. 

PoUio, a Roman orator and poet, who occasioned the first library 
being opened at Rome for public use, died in 42. 

Polybius born at Megalopolis 205 B. C. 

Pomfret, Rev. Mr. tjie poet, died young-1709. 

Pompadour, the marcliioness, died "in 1765. 

Pompey killed in Egypt 48 B. C. aged 59. 

Pomponius Mela, the geographer, died in 40. 

Poole, Matthew, English divine and writer, died 1669. 

Pope, sir Thomas, founder of Ti-inity college, Oxford, bom 1508, 
died 15SS. 

Pope, Alexander, died 1744, aged 55. 

Pojje Pius VI. expelled Rome by the French, and led in exile to 
France, February 4, 1798; died April 19, 1799, aged 81. 

Popple, William, English dramatic author, died i764. 

Porteous, captain, attending an execution at Edinburgh, appreliend- 

" ing a rescue, oi-dered the soldiers to fire, April 14, 1736 ; accused 
of murder and convicted, but respited by queen Caroline, June 22., 
1736; put to death by the mob at Edinburgh, September 7, 1736. 

.Postlewaite, IVIalachy, English writer, died 1767. 

Powhatan, father of Pocohimtas, died 1618. 

Pratt, Ephraim, died in Massachusetts, 1804, aged 116. 

Preble, Edward, commodore United States' navy, died 1S07, aged 
46. 

Pretender, the old, born June 10, 1688, died 1776. 

Pretender^ the young-, son of the i)receding, born November 31, 
1720, died January 31, 1788, without male issue. His natural 
daughter assumed the title of duchess of Albany, and was born in 
1763, and died 1789. His brothei-, the cardinal, was born March 6, 
1725. 

Prideaux, Humphrej^ historian and critic, born 1648, died 1724. 

Priestley, Dr. Joseph, natural philosopher, theologian, politician, 
ike. &.C. died in Pennsylvania, 1804, aged 71. 

Pringle, sir John, physician, died 1782. 

Prior, Jilatthew, died September 18, 1721, aged 56. 

Provinzale, eminent in Mosaic, born 1535, died 1579. 

PrjTine, WilHam, born 1600 ; tried by the star-chamber 1633 ; stood 
in the pilloi-y. May. 1634; again, 1637; took his seat in the Long 
parliament, November 28, 1640; died October 24, 1669. 

Psalmanazar, George, the pretended Japanese, died 1763 

Ptoloray, philosopher, fiourished 284 B. C, 



REMARKABLE PERSON?. 303 

Pufendorf died 1694, aged 63. 

Pulaski, count, brigadier general, killed in the assault on Savannali, 
1779. 

Pulteney, William, struck out of the list of privy-counsellors, July 
1, 1751, died earl of Bath, 1761. 

Pussel, John, died 1804, aged 102. 

Putnam, Israel, brigadier general, Massachusetts, died 1790, aged 72. 

Pyrrhus began to reigu at Epirus 295; lost 20,000 men in battle with 
the Romans to their 5000; killed by a woman throwing a tile at 
him 272 B. C. 

Pythagoras died 497 B. C. aged 73. 

Quai-ies, Francis, English poet and writer, died 1644. 

Quincy, Dr. John, eminent EngUsh physician, died 1723. 

Quintilian died about 94. 

Quirini, cardinal, the learned traveller, died. 1755. 

Quivedo, the Spanish poet, died 1647. 

Rabelais, Francis, born I4b3, died 1553. 

Rabutin, count de Bussy, born 1622, died 1693 

Raleigh, sir Walter, beheaded October, 1618, aged 65. 

Ramsay, Allen, Scotch poet, died 1784. 

Ramus, Peter, French writer, born 1515, died 1573. 

Rapin, Rene, died 1687, aged 72, 

Rapin, de ThojTas, English historian, died May 16, 1725, aged 64. 

Radcliff, Dr. John, died and left 40,000l. to the university of Oxford, 
November 1, 1714. His statue erected December 21, 1723. Li» 
brary began May 12, 1737. 

Raynal, Abbe, the historian, died March, 1796, aged 84. 

Read, an alderman or' London, sent as a common soldier for re- 
fusing the king an arbiti-ai*j' benevolence, 1544. 

Reaumur, M. de, the Frencli philosopher, born 1683, died 1757. 

Recoi-d, Robert, first English writer on algebra, about 1557. 

Regiomontanus, John Muller, astronomer, poisoned at Rome, 1476, 

Reynolds, sir Joshua, president of the Royal academy of painting, 
died 1792, aged 58. 

Rhees, the last king of South Wales, killed 1094. 

Ricci, Lawrence, the last general of the society of Jesuits, born Au- 
gust 2, 1708 ; made general of the order, May 21, 1758 ; imprisoned 
at Rome, September, 1773 ; died November 24, 1776, aged 72. 

Riciiardson, Samuel, moral writer, died 1761, aged 72. 

Rieblieu, cardinal, died 1642, aged 57. 

Ridley, bishop of London, burnt at Oxford, October 16, 1555. 

Rittenhouse, David, of Pennsylvania, ; ii eminent and selt^ducatei 
philosopher, invented an orrery; died 1796, aged 65. 

Roix-rt, duke of Norinandy. died in prison, 1107. 

Roberts, Charles, died in Virginia, 1796, aged 116. 

Roi)frtson, of Hopetoun-hall, near Edinburgh, died 1793, aged 137. 

Rolxitson, Dr. William, historian, author of Charles the fifth, his-> 
tory of Scotland, of America, and of India, died June 11, 1793, 
ag'Jd 72. 

Rol in Hood died 1247. 

Robins Benjamin, English mathematician and engineer, died 1751. 

Rociit^oucault, duke of, died 1680, aged 68. 

Rochester, William, earl of, died 1680, aged 32. 

Rodney, admiral lord, died May 24, 1792. 

Roebuck, Dr. Jo. projector of c'arron foundery, Scotland, died 1794, 



304 aSMARKABLE PERSONS. 

Roger de Hoveden, the historian, flourished 1192. 

Rogers, captain Woods, English navigator, died 1732. 

Rollo, first duke of Normandy, conquered that countiy from tb<' 

crown of France, 876. 
Romney, loi-d, died 1793. 

Rooke, Admiral sir George, died 1703, aged 47. 
Rosamond, born 1162; shut up at Woodstock, 1177- 
Roscius flourished 60 B. C. 
Roseommou, earl of, English poet, died 1684. 
Roubilliac, the sculptor, died January 11, 1762. 
Rousseau, John James, French poet, died July 2, 1778, aged 72. 
Rowe, Nicholas, made poet laui-eat, August 11, 1715; died. December 

6. 1718, aged 44. 
Rowe, Elizabeth, died February 20, 1737, aged 63. 
Rowley, William, contemporary with Shakespeare. 
Rowley, eminent English mathematician, died 1728. 
Roxburgh. John, duke of, died 1804. 
Roy, general, died 1790. 
Roy, Julian, French mechanic, 1759. 
Rupert, prince, died November 29, 1681, aged 62. 
Rushworth, John, born 1607, died 1690. 
Russel, admiral, died 1627, aged 75. 

Rutyer, Dutch admiral, died 1676, aged 69. \ 

Ryraer, Thomas, English antiquarian and historian, died 1713»- 
Rysbi-ack, Jull. the sculptoi-, tiJed 1770, aged 78. 
Sacheverel, Rev. Dr. silenced March 23, 1710; died 1724. 
Sale, George, translator of the Alcoran, died 1736. 
Sallustius died 34 B. C. 
Sancho, Ignatius, the African, died 1780, 

Sandcroft, archbishop of Canterbui-y, born 1616; committed to the 
Tower, tried and acquitted, 1688; deprived 1689; died Novem' 
ber 26, 1693, aged 77. 

Sandys, George, the traveller, died 1643. 

Sanson, Nicholas, eminent French geogi-apher, died 1667. 

Sappho lived 603 B. C. 

Sarpi, father Paul, born 1552, died 1623. 

Savage, Richard, bom 1698 ; condemned for murder 1727 ; pardoned 
1728 ; died 1743., 

Savary, M. traveller, died 1787. 

Saunderson, Dr N. the mathematician, died 1739, aged 57. 

Saxe, count, died 1750, aged 54. 

Scsevola, Mutius, burnt his right hand before Porsenna, for killing 
the secretary, when he intended to have slain Porsenna hunself, 
508 B. C. 

Scaliger, Julius Csesar, died 1558, aged 75. 

Scaliger, Joseph, French writer, died 1609, aged 69. 

Scanderbeg died 1467, aged 63. 

Scarborough, sir Charles, English anatomist, died 1702. 

Scarron, Paul, French writer, born 1610, died 1660. 

Schomberg, duke of, landed in Ireland August 13, 1689 ; killed at 
the battle of the Boyne, 1690. 

Schwartz, Bartlioloniew, discoverer of gun-powder, died 1340. 

Scott, Reginald, eminent English writer, died 1599. 

Scotus, JoTin, died 883. 

Seotas, Mananusj the bistoriaUj flourished 1036, 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. SOJi 

Serimshaw, Mrs. Jane, died in Rosemarj'-laue work-house, Tower- 
hill, aged 127, December 6, 1711. 

Scudery, Magdalen de, Frencli writer, died 1701. 

Seaion, Reverend Thomas, who instituted the prize poems at Cam- 
bridge, born about 1684, died 1750. 

Seeker, Dr. Thomas, arclibishop of Canterbury, died 1768. 

Sedley, sir Charles, poet, born about 1636, died about 1720. 

Sejanus died 31. 

Seldon, John, born 1584, died October 30, 1654. 

Semiramis, queen of Assyria, died 1665 B. C. 

Seneca, boni at Corduba A. D. 1. died in 64. 

Servetus burnt at Geneva October 27, 1553. 

Settle, Elkanah, born 1645, died 1724. 

SevL-rus died 211, aged 56. 

Sevigne, marchioness de, born 1626, died 1696. 

Seward, William, F. R. S. 1798. 

Sewell, Dr. George, eminent physician, died February S, 1727. 

Seymour, lord, made lord high admii-al 1547 ; married the widow o{" 
king Henry VIII. March, 1548, who died in child-bed September 
following: he was beheaded on Towei--hill, JNlareli 20, 1549. 

Shad weH, Thomas, born 1640, died November 20, 1692., 

Shat'tsbury, earl of, born 1671, died 1713. 

Shakespeare, William, born 1564, died April 3, 1616. 

Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrew's, bom 1618 ; shot in liis coach 
May 3, 167y. 

Shenstone, William, EngUsh poet and miscellaneous writer, died 
1763. 

Sherard, William, founder of the botanic professorship at Oxford, 
died 1728. 

Sheridan, Rev. Dr. Thomas, born 1685, died 1738. 

Sheridan, Thomas, English actor and writer, died 1788. 

Shiply, William, projector of the society of arts, manufactures, &c. 
died 1804. 

Sherlock, Dr. Thomas, bishop of London, died 1761. 

Shore, Jane, inistress of Edward IV. did penance, 1483 ; her husband 
executed for coining, 1496. 

Sibbald, James, bookseller and author, died 1803. 

Sichiey, sir Philip, boiTi i554; killed in battle, September 22, 1586, 

Sidney, Algernon, beheaded December 7, 1683. 

Sigebert, the historian, died 1113. 

Sigismund, the emperor, visited England 1419, died 1438. 

Simuel, Lambert, crowned King in Ireland, 1487. 

Simon Magus, the first heretic, came to Rome 41. 

Simonides, the poet, tiourished 503 B. C. 

Simpson, Thomas, English mathematician, died 1765. 

Sisyphus, first king of Corinth, 1504 B. C. 

Sloane, sir Hans, born 1660, died January 11, 1752-3. 

Smellie, Dr. William, eminent anatomist, died 1763. 

Smellie, W. printer, ti-anslator of Buflbn, died 1795. 

Smith, Dr. Adam, author of the "Wealth of Nations," Ecc. died 

1790. 
Smith, Isaac, judge of New Jersey, died 1807, aged 68. 
Smith, William, D. D. eminent for elociuence and the advancement 
. of literature, died at Philadelphia, 1802. 
Smollet, Dr. Tobias, the liistorian. died September 17, 1771. 



356 REMARKABLE PERSONi>. 

Snel], Hannah, the female soldier, had a pension settled on her^ 
June, 1730. 

Sobieski, John, king of Poland, died 1696. i 

Socrates put to death 4C1 B. C. aged 70. 

Solander, Dr. naturalist, died May 13, 1782, 

Solon, the law-giver, born 549 B. C. died aged 80. 

Sophocles died 406 B. C. aged 90. 

Speed, John, the historian, died July 1629, aged 76. 

Spencers ; father, son. and grandson : the father was hanged at 
Bristol, aged 90, in October 1329; the son was hanged at Hereford, 
November 24, following; the grandson was beheaded at Bristol, 
1400. 

Spencer, the poet, born 1510, died 1598. 

Spooner, Mr. at Tamworth, Warwickshire, died aged 57, who 
weighed 40 stone 9 pounds, and measured 4 feet 3 inches across the 
shoulders, April 30, 1775. 

Stackhouse, Thomas, English divine and historian, died 1752. 

Standish, Miles, the hero of New England, died 1656. 

Stanislaus, the abdicated king of Sweden, burnt by accident, Febru- 
ary 8, 1768, aged 89. 

Stanislaus, Poniatowsky, the last king of Poland, who was deprived 
of his kingdom 1795, died February 11, 1798, aged 65, at Peters- 
burg. 

Stanley, George, of Hamington, near Salisbmy, died 1719, aged 151 
years. 

Stantoun, sir George, author of Embassy to China, died 1801. 

Staiius born about 41, died about 102. 

Steele, sir Richard, died September 1, 1729, aged 53. 

Stephen, the martyr, died September 26, 33. 

Sterne, Rev. Lawrence, died 1768. 

Stevens, George Alexander, dramatic poet, died 1787. 

Stevens, George, the editor of Shakespeare, died January 21, 1800, 
aged 65. 

Steuben, Frederick William, baron de, major genei-al, died 1794, 
aged 61. 

Stiles, Ezra, president of Yale college, died 1795, aged 63. 

Stith, William, president of William and Mary college, historiam 

Stone, John H. governor of Maryland, died 1804. 

Strabo flourished about 30 B. C. 

Stuyvesant, Peter, the last Dutch governor of New York, in 1647. 

Struensee and Brandt, Danish counts, beheaded at Copenhagen, 
April 28, 1772. 

Stuart, Dr. Gilbert, the historian, died August 13, 1786. 

Stukely, Dr. the antiquarian, died 1765. 

Sudbury, archbishop of Canterbuiy, beheaded by the rebels vn 
Tower-hill, June 14, 1381. 

Suetonius, the historian, flourished 110, died 118. 

Suidas, the learned lexicographei-, lived in 1087. 

Sullivan, John, L. L. D. major general, and president of New Hamp- 
shire, died 1795, aged 54. 

Sullivan, James, brother to the preceding, governor of Massachu- 
setts, died 1808, aged 65. 

Sully, duke de, died 1641, aged 82. 

Sulpicius, the historian, died 420. 

Sutton, Thomas, founder of tlie Chartei--housej born 1532, died 
1611. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 507 

Sumner, Increase, governor of Massacliusetts, died 1799, aged 53. 
Swift, dean of St. Patrick's, died October, 1745, aged 78. 
Swieten, baron Van, died June, 1772. -- 
Sysigambis, mother of Darius, on hearing the death of Alexander, 

starved herself, 324 B. C. 
Tacitus lived in 70. 

Tamerlane, conqueror of Asia, born 1336, died 1405. 
Tasso, Orlando, musician, died 1594. 
Taylor, "William, died in North Carolina, 1794, aged 114. 
Tell, William, shot Grisler, the Austrian governor, 1317. 
Tcinple. sir William, died 1669, aged 69. 
Terentius Publius, the friend of Scipio, the best writer of comedies 

in the Latin langu.nge, died 159 B. C. 
Terpander, the musician, lived about 706 B. C. 
Thales, the philosopher, born 640, died 572 B. C. 
Themistocles, the Athenian general, died 449 B. C. 
Theobald, Lewis, English dramatic writer, died 1742. 
Theocritus flourished 285 B. C. 
Theodore, king of Corsica, abdicated his kingdom, 1737; died in an 

obscure lodging in Soho, London, 1756. 
Thespis, the poet, flourished about 539 B. C. 
Thomas, John, an Indian, died in Massachusetts, 1727, aged 110. 
Thomson, James, died August 27, 1748, aged 46. 
Thompson, Mrs. near Dublin, aged 135 ; October, 1796. 
Tickell, Thomas, English poet, died 1740. 

Tice, Mr. died at Haglev, Woi-cestershire, Feb. 26, 1774, aged 125. 
Timolton, of Syracuse, died 337 B. C. 
Torquatus, M. caused his own son to be put to death for having 

fought contraiy to his orders, 340 B. C. 
Tracy, Uriah, an eminent statesman, died 1807, aged 54. 
Treat, Robert, governor of Connecticut, died 1710, .^ged 89. 
Trumbull, Jonathan, governor of Connecticut, died 1785, aged 75. 
Turenne, Marshall, a great French general, killed 1676. 
Tycho Brahe, of Denmark, born 1546, died 1610. 
Tyler, Wat, the rebel, killed 1381. 
Ulysses flourished 1149 B. C 

Valentin, the first professed polytheist, lived in 110. 
Valois, Henry de, French writer, born 1603, died 1676. 
Vanburgh, sir John, died March 26, 1726. 
Van Swieten, the physician, died 1772. 
Vanini, burnt at Thoulouse, Feb>jary 19, 1619, aged 33. 
Varro, Tei-entius, celebrated writer, died 28 B. C. aged 88. 
Vaseo di Gama, a Portuguese, discoverer of the East Indies, 1524.. 
Vauban, Seb. Mareschal, engineer, died 1707, aged 74. 
Vernon, admiral, died 1757, aged 73. 
Vertot, French historical writer, died 1735. 
Vesputius, Americus, a Florentine, first historian of the West 

Indies, died after 1497. 
Virgil, born at Andes, near Mantua, in 63 ; died at Brundusium, in 

Italy, 18 B. C. 
Virginius, slew his daughter, that she might not fall a sacrifice to Jtb« 

lust of Appius Claudius, 446 B. C. 
Vitruvius, the architect, flourished 135 E. C. 
Voltaire, M. de, died 1778, aged 85. 
Wales, Samuel, professor of divinity in Yale college, died 179*; 



308 REMARKABLE PERSONS. 

Walkei-, Rev. Mr. defended Londonderry, 1689 ; slain at the battle 
of the Boyne, 16 lO. 

Wallace, sir vVilHam, eminent Scotch general, betrayed and mur- 
dered by the English, 1304. 

Waller, Edmund, English poet, died 1687, aged 81. 

Walpole, sir Robert, earl of Oxford, born 1674; committed to the 
Tower, 1712 ; took his seat in the house of Peers, February 11^ 
1741-2 ; died 1745. 

Walpole, Horatius, eai-1 of Oxford, died 1797. 

Walsh, English poet, bom 1659, died 1708. 

Walton, Brian, bishop of Chester, editor of the Polvglot Bible, died 
1661. 

Walworth, lord mayor of London, knocked down Wat Tyler with 
the city mace, 1381. 

Wanen^ Joseph, major general, killed 1775, aged 35. 

Warwick, earl of, the king-maker, defeated and slain at the battle 
of Barnet. April 14. 1441. 

WASHINGTON, GEORGE, bom February 22, 1732, died Decem- 
ber 13, 1799, aged 67. 

■VVayne, Anthony, major general, died 1795, aged 51. 

Watts. Dr. Isaac, born 1673, died 1748. 

Wedderburn, Alexander, earl of Roslyn, died 1805. 

Wedeewood, Josiah, the celebrated potter, died January 3, 1795. 

West; Gilbert, died 1756. 

Wesley, Rev. John, died March 23, 1791, aged 88. 

Wharton, Philip, duke of, declared a traitor, April 3, 1729, died 
May 31, 1731. 

Wheatley, Phiilis, an African, poetess, died at Boston, 1784, agefi 
31. 

Wheeloek, Eleazar, eminent divine, who educated and converted 
several Indians, first president of Dartmouth college, died 1779, 
aged 69. 

Whiston, William, the astronomer, bom 1667, died 1752. 

Whitfield, Rev. George, preached in the fields, 1735; excluded the 
chtu-ch. May 10, 1739 ; died 1770, aged 56. 

Whittington, sir Pvicliard, lord mayor of London, 1377. 

Wield'iFe, opposed the pope's supremacj', 1377; died 1385; ana 
forty years after burnt for being a heretic. 

Wilkes,' John, died December 26, 1797, aged 73. 

Williams, general Otho, a brave and accomplished officer in the re- 
volutiona^ry army of the United States, died July, 1795. 

Wilson, Samuel, of London, bequeathed 20,0001. to be lent out in 
small sums to industrious tradesmen, 1771. 

Wit. John de, murdered at the Hague, August 10, 1672. 

Wolfe, general, killed before Quebec, September 13, 1759, aged 33, 

Woisey, minister to Henry VIII. 1513, archbishop of York, 1514 ; 
ca;-dlnal, 1515 ; chancellor, December 24, following; legate, 1518; 
resigned the seals. October 18, 1529; stripped of all his posses- 
sions, and died of grief, November 18, 1530, aged 59. 

Worde. Winkin de, the printer, died 1534. 

Wren, sir Christopher, architect, died 1725, aged 91. 

Wyat. sir Thomas, the poet, died 1541, aged 37. 

Wythe. George, chancellor of Virginia, died 1806, aged 81. He 

taught tic Greek language to one of his slaves. 
Xavier, Francis, died 1552. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 

•Xenophon died at Corinth 359 B. C. aged 90. 

Yates, Mrs. Man-, of Sliittnal, died August, 1776, aged 

Young, Dr. Edwai-d, died 1765, aged 81, 

Zeno died 264 B. C. aged 98. 

Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, died 265. 

Zephaniali, the prophet." flourished 641 B. C. 

Zinzendorff, founder of the Moravians, died 1760. 

Zoro;'ster flourished 600 B. C. 



309 



LIST of several of the mo%t eminent Painters of the Old-School— rvHli 
a scale of their different merits ; found among the papers of a dis- 
tinguished Artist, lately deceased. 



School. 



Lorn. 

Fleni. 

Rom.) 

Fior. / 

Rom. 

Ven. 

Vea. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Ven. 

Lom. 

Lom. 

Rom. 

Flem. 

Lom. 

Ven. 

Lom. 

Lom. 

Flem. 

Flem. 

Flem. 

Rom. 

Lom. 

Rom. 

Flem. 

Rom. 

Lom. 

Ven. 

Flem. 

Ven. 

Ven. 

Rom. 

Ven. 

Rom. 

Rom. 

RpiQ. 



Name. 

ALBANO, born 1578, died 1660. 
Albert Durer, born 1470, died 1528. 

Andrea del Sarte, born 1478, died 1530, 

Baroche, born 1528, died 1612. . 

James Bassan, boni 1553. died 1613 

John Bellin, born 1421, died 1501. 

Bourdon, born 1513, died 1588. 

Le Brun, born 1620, died 1690. . 

Claude Lorraine. 

Carraci, bom 1557, died 1606. 

Corregio, born 1494, died 1534. 

Daniel de Voltenra, born 1509, died 1556, 

Diepembek, born 1608. 

Dominichino, born 1581, died 1641. . 

Giorgioni, bom 1477, died 1511. 

Guerchino, born 1598, died 1666. 

Guido, born 1575, died 1642. . 

Holben, born 1498, died 1544. 

James Jourdans, born 1594, died 1678. 

Luc. Jordano 

Julio Romano, bom 1446, died 1500. 
Lanfranc, born 1581, died 1647. . . 
Leonardo da Vinci, born 1445. died 1520, 
Lucas de Leide, born 1495, died 1535. 
Michael Angelo Buonarotti, bom 1474, 

died 1564 

Michael de Corravaggio. 
Mutiens, born 1528, died 1590. 
Otho Venius, born 1556, died 1634. 
Palma, the elder, bom 1460, died 1556, 
Palma, the yoimger, bom 1544, died 1628 

Parmesan. 

Paul Veronese, born 1532, died 1588. . 
Pen-in del Vague, bom 1500, died 1547. 
Pietvo de Cortona, bom 1596, died 1669. 
Pifetro Perugino, born 1521, died 1602. 



16 

18 

17 

13 

15 

10 1 14 

17! 9 

9 
10 

9 
16 



12 

16 
13 

161 4!l4 
6 6 



8 17 
6 

13 14 

5 
12 
IC 
15 
15 
16 

4 



r 



161 6 
15l 4 
10 10 
16 
u! 6 

61 6 
161 3 

7\ 6 

12; 6 



12 101 4 



SlO REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



School. Name. 

Rom. Folklore de Carravag^o, born 1595, died 

Veil. Pordenon. 

Ti: Poussin, Nich. born 1594, died 1665. 

Rom. Pi-imati-iee, died 1570. 

Rom. Raphael, born 1483, died 1520. . 

Flein. Rembrandt, born 1606, died 1668. 

Flem. Rubens, born 1577, died 1640. 

Rom. Salviati, Fra. born 1510, died 1563. 

Pr. Sueur, Le, born 1617, died 1655. 

Flem. Teneirs, born 1582, died 1649. 

Rom. Pietro Testa, bom 1611, died 1650. 

Ven. Tintoret, bom 1512, died 1594. 

Ven. litian, born 1477, died 1576. 

Pleni. Van Dyck, born 1599, died 1641. 

Rom. Vaniusj born 1556, died 1634. 

Rom. Tadee Zucere, born 1529, died 1556. 



1 
1' 


s s 
: s 
: ^ 


1 

P" 


10 


17 


15 


8 


14 17 


5 


15 


17 6 


15 


15 


14 7 


10 


17 


18 12 


18 


15 


6 17 


12 


18 


13 17 


17 


13 


15 8 


8 


15 


15 4 


15 


15 


12 13 


6 


11 


15 


e 


15 


14 16 


4 


12 


15 18 


6 


15 


10 17 


13 


13 


15 12 


13 


13 


14,10 


9J 



KIXGS OF FRANCE, FROM HUGH CAPET. 

iVflme. Began to reign. A. D. 

Hugh Capet, ....,..-. 937 

Robert, 996 

Heniy I, - - . _ . 1031 

Pbilip I. 1059 

Lewis VI. 1106 

Lewis vn. the Younger, --.-.-. 1137 

Philip II. the August, - - 1 18O 

Lewis VIII. ....... ^ . 1223 

Lewis IX. 1226 

Philip III. the Hardy, 1271 

Philip IV. the Fan-, - - . . - . . - 1285 

Lewis X. 1314 

John I. 1316 

Philip V. - - - - - 1316 

Clinrles IV. the Fair, 1322 

Ed V. aid III. of England crowned, - . - - . 

Philip V. the Courtier, .,...,. 1323 

Joh:x"lI. . 1350 

Charles V. the Wise, 1364 

Charles VI. the Well-belo\^ed, - 1380 

Charles VII. the Victorious, ----,. 1422 

Henry VI. of England proclaimed, - - - » . 

Lewis XI. . = 1461 

Chr.rl-sVIIL I483 

Lewis XII. = - , . 1498 

Francis I. - = , 1515 

Francis JI. - - - - j559 

Charles IX. 1560 

Hi^y ni. ---,'-..,. 1574 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. Hi 

Satne. Began to reign. A. D. 

Henrj- FV. 1589 

Lewis XIIL 1610 

Lewis XIV. 1643 

Lewis XV. 1715 

Lewis XVI. began to reign, 1774 ; deposed, August 10, 1792 ; be-. 

headed, January 21, 1793— and the country declared a republic. 
Lewis XVII. died in prison, June 4, 1795, of poison. 
Lewis XVIIL living in England, 1811. 
Napoleon Buonaparte crowned emperor, December 2, 1804. 

KINGS OF SPAIN, FROM FERDINAND THE GREAT. 

Vnme. Began to reign. A. D. 
Ferdinand the Great, under \vhom > _ . £>^.q,^^ 1027 to 1035 
Castile and Leon were united, J 

Sancho the Strong. 1065 

Alphonso the Valiant, 1072 

AlphonsoVII. 1109 

Alphonso VIIL 1122 

Sancho III. 1157 

Ferdinand II. 1158 

Alphonso IX. 1153 

Henry L 1214 

Ferdinand III. 1216 

Alphonso X. - - 1252 

Sancho IV. 1284 

Ferdinand IV. 1295 

Alphonso XI. 1312 

Peter the Cruel, 1350 

Heni-y II. 1368 

John I, the Bastard, 1379 

HeniT IH. 1390 

.Tohn^I. 406 

Henry IV. 1454 

Ferdinand and Isabella, (the first styled Catholic), - - 1474 

Philip I. Jf04 

Charles L 1516 

Philip n. 1555 

Philip IlL 1591 

Philip IV. . - - 1621 

Charles II. 1665 

Philip V. resigned, 1700. — - 

Lewis, 1724 

Philip re-assumed, i725 

Ferdinand VI. 1746 



Charles III. 



1759 



Charles IV. began to reign, 1788 ; resigned in favour of his son 
Ferdinand, since called Ferdinand VII. March 20, 1808. 

Joseph Buonaparte appointed king of Spain, by his brother ^a- 
poleon, May, 1808. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



EMPERORS OF GERMANY, FROM CHARLEMAGNE. 

Name. Began to reign. A. D. 

Charlemagne, gffo 

Lothario I. 840 

Lewis II. 855 

Charles the Bald, 874 

Lewis III. 875 

Charles the Fat, 879 

Arnold, 888 

Guy and Lambert, 891 

Lewis the Infant, 899 

Conrad I. 911 

rienry the Fowler, 918 

Otho the Great, - 936 

Otho IL 973 

Otho III. 983 

Henry II. 1002 

Conrad II. 1024 

Heniy HI. 1039 

Henry IV. - - - ' - - - - - - - 1055 

Heniy V. 1106 

Lothario IL 112S 

Coni-ad III. - 1137 

Fredeiick I. ----.:--- • 1151 

Henry VI. 1190 

Philip, 1197 

Otho IV. 1208 

Frederick II. 1212 

William, or Conrad IV. - 1250 

Rodolphus of Hapsburg, 1273 

Adolphus of Nassau, 1291 

Albert I. of Austria, 1298 

Henry VIL . - - 3309 

Lewis V. - - 1314 

John, and Philip V. the Long, 1317 

Charles VI. 1342 

Gunther of Schwartzburg, 1349 

Weneeslaus, 1373 

Frederick and Robert Palatine, 1400 

Joseph of Moravia, and Sigismund of Luxemburg, - - 1410 

Albert II. of Austria, 1438 

Frederick III. i440 

Maximilian I. 1493 

Charles V. 1519 

Ferdinand I. - - 1558 

Maximilian II. of Hungary, 1564 

Rodolphus II. - 1576 

Mathias, 1612 

Ferdinand IL ■ 1619 

Ferdinand III , . . . i639 

Leopold I. 1656 

Joseph 1 1705 

CbarlQs VL .,,...... I7i: 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 313 

S'mite. Began to reign. A. D. 

Charles VII. of Bavaria, 1742 

Francis I. of Lorraine, 1745 

Josepli II 1765 

Leopold II. 1790 

Fraucis* II. - - 1792 



EMPERORS AND EMPRESSES OF RUSSIA, FROM PETER 1. 

Name. Began to reign. A. D. 

Peter the Great, - 1682 

Catherine I. 1725 

Peter II. 1727 

Anne, 1730 

John V. (two months old), 1740 

Elizabeth, 1741 

Peter III. 1762 

Catherine II 1763 

Paul, 1796 

Alexander, the present emperoi*, - • - March 28, 1800 



KINGS OF POLAND, FROM SIGISMUND, SON OF THE 

KING OF SWEDEN. 

Name. Began to reign. A. D. 

Sigismund III. 1583 

Uladislaus VII. 1632 

John II. 1648 

Michael, a Russian prmce, 1669 

John III. Sobieski, 1674 

Frederick II. elector of Saxony, 1697 

Stanislaus I. 1704 

Fredeiick II. again, ....... 1710 

Frederick III. 1733 

Stanislaus II. (count Poniatowski), began to reign 1764; resigned 
the dignity in 1795, when his kingdom was divided between 
Russia, Austria, and Prussia : he died at Petersburgh, February 
11, 1798. 



KINGS AND qUEENS OF SWEDEN, FROM SIGISMUND L 
KING OF POLAND. 

Name. Began to reign. A. D. 

Sigismund I. 1592 

Charles IX. 1606 

Gustavus II. Adolphus, 1611 

Christiana, (aged six years), ..-.-- i633 

Charies X. 1654 

Charles XI. (aged four years), 1660 

Charies XIL (aged fifteen years), 1699 

Ulrique, sister to Charles, (aged fifteen years), - - - 1718 



■ The present emjeror, who took the title of " Emperor of Austria," Angust 11, r?04, 
S 3 



314 REMARKABLE PERSONS, 

2same. Began to reign. A. D. 

Adolphus of Holstein, 1751 

Gir.tavus III. 1771 

Gustavus IV. began to reign, 1792 ; deposed, Mai-ch 14, 1809, and 

Charles XIII. his uncle, crowned, May, 1809. 
Bernadotte, one of Buonaparte's generals, crowned Prince, July, 
1810. 



KINGS OF DENMARK, FROM FREDERICK I. 

Naine. Began to reign. A. D. 

Frederick I. 1523 

Christian III. 1554 

Frederick II. - - - =■ - - - - - 1558 

Christian IV. 1559 

Frederick III. 1648 

Christian V. - 1670 

Frederick IV. 1699 

Christian VI. 1730 

Frederick V. 1746 

Christian VII. 1807 

Frederick VI. the present king, 1811 



KINGS AND qWEENS OF PORTUGAL, FROM JOHN IV. 

Name. «■ Began to reign. A. D. 

John IV. - - 1640 

Alphonso, - - - V 1646 

Peter II. - 1683 

John V. ^ 1706 

Joseph, .- 1750 

Mary, the present queen, 1777 



KINGS OF PRUSSIA, FROM FREDERICK I. their first King. 

Name. Began to reign. A. D. 

Frederick I. - 1701 

Frederick II. - 171S 

Frederick III. 1740 

Frederick IV. - - - 1786 

Frederick V. the present king, - - - - - - 1798 



WESTPHALIA 
Jerome Buonaparte created king, by his brother, in 1806, by whom 
he is compelled to marry a princess of Wirtemburg. 

HOLLAND. 

Louis Buonaparte created king, by his brother, June 5, 1806 ; abdi- 
cates the throne in 1810. Holland made a part of France by 
Napolean Buonapaytc 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 3;5 

WIRTEMBURG erecfed into a kingdom, by Buonaparte, 1806. 

NAPLES. 
King expelled by Buonaparte, and Joseph Buonaparte made king, 
1806; but on his being apjjointed king of Spain by his brother, in 
1808, Murat, a French general, was made king of Naples. 

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

George Washuigton elected, 1789 

re.elected, - 1793 

John Adams elected, - - - 1797 

Thomas Jefferson elected, 1801 

re-elected, 1805 

James Madison elected, - 1809 

VICE PRESIDENTS. 

John Adams elected, 1789 

re-elected, 1793 

Thomas Jefferson elected, 1797 

Aaron Burr elected, 1801 

George Clinton elected, 1805 

, i — re-elected, 1809 

HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Alexander Hamilton, secretai7 of the treasury from Sept. 10, 1789, 

« ** [to Jan. 31. 1795. 

Oliver Wolcott, ditto, from Feb. 1, 1795, to Dec. 31, 1800. 

Samuel Dexter, ditto, from Jan. 1, 1801, to May 6, 1801. 

Wlbert Galatin, ditto, from May 14, 1801, to 

Thomas Jefferson, secretary of state, from March 22, 1790, to Dec. 

[31, 1793. 
Edmund Randolph, ditto, from Jan. 1, 1794, to August 20, 1795. 
Timothy Pickering, ditto, from Dec. 10, 1795, to March 31, 1800. 
.Tolin Marshall, ditto, from May 13, 1800, to Feb. 3, 1801. 

Levi Lincoln, (acting as) do. from March 5, 1801, to May 1, 1801. 
.Tames Madison, ditto, from May 2, 1801, to March 3, 1809. 

Robert Smith, ditto, from March 6, 1809, to March 31, 1811. 

•Tames Munroe, ditto, from April 1, 1811, to 

Henry Ivnox, secretary of war, from July 1, 1789, to Dec. 31, 1794. 
'llmothy Pickering, ditto, from January 1, 1795, to Dec. 9, 1795. 
.Tames M'Henry. ditto, from Jan. 27, 1796, to May 31, 1800. 

Samuel Dexter,' ditto, from June 1, 1800, to Dec. 31, 1800. 

Heniy Dearborn, ditto, from March 5, 1801, to Feb. 16, 1809. 

William Eustis, ditto, from March 7, 1809, to — 

Benjivmin Stoddart, secretary of the navy, from May 21, 1798, to 

[March 31, 1801., 
Robert Smith, ditto, from July 15, 1801, to March 5, 1809. 

■Paul liamilton, ditto, from March 6, 1809, to ■ ' ■ 

S 4 



316 UNIVERSITIES FOUNDED, &l. 

IJniversitics founded, Academies in- 
stituted, &c, 

ABEERDEEN founded, 1477. 

Abo, Finland, 1610. 

American academy of arts and sciences in Massachusetts, May 4, 

1780. 
Andrew's, St. Scotland, 1411. 
BrowTi university, Rhode Island, 1770. 
Bacon academy, Connecticut, 1803. 
Burlington college, Vermont, 1791. 
Baltimore college, 1807. 
Cambridge began 626, according to some; others, 900; revived, 

1110. 
Cambridge, New England, 1630, called Harvard college, founded 

by John Harvard. 
Cokesbury college, Maryland, 1785. 
College of physicians at Philadelphia, 1787. 
Columbian college, New Yoi-k, 1787. 
Conimbria, Portugal, 1391; enlarged, 1503. 
Divinity college, Massachusetts, 1808. 
Daitmouth college, 1769. 
Dickenson college, Pennsylvania, 1783. 
Dublin, 1591.— Of arts, 1750. 
Edinburgh founded by James VI. 1580. 
Franklin college, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1787. 
Greenville college, Tennessee, 1794. 
Georgia university, 1785. 
Glasgow, Scotland, 1450. 
Goettuigen, Hanover, 1734. 
Henrico, Virginia, 1619. 
Leyden. Holland, 1575. 
Massachusetts' academies in number forty-eight, exclusive of tlie 

grammar and other schools in the various townships, 1812. 
New England colleges, the gi-aduates in 1807 were 200. 
Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jei-sey, 1738. 
North Caroluia university, 1789. 
Oxford, 886. 
Padua, Italy, 1179. 
Paris, 792. 

Pennslyvania university, 1779. 
Philadelphia academy, 1753. 
Petersburgh, Russia, 1747.— School of juiisprudenee, 1805,— lectures 

in the Russian language. 
Prague, Bohemia, 1360. 
Prussian academies refoi'med, 1750. 
"Ruebec, 1635. 

Rhode Island college, 1764. 
Salamanca, 1240. 

Sorbonne, France, 1256.— Military, 1751- 
St. John's college, Annapolis, 1784. 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 

St. Mail's college, Baltimore, 1804. 

Transylvania university, Lexington, Kentucky, 1791 

Union college, Schenectady, 1794. 

Washington college, Chester-town, Maryland, 1782. 

AViilliain and Mary college, Virginia, 1691. 

Williamstown college, Massachusetts, 1793. 

Vienna, 1236. 

Yale college, New Haven, 1700. 



Remarkahle Buildings ...... CasfZes, Ckitlie- 

drals, Colleges^ Hospitals^ and Puhlic- 



ADELPHI buildings, Strand, London, built 1770. 

Adrian's wall, built 121 B. C. 

Agricola built the rampart of division between England and Scot- 
land, with the chain of castles from the Forth to the Clyde, 84. 

Albion mills built 1786, burnt 1792. 

Aldersgate, London, built 1616 ; pulled down, and sold for 91L 
April, 1761. 

Aldgate, London, built IOCS; pulled down, and sold for 1771. 10s. 
July, 1760. 

Amphitheatre, at Rome, built 69 ; has been deprived of its orna- 
ments to adorn i)alaces, ike. but has fourteen modem chapels now 
erected within side. That at Verona is the next in size; and that 
at Nismes next. 

Amsterdam Stadthouse, built 1638 ; the Exchange in 1634. 

Apollo's temple, at Delphos, built 434 B. C. burnt down 362. 

Appian way to Rome, made 312. 

Artists' room in the Strand, London, built 1772. 

Arts and Sciences house, in the Adelphi, London, built 1772. 

Asylum, near Westminster-bridge, London, instituted 1758. 

Babel Tower began to be built, 2247 B.C. and continued forty years 
building. 

Bank of England, London, first established, 1694; house built, 
1732; enlarged, 1771, 1783, &c. 

Bastiie, at Paris, the foundations laid April 23, 1369; not finished 
till 1383; desti-oyed by the mob, and the governor killed for resist- 
ing them, July'l4, 1789. 

Bethlehem hospital, built 1553; rebuilt 1675. 

Bishop's gate, London, pulled down and sold, 1761. 

Blackfriars bridge, the first stone laid, October 31, 1760; finished 
1770 ; cost 150,8401. 

Bodleian library, Oxford, rebuilt and founded, 1598. 

Bridewell, late a palace of Henry VIII.) London, built 1522 ; con> 
verted to a hospital, 1553. 

British Lying-in hospital, Brownlow-street, London, instituted 1749. 

Buckinghaua house, in St. James' park, built 1703 ; bought for the 
residence of queen Charlotte, for 21,0001. 1760; her first residence 
there, May 19. 1762. 

Canterbury castle built 1075: cathedral built 1184. 



ihS REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 

Castles, 1100 built in England, between 1140 and 1154. 
Charing-cross erected as it now is, 1678. 
Chai-ter-house built 1371 ; converted into a hospital, 1611. 
Chatham, earl of, statue erected to, in Guildhall, 1782. 
Circus at Rome, built 605 B. C. contained 150,000 persons. 
Clarendon press printing-office, Oxford, founded 1711. 
Common Pleas, court of, in Wesminster-hall, built 1741. 
Compters of London, built near Newgate, 1789 to 1791, cost 20,4731. 
Cottonian library settled for the public, 1701; damaged by fire, Oc- 
tober 25, 1731. 
Covent-garden square built, 1633 ; church repaired 1789. 
Cripple-gate, London,, pulled down, and sold for 911. July, 1760. 
Custom-house, London, 1559 ; burnt down and rebuilt, 1718. 
Domitian's palace, at Rome, built in 80. 
Dover castle built by Julius Ctesar, 50 B. C. ; tower built, 47 ; old 

church built, 156; priory built, 1130 ; pier built, 1549. 
Dublin castle, Ireland, built, 1220 ; parliament house began 1729, 

cost 40,0001. ; destroyed by fire, Februai*y 27, 1792 ; custom-house 

began, 1781. 
East-India house, Leadenhall-street, London, built 1726. 
Edindurgh castle built, 950; first fortified, 1074; palace of Holy- 

roodhouse built, 1528; New college foundation laid, 1789; New 

Bridewell, foundation laid, 1791. 
Edystone light-house, near Plymouth, first built, 1696 ; blown down, 

November 26, 1703; rebuilt, 1706; burnt down , December, 1755 ; 

rebuilt, October, 1759 ; again burnt down, 1770 ; rebuilt, 1774. 
Escurial, in Spain, built 1562; supposed to be the largest palace iu 

the world. 
Eton college built 1441, rebuilt 1569. 

Fleet-market opened, September 30, 1737; obelisk erected, 1775. 
Fleet-prison burnt by the rioters, June 7, 1780. 
Fotheringhay castle, once the prison of Mary, queen of Scots, in 

Northamptonshire, built 1408. 
Foundling hospital, London, incorporated 1739 ; building began 

1742; opened 1756. 
Freemasons' hall, Queen-street, Lincoln's-inn-fields, London, built 

1775 ; consecrated May 23, 1776. 
George's, St. hospital, Hyde park comer, instituted October 19, 

1733. 
■George, Fort, in the East Indies, built 1620. 
Greenwich hospital instituted 1694. 
Guildhall, London, built 1416. 
Hampton court palace built 1525. 

Harvard college built 1650; burnt down and rebuilt 1764. 
Henry VII.'s chapel, Westminster, built January 18, 1502i 
Hertlebury castle, Worcestershire, built 1268. 
Holyrood-abbey, Edinburgh, built 1128; repaired 1758. 
Horse-guards, Westminster, built 1758. 
James' St. built 1530 ; converted to a palace, and the parlt mafie, 

1536. 
Jerusalem temple built, 1094 B. C. 
India-house, Leadenhall-street, London, built 1726. 
Ii-ish hospitals. Smith's school incorporated 1669 ; Bluecoat hospital 

incovpoi-ated, 1670; Royal, near Kilmainham, incorporated, 1683; 

Dublili workhouse established, 1728 ; Chai-itable infirnjary opened, 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. Sl'J 

1728; Stephen's hospital incorporated, 1730; St. Patrick's found- 
ed, 1745; incorporated, 1746; Lying-in hospital established. 1745; 
incorporated, 1757; Mercer's incorporated. 1750; St. Nicholas's 
opeiu d, 1753 ; Lock instituted, 1755 ; Charitable loan instituted, 
1757; Venereal opened, 1758; Dublin hospital, opened, 1762. 

King's-bench prison, in St. George's-fiekls, Southwark, built 1751; 
burnt by rioters, June 7, 1780; rebuilt, 1781; fifty apartments 
burnt, July 14. 1799. 

Leadtiihall, London, built 1446. 

Lincoln's-inn, London, built 1229. 

Lock hospital, Knightsbridge, instituted 1746. 

London-bridge built of wood, 1016; burnt 1136; rebuilt with timber, 
1163 ; built with stone, began in 1176, finished 1209 ; houses on it 
pulled down, and the whole repaired, 1758. 

London-lying-in hospital instituted, 1750. 

London-stone, in Canon-sti-eet, first placed there bv the Romans, 
15 B. C. 

London wall built 306. 

Louvre, in Paris, built 1552; its front built 1688. 

Ludgate, London, sold and pulled down, 1760. 

Luke's, St. hospital, Moorfields, began July 31, 1751; built in the 
City road, 1785. 

Magdalen hospital instituted, in Prescot-sti-eet, Goodinan's-fiel^s, 
1758; in St George's-fields, built 1772. 

Mansion-house, London, built 1739, inhabited 1752= 

Marischal college. Aberdeen, founded 1593. 

Minerva's temple, at Athens, built 450 B. C. 

Monument, London, began. 1671; finished, 1677; repaired, 1786. 

Moorgate, London, sold for 1661. and pulled down, 1761. 

Museum (late Montagu-iiouse) purchased by parliament, 1753, in- 
habited by the military, 1780. 

Museum, the Leverean, built by Mr. Parkinson, 1786. 

New river first brought to London, 1614, their office in Salisbury 
court, built, 1770. 

Newton's, sir Isaac, statue erected in Trinity college, Cambridge, 
July 5, 1755. 

Noti-e Dame church, in Paris, built, 1270. Buonaparte crowned 
in it. 

Old Bailey Sessions-house, London, built, 1773. 

Oswego fort, on Lake Ontario, America, built, 1727; rebuilt in 
1759. 

Pantheon, at Rome, built 25 B. C. 

Park, St. James', drained by Henry VIII. 1537 ; improved, planted, 
and made a thoroughfare ibr public use, 1668. 

Parliament house, Dublin, built, 1729, at the expense of 40,0001. 
but was destroyed by fire, Februaiy 27, 1792. 

Paul's, St. London, built on the foundation of an old temple of 
Diana, 610; burnt, 964; rebuilt, 1240, having been 150 years in 
building; totally destroyed by fire, 1666; first stone of tlie pre- 
sent building laid, 1675; finished, 1710; and cost IjOCOjOOOi. fii-st 
service performed, December 2, 1697. 

Peter's, St. at Rome, began 1514, finished 1629. 

Pharos, of Alexandria, built 282 B. C. 

Physicans college, London, fotuided 151'^,, 



^20 REMAKKABLE BUILDINGS, 

Pict's walls betwecTi Eiiglaud and Scotland, built 35, by Agricola, 

repaired by Urbicui. 144; Adrian built one from Newcastle to 

Carlisle, 121 ; Severus from sea to sea, 203. 
Propyleum, at Athens, built 432 B. C. 
Pyi- .mids, in Egypt, built 1430 B. C. 
BiidcHifeian libi-arj^, Oxford, began building, May 12, 1737; opened, 

April 13, 1749. 
Rialio, at Venice, built 1570. 
Rome's walls built and the sewers made, 602; the great Circus 

made, which would contain 150,000 persons, and the temple gf 

Janus built, 207. 
^oyal Exchange, London, built, 1566 ; titled Royal by Queen Eli- 
zabeth. J'nuary29, 1571- burnt, 1666; rebuilt, 1670. 
Royal Observatory, in Greenwick pc;rk, built, 1675. 
Royal Society academy, Strand, London, fii-st stone laid, June 4, 

1776. 
Sancta Casa, or the Holy House of l,oretto, pretended to have been 

brought by angels froia Palestine into Illyria, in 1291; pillaged 

by the French, February 12, 1797, when the statue of the Madona 

was conveyed to Paris. 
Scone abijey'near Perth, founded 1114; burnt by the populace at 

the reformation, 1599'; afterwai-ds rebuilt; Charles II. Avas the 

last king crowned in the present ICirk. All the Scottish monarch? 

having been crowned in this abbey. 
Shakespeare's monument, Westminster abbey, erected 1741. 
Skipton castle, Yorivshire, built about 1070. 

Small-pox hospital. Cold-bath-fields, instituted, September 26, 1746, 
Somerset house. Strand, London, built 1549; pulled down, 1776, 

and began to be rebuilt in its present taste ; the Navy office, PipQ 

office. Victualling office, and other public offices, removed into it 

in 17SS; Terrace fell down, December 26, 1788; had 306, •34l. 

9.5d. granted by parliament to deiray the expense of its erection 

to the year 1788, and 15001. addition in 1798. 
Sophia, St. at Constaminople, built, 566. 
Sorbonne, at Paris, founded, 1256. 
Stadthouse, at Amsterdam, built 1649 ; finished 1655. 
St. Stephen's chapel, now the house of Commons, Westminster, 

built, 1115. 
Stonelienge erected by Ambrosius, 476. 
Temple, London, founded by the Knights-Templars, 1185 ; Rliddle 

Temple ball rebuilt, 1572; their present church built, 1240, 
Temple-bar built, 1672. 

Thomas, St, hospital, Southwark, founded, 1553, 
Thuilleries, in Paris, built, 1577. 
Tilbury fort built, 1145. 

Tower of London, built, 1078; walled in, 1099. 
Trajan's pillar erected in Rome, 114. 
Trajar-'s piazza built at Rome in 100, 
Trinity house. London, founded, 1515; incorporated, 1635; biiilt 

on Tower-hill, 1795. 
V.iiican libraiy founded, 1448. 

Versailles palace, France, began, 16S7; finished 1708, 
Walmer ci'sT'ie. Kent, built, 1539; residence of late William Pitt. 
Westmiiistci- ->bbey, built by Ethelbert of Kent, on .ti# spot where. 

stood the tem|»le of Apollo, 914. 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 321 

Westminster bridge began. September 13. 1738 ; centre arch finished, 
March 3, 1741-2; last arcli. August, 1746; wst 426.6501. 

Westminster hall built by William Rufus, 1098 ; rebuilt, 1399, by 
Richard II. repaired, 1748; slated, 1750; beautified and repaii-e^ 
1782. 

AVestminster school founded, 1070; again, queen Elizal>eth, 1560. 

Whitehall, Westminster, built by cardhial Wolsey, 1545. 

Windsor castle built 1364. 



LaxvSf Courts of Justice, Oaths ^ Taxes, 
&c. &c. 

ADMIRALTY, court of, erected 1357. 

Affirmation of the Quakers first accepted as an oath in 1702. 

Agrarian law introduced at Rome, 486 B. C. 

Ale and ale-houses in England made mention of in the laws of Ina: 

king of Wessex ; first licenced, 1551. 
Aliens, juries for their trials to be half foreigners, 1430, 
Alien-bill passed, Januaiy 4, 1793 
Allegiance, oath of, first administered, 1606. 
Ambassadors first protected by a law, 1709. 
American duties act passed, 1764 ; on tea, 1767. 
Apothecai-ies exemptwi from civil offices, 1702. 
Arbitration act passed 1698. 

Array, the first commission of, to raise a miltia, 1422. 
Artificers' bill, to prevent their seduction, 1787. 
Assaying of gold and silver legally established, 1354. 
Assize of bread and ale, in England, established, 1266. 
Baliol, king of Scotland, appeared to a summons, and pleaded his 

cause in Westminstei--hall, October 14, 1293. 
Bankrupts in England first regulated by law, 1543. 
Bachelor's tax, 1695; again, 1785— and 1796. 
Bayonne decree of Buonaparte for seizing American property m 

France, Holland, &c. April 17, 1808. 
Benefit of the clergy taken from mui-derers, October 24, 1513. 
Berkeley, judge, arrested on his seat, in the court of king's bench, 

and sent to prison, for giving his opinion in favour of ship money, 

Febniary, 1640. 
Berlin decree of Napolean Buonaparte against neutral commerccy 

November 21, 1806. 
Bill of rights passed, 1689 
Bills of exchange regulated, 1698, and 1705. 
Birth of children taxed, 1695, and 1783. 
Boston port bill, for its removal, 1775. 
British orders in council against neutral eorameree, November II, 

1807. 
Bread ordered not to be sold till 24 hours old, to lessen its consump. 

tion, March, 1800. 
Broad-swords forbidden by law to be worn in Edinburgh, Jaly 24, 

1724. 
Brokers regulated in London by law, 1697, 
Burials taxed, 1695, and 1783. 



4.^ LAWS, COURTS, &c. 

Ganon law first introduced into England, 1140. , 

Cards and dice double taxed, April 8, 1756. 

Carriages taxed, 1747, 1776, 1782, and 1785. 

Chancery, court of, estabjished 605 ; present one by William I. 1606. 
The first person qualified for chancellor, by education, was sir 
Thomas More, 1530, the office befoi-e being rather that of a se- 
cretary of state than the president of a court of justice ; first re- 
ference to a master, owing to the ignorance of the chancellor, sir 
Christopher Hatton, 1588. 

Charity schools instituted, to prevent the seduction of the infant 
poor to popish seminaries, March 25, 1687. 

Christenings taxed, 1783. 

Commercial treaty, and consolidated duties, 1787. 

Common pleas, court of, established, 1215, 

Conciliator)' act with America passed, February 7, 1778. 

Copy-right secured, by an act passed in 1710. 

Coronation oath enacted, 1689. 

Counties first sent members to parliament by authoi-ity, 1258. 

County courts first erected, 896. 

Courts of justice instituted at Athens, 1272 B. C. 

Criminals were ordered transportation instead of execution, 1590 ; 
Henry VIII. executed 72,000 daring his reign. 

Curfew bell established by William the Conqueror, 1068. 

Customs of England amounted to but 14,0001. in 1580; to 500,0001. 
in 1642; to 1,555,6001. iji 1720; to 2,000,0001. in 1748. Its oflficers 
deprived of voting for members of iiarliament, 1782. 

Deaths taxed, 1783. 

Dissolution of monasteries by act, 1539, to the value of 361.0001. per 
annum, by which 50,00' religious were maintained; equal now 
to 1,750,0001. There were 643 monasteries, 90 colleges, 374 chapel- 
ries, and 110 hospitals. 

Drunkenness forbid by the canon law, to the clergy, 741. 

Elections made void by biibery, 1096, 1725, 1778, and 1788. 

Embargo for tliirty days, in 1794 ; without limitation, Dec. 22, 1807 ; 
repealed, March, 1809. 

EngUsh language ordered to be used in all law pleadings, 1362. 

Engraving protected by a bill, 1775, and 1777. 

Exchequer chamber, court of, erected by Edward III. 1359. 

Exchequer, court of, instituted on the model of the transmarine 
exchequer in Normandy, 1079. 

Excise scheme introducecl into the house of commons, and opposed 
by every trading town in the kingdom, 1733. The revenue was 
3,847,0001. in 1746 ; and 5,530,1141. in 1786, 

Excommimication from Rome forbid to be used m England, under 
severe penalties, 1391. 

Feudal laws, the tenure of land, by suit and service, to the lord or 
owner of it, introduced into England by the Saxons, about 600. 
The slavery of this tenure enci-eased under William I. 1068. This 
was dividing the kingdom into baronies, giving them to certain 
persons, and requii-ing those persons to furnish the king with 
money, and a stated number ot soldiers. 

Fiery Ordeal enforced, 1042. 

Foi-gery first punished with death in England, 1734. 

Fornication made capital for the second offence, 1650. 

Franking of letters claimed as a privilege of pai-liament, l66D. 



LAWS, COURTS, &e. 323 

Freemasons forbid in England, 1424; tolerated by act of parliament, 
1699; excommunicated by the pope, 1738. 

French tongue abolished in the English courts of justice, 1362. 

Gaming houses licensed in London, 1620, 

Gaming preventetl by an act, passed in 1739. 

Great Seal of England first used, 1050. 

Habeas Corpus act passed, 1641, and May 27, 1679; attempt made in 
the senate of the United States to suspend it, but rejected by the 
house ot representatives, 1806. 

Hair-powder tax began in 1795. 

Hanged, drawn, and quartered, first infliction of this punishment 
took place on a pirate, 1241. 

Harlots, or common prostitutes, obliged to wear stripped hoods of 
party colours, and their garments the wrong side outwards, 27 
Edwaixl III. 1353. 

Hearth, or chimney money, an oppressive tax on every fire-place or 
hearth in every house in England, 2s. per annum. 13 Charles II. 
1652 ; abolished by William and Mary, 1689. 

Hell-fire clubs suppressed by order of council, April 29, 1729. 

Highland dress tbrbid in Scotland by law, August, 1746; restored 
1782. 

High treason act passed, 1696 ; Improved, 1795. 

Hustings, the court of, in the city of London, is the supreme court 
of judicature, as the court of common council is of legislature, in 
that city. The court of hustings was granted to the city, to be 
holdcn and kept weekly, by Edward the Confessor, 1052. 

Impeachment, tUe first of a chancellor, and the first by the com- 
mons, 1386. 

Impressed seamen's bill, 1740. 

In Edward the third's time, the numljer of attornies was limited to 
between three and four liundred lor the whole kingdom ; now 
there are above sixteen thousand within the bills of mortality. 
In the United States they are estimated at 8,000, 1811. 

Ireland relieved from subserviency to the English privy council, 
17S2; regulation in trade, 17S5. 

Judges appointed, and the kingdom of England divided into three 
circuits, three to each, 1176. 

Juries first instituted by Ethelred, 979 : the plaintiff and defendant 
in those times used to feed them; whence the common law of de- 
nying sustenance to a jury after hearing evidence. 

Justinian published his codex of the civil law, 529; and four years 
after, his work of the same kind, called the digest. 

Land-tax, the first in England, 991 ; amounted annually to 82,0001. 
in 1018 ; every hide of land taxed 3s. in llO'J ; established one in 
1695. 

Latin tongue abolished in courts of law, 1731. 

Law of Moses delivered, 1491 B. C. 

Laws of Edward the Confessor composed, 1065. 

Licenses for public houses first granted, 1551. 

Literaiy property, statute in favour of, passed in 1709. 

Longitude, a reward proraissed by parliament for the discovery of, 
1714. 

Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, established his body of laws, 884 

B. C. 
Magna Charta signed, Jime 15, 1512. 



SM. LAWS, COURTS, &c. 

Mail coaches first established to Bristol, 1784; to other parts of 
England, and an act to regulate and encourage them, in 1785. 

Jlarriages, banns of, first published in churches, about 1200 ; priests 
interdicted fx-om marriage, 1015; act of solemnizing it by justices 
of the peace, 1653; first celebration of a marriage in Vii-ginia, 
- 1608. 

Milan decree of Buonaparte against neutral commerce, December 
17, 1807. 

Monastery, the first founded, where the sister of St. Anthony re- 
tired, 270.— The first founded in France, near Poictiers, by St. 
Martin, .360. — Constantine IV. sends for a great number of friars 
and nuns to Ephesus, orders them to change their black habits 
for white, and to destroy their images ; on their refusal, he orders 
their eyes to be put out, banishes them, and sells several monas- 
teries, appropriating the produce, 770; they were totally sup- 
pressed by act of parliament in 1539. 

Nantz, edict of, passed by Henry IV. by which protestants enjoyed 
toleration in France, 1598: revoked by Louis XIV. 1685; by this 
bad poMcy 50,000 French protestants left France and came to 
Engl;ind. 

Navigation act first passed, 1331; again, 1541. 

New style act passed, 1752. 

Newspapers stamped, 1713. 

Non-importation law, March, 1811. 

Non-intercourse law, conditionally repealing the embargo, March,/ 
1809. 

Notes and bills first stamped, 1782; advanced, 1796, 

Ordeal by fire and water abolished, 1261. 

Papal authority abolished by law in England, 1391. 

Papists obliged to register th-dr names and estates, 1717, 1762, 1780, 
1781, 1784; taxed 100,0001. November 23, 1722; indulgeneies 
granted them by parliament, 1778 ; excluded the throne, 1689. 

Parliament began under the Saxon government; the first regular 
one was in king John's reign, 1204; the epoch of the house of 
commons, January 23, 1265. 

Parliamentary grants to the king were in kind, 30,000 sacks of woo! 
being in the grant, 1340. 

Peter-pence paid to Rome, 790; abolished, 1534; took its name 
from being collected on the 1st of August, St. Peter's day. 

Pleading introduced, 786; changed from French to English, 1362; 
from oral to written in Edward III. 

Polygamy forbid by the Romans in 393. 

Poor, the first act for the relief of, 1597 ; poor rates amounted to 
3,000,0001. 1774. 

Popery abolished in England by law, 1536. 

Powdei-ed hair tax of one guinea took place. May 5, 1795. 

Prince of W^ales's debts paid by pai-liament, May 24, 1787; again 

in 1795. 

State of the pruice of Wales's debts, as laid on the table of the 

house of commons, June, 1795. L. s. d. 

Debts on various securities, and bearing interest, 500,571 19 1 

Amount of tradesmen's bills unpaid, . 86,745 

Tradesmen's bills and arrears of establishment, 

from October 10, 1794, to Apiil 5, 1795, . 52,573 5 3 

L. 639,890 4 4 



LAWS, COUHTS, &c; .025 

ifrinling pVesses licensed, July 12, 1799. 

Printsellers' property secured, 1777. 

Proclamation of neutrality, 1793. 

Promissoi-y notes rcgulatea, 1705. 

Pi-otections by noblemen and foreign ambassadors restrained Ifj 

parliameht, 1773. 
Rambouillet decree of Buonaparte, for the confiscation of American 

properly in the ports of France, Holland, Sic. March, 1810. 
llegistering- wills first pennitted in Middlesex, 1709. 
Jloman catholics in England relieved by an act passed 1776, antl 

1791; in Ireland, 1792. 
Sanctuaries abolished in England, 1534. 
Spanisl) decree, in imitation of the Berlin decree, Febniary 18, 1807; 

in imitation of the Milan decree, .Tanuaiy 3, 1808. 
Ship-money exacted, 1634; abolished, 1641. 

Shoes:— the people had an extravagant way of adorning their feet; 
they wore the Ix-aks or points of their shoes so long, that they en- 
cumbered themselves in their walking, and were forced to tie 
them up to their knees; the fine gentlemen fastened theirs with 
chains of silver, or silver gilt, and others with laCes. This ridicu- 
lous custom Mas in vogue from the year 1382, but was prohibited;, 
on the forfeiture of 20s. and pain of cursing by the clergy, 1467. 
Shoulder-knots first used 1672. 
Silver coinage, 1696. 

Sinking fund bill passed, 1717; again, 1786. 

Slave:— a statute made, enacting, that any who live idly for three 
days, be brought before two justices of the peace, and marked v. 
with a hut ii-on on the breast, and adjudged the slave of him who 
brought him, for two years; he was to take the said slave, and 
give him bread, water, or small drink, and refuse-meat, and cause 
him to work, by beating, chaining or othenvise : and if, within 
that space he absented himself fourteen days, was to be marked 
on the forehead or cheek, by an hot iron, with an S. and be his 
master's slave for ever ; second desertion felony; lawful to put a 
ring of iron round his neck, arm, or leg; a beggar's child miglit 
be put apprentice, and, on running away, a slave to his master, 
1547; freedom by arrival in England, 1772; slavery abolished iu 
Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, 1793. 
Soutli-sea act passed. May 6, 1716 ; its bubble, 1720, by which manj 

thousands were i-uined. 
Stamp duties instituted, June 28, 1694 • increased, 1756 ; again-, 

1776; again, 1780, 1789, 1797. 
Stamp act in America passed, 1764; repealed, March 18, 1766. 
Stamp duties began in Ii-eland, March 25, 1774. 
Stamps on newspapers began, 1713 ; increased, 1725, 1765, 178f, 
1789, and 1797. '*' 

on notes and bills, 1782, 1791, and 1797. 

Standard fixed by law for gold and silver, 1300. 

Star-chamber court instituted, 1487; abolished, 1641. 

Style altered, by act passed 1751. 

Surgeons and doctors were exempted from bearing arms, or, scrfihs' 

on juries, 1513. 
Swearing on the gospels first used, 528. 
Tail creatirrg estates in, act passed l27o, 



S^S LAWS, COURTS, &<?. 

Taverns restrained by an act of Edward VI. 1552, to forty in Ldn-. 
don. 

Taxes were raised arbitrai-ily, 1100; amounted to 7,513,3401. in 1754; 
and to 16,500,0001, in 1797. 

Tax, land, since the revolution, 1688, Is.— 1693 to 1697. 4s.— 1700, 2s'. 
1716, 4s.— 1717 to 1721, 3s.— 1756 to 1766, 4s.— 1776 to 1799, 4s. 

Thi-eatening letters made punishable, by act jjassed 1730. 

Tobacco, a proclamation against, used formerly for physic, and a 
tax laid on it without the consent of parliament, of 6s. 8d. per 
pound, besides 2d. formerly. It came from the Siianish West In- 
dies, 1604; prohibited to be planted here, 1624; first taxed by 
name in l585 ; subjected to excise laws, 1789 ; prohibited from be- 
ing chewed jjublicly in Massachusetts, 1632. 

Transportation of felons introduced, 39 Elizabeth, 1590. 

Tythes first granted in 854. 



ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL ASSEMBLIES, COURTS; 
&c. IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Community of property in Virginia abolished, 1615. 

A legislature in Virginia established, 1691, 

Charter of Virginia vacated, and the province made dependent 

on the crown, 1624. 
Uniformity in religion compelled by laM^ in Virginia, 1633. 
. Representatives first chosen m Massachusetts, 1634: hitherto the 

government had been a pure democracy. 
Lord Baltimore establishes the government of Mainland, 1635. 
First assembly convened in Maryland, 1636. 
King Cliarles restores the assembly to Virginia, and directs the 

province to be governed accox-ding to English law, 1639, 
The colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New- 
Haven united, 1643. 
Massachusetts passes an act for evangelising the Indians, 1646. 
First general assembly of Rhode Island, 1647. 
Constitution of Maryland established, 1650. 
Contest in Maryland, between the royalists and parliamentarians, 

the later victoi-ious, 1652, 
Government of Maryland enacted tliat no Roman catholic should 

be protected, 1653^ 
Charles II. proclaimed as king in Virginia, before his restorationj-x 

1659, 
Charles II, proclaimed by Massachusetts, 1661, 
Province of Maryland restored to the proprietor. Massachusetts 
appoints two licensers of the press. Church of England esta- 
blished, and ministers without episcopal ordination forbidden t» 
pi-each in Virginia. Act of unilbrmity in New England, 1662. 
First assembly in North Carolina, 1669. 
New Jersey sold to pay sir George Carterets' debts, 1679. 
First assembly in Pennsylvania. First assembly in New Yorlj 

printing-presses forbidden in Virginia, 1683. 
IMassacImsetts deprived of its charter, 1684. 
New charter for IMassachusetts established, 1694. 
Chureli of England established in South Carolina, 1703. 
Proprietary government in South Carolina overturned, 1719. 



RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, 8cc. 527 

Gon^-ess met iii Philadelphia, 1774. 

Constitution of Massachusetts established, 1780. 

Convention in Philadelphia to fonu a new constitution, 1787; 
which was adopted in 178Q. 

National government removed to Washini'ton, 1801. 

Urine:— the inhabitants of London and Westminster, &c. command- 
ed by proclamation to keep all their urine, throughout the yedX> 
for raakui? salt-petre, 1626. 

Usury (brbid by parliament, 1341. 

Wales mcorporated with England, 1536. 

Widower's taxed, 1695. 

Window tax passed, first 1696; increased, February 5, 1746-7; again, 
1778 ; increased, 1797. 

Witclicraft act passed, 1601; repealed March 25, 1736. 

Wool, exportation forbidden by an act passed 1783. 

Woollen cloths for burials first enforced by law, 1678. 

Wolves heads, tribute of, from the Welch" princes, 975. 

Tork, duke of, had 40,oool. annuity settled ou him, 1792. 



Meligious Institutions, CouncilSf Sacred 
Wjntlngs, &c, &c, 

ACTS of the Apostles written, 63. 

Adam and Eve created, 4004 B. C. 

Advent Sunday first obsei-ved, 433 ; the number determined, lOO0o 

Agnus Dei, or " O Lamb of God who taketh away the sins of tie 
world," &c. first appointed in the Litany, 687. 

Altars in churches first used, 135. 

Anabaptists began, 1525. 

Anathemas first brought into the church, 387. 

Andrew's, St. festival Instltuica, ajg. 

Annunciation of the Virgin Mai-y observed, 350. 

Archdeacon, the first in England, 1075. 

Ariau sect, 290, 

Armiiiian heretics, 1229. 

Articles of religion, six published by Henry VIII. 1536 ; forty-tw6 
published without consent of parliament," 1552 ; the forty-two re- 
duced to thirty-nine, Januai-j-, 1563; received the authority of 
parliament, 1571 ; one hundi-ed and four drawn up by archbishop 
Usher, for Ireland, 1615; established, 1634. 

Ascension-day first commemorated, 68. 

Assumption gf the Virgin, festival of, instituted, 813. 

Athanasian creed said to be written, 340. 

Auricular confession fii-st introduced, 1215. 

Banns, publication of, for marriage instituted, 1210. 

Benefices began about 500. 

Bible history ceases 340 years before Christ; Septuagint versiein 
made, 284; first divided into chapters, 1253. The first English 
edition was in 1536 • the first authorised edition in England was 
in 1539 ; the second translation was oitlered to be read in 
churches, 1549; the present tra»slatien finislied, Septem.Jjei:' 



323 38.EiIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, &«, 

Bisliops :— their translation first institute*, 239; were appointed hy 
the people, 400 ; consented to be tributarj^ to Rome, 1245 ; the 
first that suffered death in England by the sentence of the civil 
power, 1405; held their sees during pleasure, 1547; expelled 
Scotland, 1689 ; their whole order abolished by parliament, Oc- 
tober 9, 1646 ; nine restored, and eight new ones consecrated, 
October 25, 1660 ; sLx suspended for not taking the oaths to king 
William, 1689; deprived, 1690. 

bishopries of England, the oldest : London, and archbishopric and 
metropolitan of England, founded by Lucius, the first Christian 
king of Britain, 185; Landaff, 185; Bangor, 516; Canada mude 
a bishopric in 1793; bishop Seabury, of Connecticut, the first 
American bishop ; the right reverend hishop White, of Phila- 
delphia, and bishop Prevost, of New York, conseci-ated by the 
^chbishops of Canterbuiy and York, and thi-ee bishops, Febmary 
4, 1787 ; and an act of parliament was previously passed to ex- 
empt them from taking the customary oaths of allegiance. The 
right reverend John Carroll, the first Roman Catholic bishop ia 
the United States, consecrated, August 15, 1790, and created by 
the pope archbishop in 1808, who likewise instituted four addi- 
tinual sees, the bishops of which were consecrated by the most 
reverend archbishop Carroll, in October and November, 1811. 

Calvinist sect began, 1546. 

Capuchins began, 1525. 

Carthusians began, 1084. 

Canonization first introduced by papal authority, 993. 

Cardinals were originally the parish priests at Rome ; title began to 
be used, 308 ; college of, founded by pope Pascal I, 817; did not 
elect the popes till 1160; wore the red hat (to remind them 
that they ought to shed their blood, if required, for religion), 
and were declared px-inces of the church, 1222 ; the cai-dinals set 
fire to the conclave, and separated, and a vacancy in the papal 
chair for two years, 1314; cardinal Carassa was hanged by order 
of Pius IV. 1560 ; as wa<s cardinal Pnli, under Leo X. ; title of 
eminence, first given them by pope Urban VIII. about 1630. 

Catechism, a short one published by the bishop of Winchesterj 
1552, 

Catholic, first given the Roman Christians, 38. 

Christian, the term of distinction first given the disciples of Christ 
at Antioeh, 40. 

Christianity was pi-opagated in Spain in 36; in Britain, 60; iu 
Sweden, Denmark, Poland, and Russia, in the 9th century; 
made great progi-ess in Prussia, both the Indies, and in China, by 
the Protestant faith, in the 16th century; reinstated in Greece, 
&c. in the 17th century. 

Christmas-day first observed as a festival, 98. 

Churches first built for Christians, 214. 

Church-wardens and overseers instituted, 1127. 

Cii-cumcision instituted, 1897 E. C. 

Commandments given to Moses, 1424 B. C. 

Commandments, Creed, and Lord's prayer, translated into the 
Saxon language, 781. 

Common prayer published in English, with the authority of parliV.= 
ment, 1548." 

Cfenclave for the election of popes first ordered, 1274. 



RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, &c, 3^9 

Confession, auricular, introduced, 1254. 

Confirmation took place, 190. 

Consecration of churches instituted, 153. 

Consecration of bishops, the form ordained, 1549 

Corpus Christi, the festival of, appointed, 1265. 

Councils : —that at Jerusalem, when the first controversy was diss 
cussed, 48; at Antloch, 269; at Aries, 314; ;it wliich three En- 
glish bishops were present; the Hi*st Nicene one, when three 
hundred and twenty-eight fathers attended, agiiiist Arius, 325; 
the first at Constantinople, when pope Damasus presided, and 
one hundred and fifty fathers attended, 381; tluit at Sardis, when 
three hundred and seventj-six fathers attended, 400 ; the first at 
Ephesus, when pope Celestine presided, and two hundred fiithers 
attended, 431; that at Chalcedon, when pope Leo presided, and 
six hundred fathers attended, 451 ; the second at Constantinople, 
when pope Virgilius presided, and one hundred and sixty-five fa- 
thers attended, 553; one called the Milevetan council, 568; at 
Constantinople in 600 ; at Kome in 649 ; the third i;t Constantino- 
ple, when pope Agatlio presided, and two hundred and eighty- 
nine fathers attended, 680; the second at Nice, when pope Adiian 
presided, and tln-ee hundred and fifty fiuhers attended, 787; the 
fourth at Constantinople, when pope Adrian presided, and one 
hundred and one fathers attended, 869 ; that at Vercellus, when 
pope Leo IX. presided, 1053; the Lateran one when pope Calix- 
tus II. presided, and three hundred fathers attended, 1112; the 
second Lateran one, when pope Innocent II. presided and one 
thousand fathers attended, 1139; the third Lateran one, whea 
pope Alexander III. presided, and three hundred fathers at- 
tended, 1175; the fourth Lateran one when pope Innocent III. 
presided, and one thousand, one hundred, and eighty-five fathers 
attended, 1215 and 1217 ; at Lyons, 1255 and 1274; that at Vienna, 
when pope Clement V, presided, and three hundred fathers at- 
tended, 1311; one at Constance, when pope .Fohn XXII. and 
Martin V. presided, 1414; the sixth Lateran one, when pope 
Julian III, and Pius IV. presided against Luther, 1546. 

Creation of the world, 4004 B. C. 

Crucifixes painted in churches and chambers, first introduced, 461. 

Crusade, the first, 1096. 

Dispensations first granted by the pope, 1200. 

Dissenters first separated from the church of England, 1571. 

Epiphany, .the feast of, instituted, 813. 

Fasts established, 138. 

Festival of the Jews, the principal, being the feast of the taberna- 
cles, is celebrated by them to this day ; it was instituted by Moses, 
in the wilderness, 1490 B. C but was celebrated with the greatest 
magnificence for fourteen days, upon the dedication of the temple 
of Solomon, 1005 B. C. They earned boughs loaded with fruit 
in procession. 

Festivals of Christmas, Easter, Ascension, and the Pentecost, or 
Whitsuntide, first ordered to be observed by all Christians, 68. 
Rogation days appointed, 469. Jubilee* in the Romish church 
instituted by pope Boniface VIII. 1300. At first they were ob- 
served every hundred years, but future popes reduced them t» 
fifty, and then to everv period of twenty-five years. 



S;iO RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, &c. 

Fools, festival of, at Paris, held January 1, and continued for tWB 

hundred and forty years, in which all sorts of absurdities aud 

indecencies were committed, 1198. 
Praneiscans began, 1206. 
Grey friars began, 1122, 
Hallelujah and Amen first introduced by Haggai, the prophet, 584. 

B. C. 
Heretics, thirty came from Germany to England, to propagate 

their opinions, and were branded in the forehead, whipped and 

thrust naked into the streets in the middle of winter, where 

none daring to relieve them, they died of hunger and cold, 1160. 
Hermits began, 1257, 
Holy Ghost, descent of, 34. 
Holy war undei-taken, 1096. 
Holy water first used in churches, 120. 
Homiles drawn up by archbishop Cranmer, 1547. 
Huguenots, protestants, first so called in France, 1560. 
Idolatry first abolished in Kent, 641. 
Independence, such as hold the independency of the church, or 

that each congregation may govern themselves in religious mat* 

ters. Pi'esbyterians and anabaptists are now agreed with them; 

the anabaptists always were. Their first meeting-house founded 

in England was that by Mr. Henry Jacobs, 1616. 
Indulgencies first disposed of for money, 1190, 
Inquisitien, court of began, 1204; abolished in Naples, 1782; in 

Tuscany, 1785. 
Invocation of the Virgin and Saints began to be practised, 593, 
James', St. epistle written, 59. 
James', St. the festival of, instituted, 1089. 
Jesuit's society began, 1526 ; expelled England, 1604 ; France, 1602 ; 

Spain, 1767 ; Rome, 1773 ; order abolished, 1773 ; revived in Rus^ 

sia, 17314. 
Lent, the fast of, instituted, 142; in Kent, 640. 
Lights first used in churches in the day-time, 409. 
Monks first associated, 328, 
Moravians m Bohemia, 1457 ; in England, 1737. 
Nativity of the Virgin Mary instituted, 695. 
Nicene creed made, 325. 
Organs first used in churches, 751. 
Passover instituted, 1491 B. C; celebrated in the new temple, 515. 

B. C. 
Pentateuch, or the five books of Moses written, 1452 B. C. 
Pentecost established, 68. 

Prajing toward the east ordained by the pope, 532. 
Predestination established, 470. 
Protestants, 1529. 

Psalms of David translated by Stemhold and Hopkins, 1552. 
Puritans, 1545. 
Quakers, 1550. 
Reformation began in 1330. 
Sabbatical year, the first, 1451 B. C. 

Saturnalia festivals instituted at Rome, in Decembej*} 407 B. C, ^ 
Scribes and Pharisees commenced, 31 B. C. 
Singing in churches established, 67. 
Solomon wrete liis Ecciesiasticsj 981 B, C., 



TITLES OF HONOUR, gcc. 33.1 

Standing' at the reading of the gospel introduced, 406. 
9\vedei)borgians, or the new church of Jerusalem, began 1780. 
Talmud made, 117 S. C, 
Tithes given by Moses to the tribe of Levi, 1490 B. C; first grante<l 

to the church in England, 786 ; established by law by the Lateran 

council, 1200. 
Tithes first collected in England, 750. 

Trinity, the word first applied to the persons of the Godhead, 150. 
Trinity Sunday appointed by pope John, 1334. 
Unction, extreme, practised" the first century; in common use, 550, 
Vulgate edition of the Bible disfovei-ed, 218. ' 
Whitsuntide festival instituted, 813. 
Wills, privileges of making, granted by Henry I. 1100. 



Military and Religious Knights, and 
Titles of Honour* 

ADMIRAL, the first in England, 1297. 

Admiral, High, tlie first in England, 1387: held by commissioix 

since November, 1709. 
jEdiles first created at Rome, 971 B. C. 
Andrew, St. order of knighthood instituted in Scotland, 809 ; re» 

newed in Scotland, 1452, and 1605; in Russia, 1698. 
Baron, the title first by patent in England, 1388. 
Baronets fii-st created in England, 1611. 
Bath, order of knighthood instituted in England at the coronatiou 

of Henry IV. 1399; renewed, 1725. 
Black Eagle, order of knighthood in Prussia, instituted, 1701. 
Catholic Majesty, the title of, given to the king of Spain by the 

pope, 739. 
Censors first created at Rome, 413 B. C. 
Champion of England first used, 1377. 

Clu-istian King, the title first given to Lewis IX. of France, 146'9. 
Cincinnatus order began in America, 1783. 
Common-council of London first appointed, 1208. 
Consuls first made at Rome, 307 B. C. 
Cornwall the first duke of, 1337. 
Coroners, oflicers of the realm, 925. 

Creation by patents, to titles, first used by Edward III. 1344» 
Crescent, oi'der of knighthood, began in Naples, 1448. 
Decemviri, first creation of, 450 B. C. 
Defender of the Faith, the title of, given to Henry VIII. king of 

England, 1520. 
Dey of Tunis first appointed, 1570. 
Dictators began at Rome 498 B. C. 
Doctor, degree of, began in England, 1607. 
Don, a title first taken by the king of Spain, 759. 
Duke, title of, first given in England to Edward, son of Edward Illv 

March 17, 1336. 
Dukes first created in Scotland, 1398. 

©ukes, Grand, first given to the dukes of Tuscany by jope PiaS V- 
l579. 

T3 



^a2 TITLES OF HONOUR, &cc. 

Earl first used by king Alfred in 920, as a substitute for that of king. 

the first created in England, October 14, 1066. 

Electors of Germany began, 1298. 

Eminence, the title of, first given to cardinals, 1644. 

Esquire, first used to persons of fortune not attendants on knights, 
1345. 

Oarter, oidar began, April 23, 1349 ; alteration in it, 1557, and 1788. 
It is remarkable that this is the only order which has been granted 
to foreign princes. Of this illustrious order there have been eight 
emperors of Germany ; five kings of France ; tliree kings of Spain; 
one king of Aragon ; seven kings of Portugal ; one king of Poland ; 
two kings of Sweden ; six kings of Denmark ; two kings of Naples ; 
one king of Sicily and Jerusalem ; one king of Bohemia ; two kings 
of Scotland; five princes of Orange ; and thirty-four foreign elefr 
tors, dukes, raargi'aves, and counts. 

©ens d'j\rjns order began, 360. 

Gentleman, the first use of the distinction, 1430. 

George, St. order began in Carinthia, 1279 ; in Spain, 1318 ; in Eng- 
land, 1349; in Austria, 1470; at Rome, 1495; in Grenoa, time un- 
known ; at Venice, 1200. 

Gladiators, order of, began in Livonia, 1204. 

High Constable of England, the title discontinued but on particular 
occasions, 1521. 

King of England, the title first used, 820; of Ireland, 1542; of Great 
Britain, 1605. 

King of France, the title assumed by the king of England, and his 
arms quartered with the English, and the motto "Dieu et Man 
Droit" first used, February 21, 1340. 

King of the French began, 1791. 

Knighthood first used in England, 897. 

Lord High Constable, the office of, hereditary till 1521. 

Lord High Steward, the first appointed for a coronation was Tho- 
mas, second son of Heniy IV.; the first for the trial of a peer, was 
Edward, earl of Devon, on the arraignment of John, earl of Hun?' 
tingdon, in the same reign. 

Lord Mayors of London first appointed annually, 1208. 

Majesty, the title first used to Henry VIII. of England. 

Malta, Knights of, alias Knights Hospitallers, afias Knights of Saint 
John of Jerusalem. The foundation of that order was laid by 
opening a house for the reception of pilgrims at Jerusalem, 1048 ; 
became a regular monastic order, 1099, and a military order, 1118; 
took Rhodes, and wei-e called knights ef Rhodes, 1310; being dri- 
ven from thence by the Turks, the emperor Charles V. gave them 
the island of Malta, 1523, and they were called knights of Malta; 
expelled England, 1540; did great exploits against the infidels, 
1595; conspiracy at Malta to destroy the whole order, for which, 
one hundred and twenty-five Turkish slaves suffered death, June 
26, 1749. 

Marshals of France instituted, 1436. 

Master of the ceremonies first appointed, 1603. 

Merit, a military order of knighthood in Piussia, instituted, 173G. 

Patrick, St. order of, in Ireland, began FebruiViy 25, 1783. 

Peers of France began, 778. 

Poet laureat, the first in England, 14Sr. 

Pope, the title fii'st assvvmedj 154. 



SeeiETIES, 5i:g ^^3 

Red Eagle, in Prussia, l•e^^ved, 1792. 

Round Table, order of knighthood, began, 510 ; revived, 1344. 

Secretaries of state first appointed in England, 1530. 

Sheriffs first appointed, 1079. 

Templars, Knights, the first military order established, 1118; all of 
them arrested in France in one day, being charged with enormous 
crimes and great riches, when fifty-nine of them were burnt alive 
in Paris, October 13, 1307 ; destroj'ed by Philip, of France, 1342. 

Teutonic, or Marian order, began, 1192 ; revived in Prussia, 1522. 

Titles of families abolished in France, 1790. 

Tribunes of the people began at Rome, 495 ; military tribunes, witji 
consular power, created , 445 B. C. 

Viscount, the first in England, February 12, 1440. 

Wales, Prince of, title began, 1281. 



ComimnieSf Societies, Offices, &e. 

ADELPHI Charity School of Philadelphia, formed 1807; incorpo- 
rated 1808, 

Agi-icultural Society of New York, 1797. 

of Philadelphia, formed 1785; revived 1804; in- 
corporated 1809. 

Aimwell Sci.ool Society of Philadelphia, 1796. 

American Philosopnical Society, instituted 1743; incorporated 1780. 

Ancient and Honorable Artillei-y Company at Boston, 1638, 

Antiquarian Society in Massachusetts, 1792. 

Artists' Society of London, 1753. 

of Philadelphia, 1810. 

Alts, Royal Academy of, London, 1768. 

Arts and Sciences, American Academy of, in Massachusetts, 1780. 

Athenian Society for vending domestic manufactures, Baltimoi-e, 
1810. 

Baltimore Library, 1796, / 

College, 1807. 

Water Company, 1805. 

Bank of Amsterdam, 1609. 

England, 1693 ; lent government in 1709, 400,0001. ; in 1743 

government was indebted to them 3,200,0001. 

■United Stales, chartered in 1791 for ten years; charter not 



renewed. 
Bible Society of Philadelphia, 1S08. 

of Boston, 1809. 

of Baltimore. IS 10. 



Boston Athenaeum, 1807. 

I Episcopal Charitable Society, 1724. 

Female Asylum, 1800. 

Lilirary, 1794. 

Bricklayers' Society of Philadelphia, incorporated 1809, 
British Museum, 1758. 

Cabinet co'mcil first instituted, April 25, 1670. 
Caledonian Society of Philadelphia, instituted 1790. 
Carpenters' Mutual Benefit Society of Philadelphia, formed 1724; 
inoorp oratvd 1790. 

T4 



53* SQCIETIES, &cc. 

Cattle Society of Philadelphia, instituted 1809. 

Cincinnati, 1783 ; incoi-porated in Massachiisetts, 1805. 

College of physicians of Philadelphia, formed 1787; incoi-porated 
1789. 

Columbian Benevolent Society of Philadelphia, 1804. 

Christ Church Hospital in Philadelpliia, for aged women of the epis- 
copal church, founded by Dr. John Kearsly. 

Domestic Society of Philadelphia, established 1805. 

Episcopal Female charity school at Baltimore, 1799. 

Faustus association at Boston, 1805. 

Female Society, for the employment of the poor, instituted at Phi- 
ladelphia, by Ann Pamsh, 1793. 

Female Association ot Philadelphia, 1801. 

Hospital Society of Philadelphia, 1808-9. 

Franklin donation : lOOOl. to Philadelphia, aud 20001. to Boston, by 
the will of Dr. Franklin, in trust to the corporations of Philadel- 
phia and Boston, for the i>urpose of loaning to young married 
artificers. 

Free education, provision made for, in Pennsylvania, April 4, 1809. 

Friends' school established at Philadelphia, 1689. 

Fund for supplying the poor with fuel, Philadelphia, annual pro- 
ceeds in 1811, equal to 485 dollars, 96 cents. 

German American Mutual Assistance Society of Philadelphia, in- 
corporated 18C1. 

German Incorporated Society of Philadelphia, 1^1. 

Gospel, society for propagating the, among themiidians, instituteU 
in Massachusetts, 1787. 

Hairdressers' Society of Philadelphia, incorporated 1796. 

Herald's college instituted. 1340. 

Hibernian Society of Philadelphia, instituted 1792. 

Humane Society, instituted at London, 1774. 

in Philadelphia, 1780. 

Insurance Companies of the United States, viz.— Massachusetts Fire 
and Marine Insurance C ompany at Boston, capital 400,000 dolls. 
1795.— Massachusetts Mutual Fire Insurance Company, funds^ 
300,000 dolls. 1798.— Boston IVIarme Insurance Company, capita! 
300,000 dolls. 1799.— Suffolk Insurance Company at Boston, capital 
225,000 dolls. 1803.- New England IVIarine Insurance Company 
at Boston, capital 300,000 dolls. 1803.— Union Insurance Company 
at Boston, capital 300,000 dolls. 1804.— Commercial Insurance Of- 
fice at Boston.— North American Insurance Company at Boston, 
capital 300,000 dolls.— Private insurance offices in Boston amount 
in number to five, — Newbuiyport Marine Insurance Company, 
1799.— Merrimack Fii-e and Marine Insurance Company at New- 
buiyport, 1803. — Union Mai-ine and Fire Insurance Company at 
Newburyport, capital 100,000 dolls. 1807.— Maine Fire and Marine 
Insurance Company at Portland, 1800.— United Marine and Fire 
Insurance Company at Portland, 1807,— Salem Marine Insurance 
Company, capital 200.000 dolls. 1800.— Essex Fire and Marine In- 
surance Company at Salem, capital 300,000 dolls. 1S03.— Union 
Marine Insurance Company at Salem, capital 200,000 dolls. 1804. 
Social Insurance Company at Salem, capital 100,000 dolls. 1807. 

■ Beverly Marine Insurance Company, capital 100,000 dolls. 1809, 
Lincoln and Kennebeck Insurance Company at Wiscasset, 1803, 
JiiarWejiead Insuiance Company, iSOS.-Marblehead Social lasu- 



SOCIETIES, &c. 3J5 

ranee Company, 1809.— G-Ioiicest(n- Marine Insuvance Company, 
1803.— Nantucket Marine Insurance Company. 1804.- Nantucket 
Union Marine Insurance Company, iSOi.— Kcnnebeck Mai-ine 
Insurance Company at Wells, 1804.— Hanips,hii-e Fire Insurance 
Company at Nortliampton, 1804.— Bedford Marine Insurance 
Company, 1805,— First insurance company in Philadelpbia, 1720. 
Insurance Company of North America at Ph;iadi<lphia, capital 
600,000 dolls. 1794.— Insurance Coin );;!)v of Pennsylvania, caoital 
500,000 dolls. 1794.— Union luswi-iwcc Company, capital 500,000 
dolls. 1801.— Phoenix Insunuief Co.iipauy, capital 600,000 dolls. 
1804.— Delaware Insurance Company, capital 500,000 dolls. 1804. 
Philadelphia Insurance Compauj', capital 400,000 dolls. 1804.— 
United States Insurance Compuny at iiiiladelphia, capital 400,000 
dolls. 1810.— Marine Insurance Company, capital 300,000 dolls. 
3.809.— Lanc;istor and Susquehanna Insurance Company, capital 
100,000 dolls. 1808.— The Philadelphia Contributionship, for insu- 

' rutg against fire, founded in 1752.— Mutual Fire Insurance Com- 
pany at Philadelphia, 1784.— American Fire Insurance Company 
at Philadelphi", capital 500,000 dolls. 1811.— South Carolina Insu- 
rance Company.— Union Insurance Company, Charleston, South 
Carolina.— Fire Insurance Company, ditto.— New York Insurance 
Company.- Columbian Insurance Company, at New York.— Uni- 
ted Insurance Company, ditto.— Marine Insurance Company, do, 
Commei-cial Insui-ance Company, do.— Phoenix Insurance Com- 
pany, do.— Eagle Insurance Company, do.— Mutual Insurance 
Company, do.— Ocean Insurance Company, do.— New York Fire- 
men.— Marine Insurance Company, Alexandria. 

Irish Charitable Society at Boston, 1737. 

Lmajan Society of Philadelphia, June 3, 1805. 

London incorporated, 1208. 

MagdMen Society of Philadelphia, instituted 1800; incorporated in 
1802. 

Marine Society of Baltimore, 1807. 

Marmers' Society of Philadelphia, 

Masonic Hall at Philadelpliia, consecrated on St. John's day, 1311. 

Massachusetts Baptist ISIissionary Society, 1802. 

Congressional Society, for the relief of widows ail3 

children of deceased clergymen, 1786. 

Charitable Fire Company, 1794. 

^ Charitable Mechanic Society, 1806. 

1 — Charitable Society, 1762. 

——Historical Society, 1791. 

' — Humane Society, at Boston, 1791, 

Medical Society, 1781. 

— Missionary Society, at Boston, 1799. 

y— Society for promoting Christian knowledge, piety, 

and charity, 1805, 

: — Society for promoting Agriculture, 1792. 

Master Mechanic's Benevolent Society of Philadelphia, instituted 
1810. 

Master Taylor's Society of Philadelphia, incorporated 18(f5.. 

Medical Society of Philadelphia, 1771. 

Lyceum, 1804. 

— Dispensary at Boston, 1796, 

: at Philadelphia, 1786. 

-~-^ - ..>i.>. . I— at Baltimore, 1807„ 



336 SOCIETIES, &c. 

Methodist Charity School at Baltimore, 1795. 
Mint-office in the Tower, established 1066. 

in Philadelphia, 1792. 

Museum, Peaie's, at Philadelphia, 1784. By the persevering indu* ' 

tiy, taients, zeal, and science of Charles Peale, esq. has become 

one of the most respectable museums in the world. 
Orphaline Charity School at Baltiniore, 1807. 
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, at Philadelphia, 1805. 
Hospital, first meeting of the contributors was in May, 

1751, 
Penny-post ofSce in London, established 1683. 
Post-office, general, of England, 1660. 

— general, of the United States. 

Phi Beta Kappa. This ancient and respectable institution was firsi; 

founded at the university of Oxford, in England ; from thence * 

charter was granted to William and Mary's college, in Virginia; 

from the latter institution, (where the society is now extinct), a 

chai-ter was granted to Howard university, in Massachusetts; 

from thence to Yale college, and by these two to Dartmouth uni* 

versity. 
Philadelphia Libx'ary, founded 1731 ; incorporated 1769. 

Pilot's Society, formed 1788; incoi-porated 1789. 

Pro^-ident Society, instituted 1793; incorporated 1799,, 

• i Provident Society of House Carpenters, incorporated! 

1809. 

Philanthropic Society, instituted 1793; incorporated 

Society, for the establishment and support of charity 

schools, 1799; incorporated 1801. 

Union Society for the education of poor female childrer^^ 



1799. 



1804. 

Physician's College in London, incorporated 1518. 
Royal Society at London, 1660. 

of Musicians, 1785. 

Scot's Thistle Society of Philadelphia, instituted 1796 ; incorporates 

1799. 
School for the education of blacks at Philadelphia, 1770, 
Societies first established in London, 1198. 

Societe de Bienfaisance of Philadelphia, instituted 1804; incorpo- 
rated 1805. 
Ship Master's Society of Philadelphia, instituted 1765; ineorporateil 

1770. 
Stamp-office of London, established 1164, 
Stone-cutter's Society of Philadelphia, established 1790; ineorpo: 

rated 1806. 
St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia, ineoiporated 1808. 
St. George's Society of Philadelphia, instituted 1772. 
St. Patrick's Benevolent Society of Philadelphia, incorporated 1804. 
Sunday School Society at Philadelphia, instituted 1791 ; incorpo-. 

rated 1796. 
Temple, three societies of the, (Inner, Middle, and Outer), 1340. 
Typographical Society of Philadelphia, mstituted 1802; incoi*po- 

rated ISIO. 
Union Manufacturing Society ©f Marvland, 1808; capital l,000,0<5f) 

dollars. 



BARON'S INTEREST CHART. 



33? 



United German Benefit Society of Philadelphia, instituted 1785 j 

incoi-porated 1798. 
University of Pennsylvania incorporated, 1753. 
"Washington Cotton Manufactoiy at Baltimore, incorporated 1809: 

capiial 150,000 dollars. 
Society's charity school at Baltimore, on the Lancastei' 

plan, 1811. 
Welsh Society at Philadelphia, first formed 1798 ; incorporated 1802, 



Baron^s Interest Charts 

For finding, readily and exactly, the simple interest of any sum, of 
money from .00001 to 1000000 of any denomination, at any rate 
per cent, from to 100, and for any time from 1 day to 100 years. 
As a token of gratitude and esteem, calculated for, and presented 
to George Barnewell and Gulian Ludlow, Esqrs. merchants, of 
TiewYork. 





By G. BARON. 


Pence. Pounds. 


Shillings. Pounds. 


1-4=.00104 


1=.05 


l-2=.00208 


Dollars, Cents, &c. 


3-4=.00313. 


Daijs. Tears. 


1 =.004167. 


1=.00273972603. 


2 =00833 


2=.00547945205- 


3 =0125 


3=.00S21917808 


4 =,01667. 


4=.0109589041 


5 =.02083 


5=.013698630l 


6 =.025 


6=.0164383562. 


7 =.02917. 


7=.0 19 1780822. 


8 ==.03333 


8=.0219178082 


9 =.0375 


9=.0246575342 


11 =.04583 




Copy-rig 


ht secured.* 



Principles and use of the Interest chart; 
illustrated by examples :..,.. .By G. Ba- 
ron. 

IN the United States of America, the -unit of any sum of money 
expressed by the decimal notation, is either a potmd or a dollar ; 
the thousandth part of a pound is less than a farthing ; and the 
thousandth part of a dollar is equal to a mill : hence any practical 
calculation of money will be sufficiently accurate when the final 
result is true to the nearest digit in the thousandth's or third place 
of decimals. 



The pu'iis-"' is indebted to Mr G. Baron, a learned and ingenious 


mathematician, oT 


York, for his permission to insert in tl.ts work, his " Interest Cnart 


" as also hjs statf 


of Its " prmcii.les and use, illustrated by exaini'ie.." 





SJJf. BARON'S EXAMPLES.. 

XA Simple Interest, the legal unit of time is a year, composed pf 
three hundred and sixty-five days ; and by the nature of decimals, 
When 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 days are expressed in the deci- 
mals of a 5'ear ; the decimal of a year for any other number oC 
days will be foimd by removing the decimal points, and by addi- 
tion: as is done in the following examples. 

Bi calculating by this chart, the piincipal must be expressed deci- 
mally by inspection, and multiplied by the rate per cent, remov- 
jing the decimal point over two digits towai-ds the left hand : this 
as is usual gives the interest for a year. 

Xn the interest for a year, the number of digits, reckoned from the 
left hand digit to the third place of decimals, gives the number of 
digits necessary in the table of the decimals of years ; and in 
taking the necessary numbers of decimal digits, all the residue in 
the table must be rejected ; but the last of the necessaiy digits 
must be increased by a one, when the first of the rejected digits is 
not less than five ; thus the given time will be decimally expressed 
in jears. 

Under the interest of a year, place, in an inverted order, the deci- 
mal expression in years ; so that the unit's digits of years may be 
under the third decimal place in the interest. Proceed as directed 
in the books of aiithmetic, for contracting decimal products; and 
when the interest of one year has been thus multiplied by the 
time so placed, the product is the required interest containing 
three places of decimals. 

EXAMPLES. 

L What is the simple interest of 181. 17s. lid. Sqrs.'for 3 yeats, 
a"ml 239 days, at 7 per cent, per annum. 
' S. 18 Pounds. Days. 3 Years. 

17X.05:=r .85 200= .5479 

lid. = .04583 30= .0822 

3qrs. = .00313 9= .0247 

Principal 18.89896 Time 3.6548 

7 
8a5 year's int. 1.3229272 

8456.3 



NoTe. rive decimals are 
here used to show the process 
at full length; but it readily 
appears that two or three de- 
cimals would give the same 
resulto 



16.7. 
12 



"f^ Samet 41. i^si sa. ^6(1X1 



BARON'S EXAMPLES. 



5P 



ir. What is the simple interest of 879 dollars and 57 cents, for 87 
diys, at 6 per cent, per annum. 



Dolls. 
Principal 879.57 



52.7742 
63832.0 



0. Years. 
.21913 
.01918 

Time 0.23836 



10555 

1583 

422 

16 

3 



Answer 12.579 DoUt. 



III. What is the simple interest of 9 dollars and 93 tWls, for 
years and 109 days, at 8 per cent, per annum. 



Dolls. 
Principal 9.93 



.7944 
992.9 



9. Years. 

.274 
.025 

Time 9,299 



7150 
159 
71 

7 



Jinswgr 7.387 Dolls 



2# 



MNEMONIEA. 



A TABLE of amount of principal (on the calculation of 100 dolls.) redeemed quarter- j 




yearly until its final extinction of the United States' 6 per cent, stocks, arising from the 
payment of dividends of 8 per cent, per ann. under provisions of sundry acts of Congress. I 






Months. 


Vpovo 1 Amount 
^^^''' ! Redeemed. 

1 


Tears. 


1 
Amount 
Redeemed. 




January 1, 


1796 


1802, 2 . . . 


1808 


1814 


38,096,666,858 




April — 





1 2,03 . . 







38,668,116,860 




July - 





1 2,060,45 . 







39,248,138,613 




October — 




! 2,091,356,75 




"■"" 


39,836,860,693 




January 1, 


1797 


18031 4,122,727,101 


1809 


1815 


42,434,413,603 




April - 


.— 


=-; 4,184,568,008 


i 





43,070,929,807 




July — 


— — 


j 4,247 ,33r.,528 


1 
1 





43,716,993,754 




October — 




! 4,311,046,576 


! — 





44,372,748,660 




January 1, 


1798 


1804' 6,375,712,274 


1810 


1816 


47,038,339,890 




April - 





' 6,471,347,958 


. 




47.743,914,989 




July — 




! 6,568,418,178 


— 




48,460,073,713 




October — 


; 6,666,944,450 






49,186,974,819 




January l, 


1799 18051 8,766,948,617 


1811 


1817 


51,924,779,441 




April — 


1 8,808,452,846 


; 




52,703,651,133 




July - 


9,031,929,639 








53,494,205,900 




October — 


! 9,167.408,583 




54,296.618,988 




January 1, 


1800;i806;il,304,919,712 


1812 


1818 


57,111^068,273 




April — 


■• ■ 11,474,493,50811 





57,967,734,297 




July - 




111,646,610,910 1 




58,837,250,311 




October — 





ill,821.310,074ij 





59,719,809.066 




January 1, 


1801 


1807 13,998,629,725]; 1813 


1819 


62,615,606,202 




April - 





! 14,208,609,17 11 i 





63,554,840,295 




July - 





'14,421,738,308 \ 





64,508,162,899 




October — 





i 14,638,064,383 


t 




65,475,785,343 




January 1, 


1802 


1808 16,857,635,349 


1814 


1820 


68,457.922,123 




Apiil - 





17,110,499,879 








69,484.790,955 




July - 





'17.367.157,377 


j 


70,527,062,819 




October — 





17,627,664,737 






71,584,968,761 




January 1, 


1803 


1809 ,19,892,079,708 


1815 


1821 


74,658,743,293 




April — 





20,190,460,904 








75,778,624,442 




July - 




20,493,317,817 


1 





76,915,303,809 




October — 




20,800,717,585 







78,069,033,366 




January 1, 


1804 


1810 123,112,728,348 


11816 


1822 


81,240,068,866 




April - 





,23,459,410,273 


! 





82,458,669,899 




July - 





: 23,811,310,563 


i 





83,695,549,948 




October — 




; 24,168,480,221 


j 





84.950,983,197 




January 1, 


1805 


1811 126,531,007,424 


11817 


1823 


88,225,247,945 




April - 





{26,928,972,536 


1 





89,548,626,664 




July - 




|27,332,907,l24|i 


. 90,891,856,064 [ 




October — 




127,742,900,730 


i 


• 92,255,233,904 1 




January 1, 


1806 


1812 j 30,159,044,241 


'1818 


1824' 95,639,062,413 




April - 







30,611,429,905 


[ 


97,073,648,349 




July - 







31,070,601,354 




98,529,753,074 




October — 


— — 





31,536,66e,374 


— 


100, 




January 1, 


1807 


1813 


34,009,710,279 






April - 


.._ 





34,519,855,933 






July -! 




35,037,653,773 






October — | 1 [35,563,218,579 








TABLES OF FOREI&N dtOLl>. 



Ul 



B'our Tables of Foreign Gold, which require 
no explanation, and will be found of singu- 
lar advantage, not only to the merchant, 
but to all gentlemen in business, of every 
class and description: 



TABLE L 

Shewing the true value of every 
species of British and Portugal 
gold, in dollars, cents, and mills, 
as received at the several banks 
in the Union, agreeable to an 
act of congi-ess, passed in 1806, 
regulating the value of foreign 
ffold, and making the same a 
legal tender for the payment of 
all debts. 



TABLE II. 

Shewing the true value of every 
species of French and Spanish 
gold, in dollars, cents, and 
mills, as received at the seve- 
ral banks in the Union, agree- 
able to an act of congress, 
passed in 1806, regulating the 
value of foreign gold, aud mak- 
ing the same a legal tender 
for the payment of all debts. 



Calculated by Samuel Mooi-e, Mathematician. 
BRITISH AND PORTUGAL. | FRENCH AND SPANISH. 



1 «•- 




D.c.m. 


i 


D. c. m. 


2 




c. m. 


^ 
> 

n 


D.c.m. 


§ 


D. cm. 


1 


.03 7 


T 


.88 9 


1| 17.77 8 


1 


.03 6 


T 


.87 6 1 1 


17.51 8 


2 


.07 4 


2 


1,77 8 


2 35.55 6 


2 


.07 3 


2 


1.75 2 j 2 


35.03 6 


3 


.11 1 


3 


2.66 7 


31 53.33 3 


3 


.10 9 


3 


2,62 8 ; 3 


52.55 5- 


4 


.14 8 


4 


3.55 6 


4 71.11 1 


4 


.14 6 


4 


3.50 4 i 4 


70.07 3 


5 


.18 5 


5 


4.44 4 


5] 88.88 9 


5 


.18 2 


5 


4.38 ■ 5 


87.59 1 


6 


.22 2 


6 


5.33 3 


6\ 106.66 7 


6 


.21 9 


6 


5.25 5 6 


105.10 9^ 


V 


.25 9 


7 


6.22 2 


7, 124.44 4 


7 


.25 5 


7 


6,13 1 7 


122,62 8 


8 


.29 6 


8 


7.11 1 


81 142.22 2 


8 


.29 2 


8 


7.00 7 : 8 


140.14 6 


9 


.33 3 


9 


8. 


9| 160. 


e 


.32 8 


9 


7.88 3 ^ 9 


157.66 4 


10 : .37 


10 


8.88 9 


101 177.77 8 


10 


.36 5 


10 


8.75 9 10 


175.18 2 


11 1 .40 7 


11 


9.77 8 


11 195.55 6 


11 


.40 1 


11 


9.63 5 11 


192.70 1 


12 .44 4 


12 


10.66 7 


12 


213.33 3 


12 


.43 8 


12 


10,51 1 12 


210.21 9 


13 .48 1 


13 


11.55 6 


13 


231.11 1 


13 


.47 4 


15 


11.38 7 ;i3 


227,73 7 


14 .51 9 


14 


12.44 4 


14 


248.88 9 


14 


.51 1 


12.26 3 14 


245.25 5 


15 .55 6 


15 


13.33 3 


15 


266.66 7 


15 


.54 7 


15 


13,13 9 


15 


262,77 4 


16 .59 3 


16 


14.22 2 


16 


284.44 4 


16 


.58 4 


16 


14.01 5 


16 


280.29 2 


17 .63 


17 


15.11 1 


17 


302.22 2 


17 


.62 


17 


14.89 


17 


297.81 


18 .66 7 


18 


16. 


18 


320. 


18 


.65 7 


18 


15.76 6 


18 


315.32 8 


19 .70 4 


19 


16.88 9 


19 


337.77 8 


19 


.69 3 


19 


16,64 2 


19 


332.84 7 


20 .74 1 


20 


17.77 8 


20 


355.55 6 


20 


.73 


20 


17.51 8 


20 


350.36 5 


21 .77 8 






21 


373.33 3 


21 


.76 6 






21 


367.88 3 


22 .81 5 






22 


391.11 1 


22 


80 3 






22 


385.40 1 


23 j .85 2 






23 


408.88 9 


23 


.83 9 






23 


402,92 


24 1 


.88 9 






24 


1426.66 6 


24 


.87 6 






24 


420.43 8 



TABLES OF FOREIGN GOL©. 



TABLE :il. 
Shewing the numbci of pennyweights and gnins J gold coins of Great Britain and Portugal, la- 
cording to thsir-present standard, to the dollar : caicalated from five to five thousand dollars : ao- 
•cording to act of congress 







ts^ti^staOM 


MSJ»iil.^ .. J^ 


*-^^'.UlK 


«*•;'■. ' ^^9i 


Dill: 


dwt.gi-s. 


'mUT 


dwt.grs. 


DIls." dwt.grsril 


5 


5 15 


200 


225 


"1500^ 


1687 12 


10 


11 6 


250 


281 6 


1600 


1800 


15 


16 21 


300 


337 12 


1700 


1912 12 


20 


22 12 


350 


393 18 


1800 


2025 


25 


28 3 


400 


450 


1900 


2137 12 


30 


33 18 


450 


506 6 


2000 


2250 


35 


39 9 


500 


562 12 


2100 


2362 12 


40 


45 


550 


618 18 1 


2200 


2475 


45 


50 15 


600 


675 


2300 


2587 12 


50 


56 6 


650 


731 6 ; 


2400 


2700 


55 


61 21 


700 


787 12 i 


2500 


2812 12 


60 


67 12 


750 


843 18 ! 
900 1 


2600 


2925 


65 


73 3 


800 


2700 


3037 12 


70 


78 18 


850. 


956 6 - 


2800 


3150 


75 


84 9 


900 


1012 12 ,' 


2900 


3262 12 


SO 


90 


950 


1068 18 j 


3000 


3375 


85 


95 15 


1000 


1125 j 


3500 


3937 12 


90 


101 6 


1100 


1237 12 1 


4000 i 4500 


95 


106 21 


1200 


1350 


4500 ; 5062 12 


100 


112 12 1 


1300 


1462 12 


5000 1 5625 


150 


168 18 J 


1400 


1575 


1 



TABLE IV 
Shewing the number of pennyweights and grains of gold coins of France, Spain, and the dominiofts 
oi Spain, according to their present standard, to the dollar : calculated from five to five thousand 
QoUars : accord-ng t'. act of congress. 




CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



States. 



New-Hainpshire 

Massachusetts, 

Maine, 

Connecticut, 

Vermont, 

Rhode-Island, 

New- York, 

New-Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, 
^Maryland, 
Virginia, 
North Carolina, 
South Carolina, 
Georgia, 
Kentucky, 



Years. Males. Females, f^e per 



1790 
1800 
1810 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1790 



70,9371 70,160 
91,258 93,740 
105,782 107, 
182,7421190,582 
205,135|211,158 
29,742|235,561 
49,1321 46,870 
76,852i 74,069 
115,509|ll2,227 
114,9261117,448 



1810 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1790 
18M 
1810 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1790 
18C0 
1810 
1790 



121,193 
126,373 
44,763 
79,328 
109,781 



123,528 
128,806 
40,505 
74.580 
107, 



31,818 32,652 
31,858 33,.580 
35,7431 37,441 
161,822ll52,320 
237,094|268,122 
474,353 444,518 
86,667 83,287 
98,645] 95, 
115,0571111,504 



Ohio, 
Tenaessee, 



l8lo 
l79o 
l80o 



217,736 

301,467 

401,566 

23,926 

25,033 

28,006 

107,254 

113,688 

120,210 

227,071 

264,599 

280,038 



206,363 

300,898 

385,238 

22, 

24,819 

27,355 

101,395 

108,310 

114,907 

215,046 

254,275 

271,496 



147,494 140,710 
171,648166,116 
I88,632|i87,778 
73.298 66.88J 



100,916 
109,587 
27,147 
53,968 
75,845 
32,211 
93.959 



iSlO' 168,805 
iSOoi 24,433 
18 lo 118,093 
l80o 47,180 
181 111.763 



95,339 

104,609 
25,739 
48,293 
69,569 
25,739 
85,915 

155,432 
20,595 

107,854 
44,529 

104,112 



630 

852 

970 

5,463 

6,452 

6,737 

538 

818 

969 

2,808 

5,330 

6,453 

255 

557 

750 

3,407 

3,.%4 

3,609 

4,654 i 

10,374; 

25,333! 

2,762; 

4,402' 

7,843 

6,537 

14,574 

22,492 

3,899 



none 



2,764 

951 

/ *-- 310 

16 

none. 

948 



13,116 

8,043 

19,987 

33,927 

12,866 

20,537 

30,570 

4,975 

7,043 

10,266 

1,801 

3.185 

4,554 

398 

1,919 

1,801 

114 

741 

1,713 

337 

1,896 

3091 

1,317 



' 108 
21,324 
20,613 
15,017 
11,423 
12,422 
10,851 
3,737 
1,706 
795 
8,887 
6,153 
4,177 
103,036 
107,707 
111,502 
292,527 
346,968 
392,518 
100,572 
133,296 
168,824 
107,094 
146, 51 
196,345 
29,264 
59,699 
105,218 
12,430 
40,343 
80,561 
none. 



>^y>^^.,J/^.^J , 



13,584 
44,535 



158 141,885 
8 183,858 
214,460 
378,787 
422,845 
472,040 
96,540 
151,719 
228,705 
237,946 
251,002 
261,942 
85,539 
154,465 
217,913 
68,825 
69,122 
76,931 
340,120 
436,203 
959,22 ' 
184,139 
211,069 
245,255 
434,373 
602,365 
810,091 
59,094 
64,273 
72,674 
319,728 
349,692 
380,546 
747,610 
886,349 
974,622 
393,751 
478,103 
555,500 
240,073 
345,591 
415,115 
82,548 
163,879 
252,433 
73,677 
220,958 
406,511 
45,365 
227,843 
105,602 
261,727 



41,973 ^ 

30,602 ■'■ '^, 

44,058 

49,195 U7. 

55,179 ^^j 



76,98& 



?< 



13,156 . 

10,940- 2^/ 

68,826 J/l 
63,548 <ify 

297 W 
7,809 JJ^ 

96,083 — --r 

26,930 ■^'^ ^.• 
34,18S -t^-f,, 

167,992 '7^/, J 

207,726* '■rrd-: 

5,179 
8,401 

29,964 
30,854 

138,739 
as ,273 

84,352 _^ 
77,397 SlSTf 

105,518 

69,524 

81,331 n^% 
88.554 *"^ ' 



157,28i 
185,553 



1182,478 



CENSUS OF THE UJJITED STATES. 











All other 1 1 


""""^ 


States. 


Years. 


Malet. 


Females. 


free per- 


Slaves. 


Total. 


Incr«asi. 


Slississippi Ter. 


1800 


2,907 2,272 


182 


3,489 


8,850 






1810 


12,850 10,174 


240 


17,088 


40,352 




Indiana Ter. 


1800 


2,957 2,386 


163 


135 


5,641 


18,879 




1810 


12,570 


11,320 


393 


237 


24,520 




Orleans Ter. 


1810 


18,940 


15,371 


7,585 


-34,660 


76,556 




Louisiana Ter. 


1810 


9,387 


7,840 


607 


3,011 


20,845 




Michigan Ter. 


1810 


2,837 


1,781 


120 


24 


4,762 




Illinois Ter. 


1810 


6,380 


5,121 


613 


128 


12,282 




District of Col. 


1810 


8,130 


7,949 


2,549 


5,395 


24,023 





HECAPrrULATION, 



Census. 


1790 


1800 


1810 


No. to 
miles. 


Massachusetts, 


378,787 


422,845 


472,040 


69 


District of Maine, 


96,540 


151,719 


228,705 


9 


Kew-Hampsliire, 


141,855 


183,858 


214,46C 


23 


Connecticutj 


237,946 


251,002 


261,942 


53 


Vemiont, 


85,539 


154,465 


217,913 


21 


Hhode-Island, 


68,825 


69,122 


76,931 


37 


Nexir-York, 


340,120 


426,203 


959,220 


15 


New-Jersey, 


184,139 


211,069 


245,255 


30 


Pennsylvania, 


434,373 


602,365 


810,091 


17 


Delaware, 


59,094 


64,273 


72,674 


35 


Maryland, 


319,728 


349,692 


380,546 


27 


Vii'ginia, 


747,610 


886,349 


974,622 


13 


'/ Korth-Carolin^, 


393,751 


478,103 


555,500 


15 


M Bouth-Carolin^, 
T Georgia, 


240,073 


345,591 


415,115 


17 


82,548 


163,879 


252,433 


5 


•r Kentucky, 


73,677 


220,958 


406,511 


10 


e Ohio, 




45,365 


227,843 


6 


' Tennessee, 




105,602 


261,727 


7 


Indiana Territory, 




5,641 


24,520 




Mississippi Ter. 




8,850 


40,352 


Orleans Territory, 






76,556 


Louisiana Tenitory, 






20,845 


§.:; 


Illinois Territory. 






12,282 


PS 


:Michegan Territory, 






4,762 


J § 


^istyict of polunibia, 






24,023 


240 




3,884,605 


5,146,951 


7,236,868 





CENSUS OF CITIES. 



Principal Cities and 








All other 








Towns. 


Years 


Males. 


Females 


frer. per. 
sons 


Slaves. 


Total. 


Increase. 


Philadelphia 


1790 


19,604 


20,888 


1,805 


273 


42,520 




City & Liberties, 


1800 


28,741 


29,116 


6,123 


55 


64,035 


21,51S 




1810 


41,140 


42,323 


10,175 


2 


93,640 


29,605 


New- York City 


1790 


14,407 


15,254 


1,101 


2,369 


33,131 




and County, 


1800 


36,728 


27,394 


3,499 


2,868 


60,489 


27,358 




1810 


43,448 


43,102 


a,l37 


1,686 


96,373 


35,884 


Baltimore City 


1790 


6,422 


5,503 


323 


1,255 


13,503 




and Precincts, 


1800 


11,294 


9,606 


2,771 


2,843 


26,514 


13,011 




1810 


19,045 


17,147 


5,671 


4,672 


46,535 


20,021 


Boston, 


1790 


8,410 


9,576 


761 


none. 


18,747 






1800 


11,274 


12,489 


1,174 




24,937 


6,190 




1810 


15,340 


16,446 


1,464 




33,250 


8,313 


Charleston, (S.C.) 


1790 


4,371 


3,718 


586 


7,684 


16,359 






1800 


4,295 


4,259 


951 


9,053 


18,528 


2,169 




1810 


5,863 


5,705 


1,472 


11,671 


24,711 


5,123 


Salem, (Mass.) 


1790 


3,555 


4,106 


260 




7,921 






1800 


4,307 


4,842 


308 




9,457 


1,536 




1810 


5,889 


0,451 


273 




12,613 


3,156 


Providence, 


1790 


2,968 


2,937 


427 


223 


6,380 






1800 


3,551 


3,407 


656 




7,614 


1,234 




1810 


4,427 


4,773 


865 


6 


10.071 


2,45T 


Richmond, (Va.) 


1790 


1,401 


1,517 


83 


3,984 


6^985 






1810 


2,737 


2,071 


1,189 


3,748 


9,745 


2,760 


Portsmouth, 


1790 


2,131 


2,487 


76 


26 


4,720 




(N. H.) 


1800 


2,513 


2,688 


138 


none. 


5,339 


619 




1810 


3,256 


3,547 


131 




6,934 


1,595 


Albany, (N. Y.) 


1790 


1,457 


1,443 


26 


572 


3,498 






1800 


2,312 


2,200 


156 


524 


5.192 


1,694 




1810 


* 


* 


* 


* 


'» 




Portland, (Me.) 


1790 


none. 


none. 


none. 




2,240 






1800 


1,842 


1,844 


118 




3,704 


1,464 




1810 


3,327 


3,640 


291 




7,169 


3,465 


Lancaster, (Pa.) 


1800 


2,044 


2,090 


143 


15 


4,292 






1810 


2,561 


2,628 


209 


7 


5,405 


1,113 


Frederick (Md.) 


1810 


t 


t 


t 


t 


t 


t 


Washington, 


1810 


2,895 


3,009 


867 


1,437 


8,208 





• No census separate from this county. 
t No separate census of this town. 



SALES OF PUBLIC LANDS. 
A new statement from Mr. Blodget's 

STATISTICAL COLLECTION 

Account of the sales of the Public Lands of the 
United States. 



Sales in each year. 1 






Purchase 


Years. 


Acres. 


Money. 
Dollars. 


1804 


373,611 


772,851 


1805 


619,225 


1,235,958 


1806 


473,211 


1,001,358 


1807 


284,180 


538,610 


1808 j 195,579 


443,444 


1809 145,409 


355,787 


1810 1 158,843 


344,256 


1811 


207,071 


44Q,502 , 



Total sales from open- 


ing the land offices. 




Purchase 


Acres. 


Money. 




Dollars. 


1,293.336 


2,586,920 


1,912,602 


3,957,000 


2,385,833 


4,959,255 


2,669,994 


5,547,865 


2,865,573 


5,981,310 


3,008,982 


6,337,093 


3,167,826 


6,681,349 


3,374,843 


7,130,852 



N. B. The annual receipts of cash into the 
Treasury of the United States, for the sales of the 
U. S. lands only, have become eqxial to the support 
•f the whole civil list. 



THE ENB. 



B. W. Sower, & co. Prmters. 



1 8 2 
















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